Synthetic Routes to Stimuli‐Responsive Micelles, Vesicles, and Surfaces via Controlled/Living Radical PolymerizationFootnote∗

∗Paper number 120 in a series entitled Water Soluble Polymers.

References

• Matyjaszewski , K. and Davis , T. 2002 . Handbook of Radical Polymerization Hoboken, Il : John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Matyjaszewski , K. 2003 . Advances in Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Washington, D.C. : ACS .
   Google Scholar
• Matyjaszewski , K. 2000 . Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization: Progress in ATRP, NMP, and RAFT Washington, D.C. : ACS .
   Google Scholar
• Hawker , C. J. , Bosman , A. W. and Harth , E. 2001 . New polymer synthesis by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerizations . Chem. Rev. , 101 : 3661 – 3688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyjaszewski , K. and Xia , J. 2001 . Atom transfer radical polymerization . Chem. Rev. , 101 : 2921 – 2990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moad , G. , Rizzardo , E. and Thang , S. H. 2005 . Living radical polymerization by the RAFT process . Aust. J. Chem. , 58 : 379 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , C. L. and Lowe , A. B. 2004 . Aqueous RAFT polymerization: Recent developments in synthesis of functional water-soluble (co)polymers with controlled structures . Acc. Chem. Res. , 37 : 312 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , A. B. , Sumerlin , B. S. and McCormick , C. L. 2003 . The direct polymerization of 2-methacryloxyethyl glucoside via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization . Polymer , 44 : 6761 – 6765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertin , L. , Stenzel , M. H. , Barner‐Kowollik , C. , Foster , L. J. R. and Davis , T. P. 2005 . Well-defined diblock glycopolymers from RAFT polymerization in homogeneous aqueous medium . Macromolecules , 38 : 9075 – 9084 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard , J. , Hao , X. , Davis , T. P. , Barner‐Kowollik , C. and Stenzel , M. H. 2006 . Synthesis of various glycopolymer architectures via RAFT polymerization: From block copolymers to stars . Biomacromolecules , 7 : 232 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , C. , Maysinger , D. and Eisenberg , A. 1999 . Nano-engineering block copolymer aggregates for drug delivery . Colloids Surf., B , 16 : 3 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. and Armes , S. 2001 . Recent advances in the synthesis of polymeric surfactants . Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. , 6 : 249 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrier , S. and Takolpuckdee , P. 2005 . Macromolecular design via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. , 43 : 5347 – 5393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsukami , Y. , Donovan , M. S. , Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2001 . Water-soluble polymers. 81. Direct synthesis of hydrophilic styrenic-based homopolymers and block copolymers in aqueous solution via RAFT . Macromolecules , 34 : 2248 – 2256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten , T. E. and Matyjaszewski , K. 1998 . Atom transfer radical polymerization and the synthesis of polymeric materials . Adv. Mater. , 10 : 901 – 915 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford , E. J. , Naldi , V. , O'Dell , R. , Billingham , N. C. and Armes , S. P. 1999 . First example of the atom transfer radical polymerisation of an acidic monomer: direct synthesis of methacrylic acid copolymers in aqueous media . Chem. Commun. , : 1285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X.‐S. , Jackson , R. A. and Armes , S. P. 2000 . Facile synthesis of acidic copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous media at ambient temperature . Macromolecules , 33 : 255 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. , Xia , J. and Matyjaszewski , K. 1998 . Controlled/“living” radical polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate . Macromolecules , 31 : 5167 – 5169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. and Matyjaszewski , K. 1999 . Synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic block copolymers with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate by controlled radical polymerization . Macromolecules , 32 : 1763 – 1766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoh , S. K. , Ravi , P. , Dai , S. and Tam , K. C. 2005 . Self-assembly of stimuli-responsive water-soluble [60] fullerence end-caped ampholytic block copolymer . J. Phys. Chem. B , 109 : 4431 – 4438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumerlin , B. S. , Lowe , A. B. , Thomas , D. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2003 . Aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive AB diblock acrylamido copolymers synthesized via aqueous RAFT . Macromolecules , 36 : 5982 – 5987 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumerlin , B. S. , Donovan , M. S. , Mitsukami , Y. , Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2001 . Water-soluble polymer. 84. Controlled polymerization in aqueous media of anionic acrylamido monomers via RAFT . Macromolecules , 34 : 6561 – 6564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusa , S. , Shimada , Y. , Mitsukami , Y. , Yamamoto , T. and Morishima , Y. 2003 . pH-responsive micelization of amphiphilic diblock copolymers synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization . Macromolecules , 36 : 4208 – 4215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumerlin , B. S. , Lowe , A. B. , Thomas , D. B. , Convertine , A. J. , Donovan , M. S. and McCormick , C. L. 2004 . Aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive AB diblock acrylamido-styrenic copolymers synthesized via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. , 42 : 1724 – 1734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2002 . Synthesis and solution properties of zwitterionic polymers . Chem. Rev. , 102 : 4177 – 4190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , M. S. , Lowe , A. B. , Sanford , T. A. and McCormick , C. L. 2003 . Sulfobetaine-containing diblock and triblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in aqueous media . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. , 41 : 1262 – 1281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , M. S. , Sumerlin , B. S. , Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2002 . Controlled/“living” polymerization of sulfobetaine monomers directly in aqueous media via RAFT . Macromolecules , 35 : 8663 – 8666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. and Armes , S. P. 2003 . Synthesis and aqueous solution behavior of a pH-responsive schizophrenic diblock copolymer . Langmuir , 19 : 4432 – 4438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perruchot , C. , Khan , M. A. , Kamitsi , A. , Armes , S. P. , Werne , T. v. and Patten , T. E. 2001 . Synthesis of well-defined, polymer-grafted silica particles by aqueous ATRP . Langmuir , 17 : 4479 – 4481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heskins , M. and Guillet , J. E. 1968 . Solution properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. , : 1441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okahata , Y. , Noguchi , H. and Seki , T. 1986 . Thermoselective permeation from a polymer-grafted capsule membrane . Macromolecules , 19 : 493 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki , A. , Winnik , F. M. , Cornelius , R. M. and Brash , J. L. 1999 . Modification of liposomes with N-substituted polyacrylamides: identification of proteins adsorbed from plasma . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1421 : 103 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. D. and Cerankowski , L. D. 1975 . Preparation of films exhibiting a balanced temperature dependence to permeation by aqueous solutions—a study of lower consolute behavior . J. Polym. Sci. , 13 : 2551 – 2570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujawa , P. , Segui , F. , Shaban , S. , Diab , C. , Okada , Y. , Tanaka , F. and Winnik , F. M. 2006 . Impact of end-group association and main-chain hydration on the thermosensitive properties of hydrophobically modified telechelie poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) in water . Macromolecules , 39 : 341 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia , Y. , Yin , X. , Burke , N. A. D. and Stöver , H. D. H. 2005 . Thermal response of narrow-disperse poly(N-isoproylacrylamide) prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization . Macromolecules , 38 : 5937 – 5943 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harth , E. , Bosman , A. , Benoit , D. , Helms , B. , Fréchet , J. M.J. and Hawker , C. J. 2001 . A practical approach to the living polymerization of functionalized monomers: application to block copolymers and 3-dimensional macromolecular architectures . Macromol. Sym. , 174 : 85 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Convertine , A. J. , Ayres , N. , Scales , C. W. , Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2004 . Facile, controlled, room-temperature RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide . Biomacromolecules , 5 : 1177 – 1180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganachaud , F. , Monteiro , M. J. , Gilbert , R. G. , Dourges , M.‐A. , Thang , S. H. and Rizzardo , E. 2000 . Molecular weight characterization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) prepared by living free-radical polymerization . Macromolecules , 33 : 6738 – 6745 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furyk , S. , Zhang , Y. , Ortiz‐Acosta , D. , Cremer , P. S. and Bergbreiter , D. E. 2006 . Effects of end group polarity and molecular weight on the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. , 44 : 1492 – 1501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rademacher , J. T. , Baum , M. , Pallack , M. E. , Brittain , W. J. and Simonsick , W. J. 2000 . Atom transfer radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide . Macromolecules , 33 : 284 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masci , G. , Giacomelli , L. and Crescenzi , V. 2004 . Atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide . Macromol. Rapid Commun. , 25 : 559 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. , Tang , Y. , Armes , S. P. , Morris , C. J. , Rose , S. F. , Lloyd , A. W. and Lewis , A. L. 2005 . Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible thermo-responsive gelators based on ABA triblock copolymers . Biomacromolecules , 6 : 994 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , A. L. 2000 . Phosphorylcholine-based polymers and their use in the prevention of biofouling . Colloids Surf., B , 18 : 261 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daisuke Miyamoto , J. W. and Kazuhiko Ishihara . 2004 . Highly stabilized papain conjugated with water-soluble phospholipid polymer chain having a reacting terminal group . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 91 : 827 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daisuke Miyamoto , J. W. and Kazuhiko Ishihara . 2005 . Molecular design of reactive amphiphilic phospholipid polymer for bioconjugation with an enzyme . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 95 : 615 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno , T. , Watanabe , J. and Ishihara , K. 2004 . Conjugation of enzymes on polymer nanoparticles covered with phosphorylcholine groups . Biomacromolecules , 5 : 342 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuuki Inoue , J. W. , Madoka Takai , Shin‐ichi Yusa and Kazuhiko Ishihara . 2005 . Synthesis of sequence-controlled copolymers from extremely polar and apolar monomers by living radical polymerization and their phase-separated structures . Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry , 43 : 6073 – 6083 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilli , C. , Lanzendörfer , M. G. and Müller , A. H. E. 2002 . Benzyl and cumyl dithiocarbamates as chain transfer agents in the RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide. In situ FT-NIR and MALDI-TOF MS investigation . Macromolecules , 35 : 6819 – 6827 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , B. , Isobe , Y. , Morioka , K. , Habaue , S. , Okamoto , Y. , Kamigaito , M. and Sawamoto , M. 2003 . Synthesis of isotactic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by RAFT polymerization in the presence of Lewis Acid . Macromolecules , 36 : 543 – 545 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , G. , Cheng , H. , Yan , L. and Zhang , G. 2005 . Study of the kinetics of the pancake-to-brush transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains . J. Phys. Chem. B , 109 : 22603 – 22607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. , Lokitz , B. S. and McCormick , C. L. 2006 . RAFT synthesis of a thermally responsive ABC triblock copolymer incorporating N-acryloxysuccinimide for facile in situ formation of shell cross-linked micelles in aqueous media . Macromolecules , 39 : 81 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , S. , Rimmer , S. , Rutkaite , R. , Swanson , L. , Fairclough , J. P. A. , Sturdy , A. and Webb , M. 2006 . Branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for use in protein purification . Biomacromolecules , 7 : 1124 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Q. , Zhang , P. , Qing , A. , Lan , Y. and Lu , M. 2006 . Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with improved shrinking kinetics by RAFT polymerization . Polymer , 47 : 2330 – 2336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujawa , P. , Watanabe , H. , Tanaka , F. and Winnik , F. M. 2005 . Amphiphilic telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in water: From micelles to gels . Eur. Phys. J. E , 17 : 129 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , S. , Hunt , B. and Rimmer , S. 2005 . Highly branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)s with imidazole end groups prepared by radical polymerization in the presence of a styryl monomer containing a dithioester group . Macromolecules , 38 : 4595 – 4603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convertine , A. J. , Lokitz , B. S. , Vasileva , Y. , Myrick , L. J. , Scales , C. W. , Lowe , A. B. and McCormick , C. L. 2006 . Direct synthesis of thermally responsive DMA/NIPAM diblock and DMA/NIPAM/DMA triblock copolymers via aqueous, room temperature RAFT polymerization . Macromolecules , 39 : 1724 – 1730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmond II , K. B. , Kowalewski , T. and Wooley , K. L. 1996 . Water-soluble knedel-like structures: the preparation of shell-cross-linked small particles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 118 : 7239 – 7240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butun , V. , Billingham , N. C. and Armes , S. P. 1998 . Synthesis of shell cross-linned micelles with tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic cores . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 120 : 12135 – 12136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butun , V. , Lowe , A. B. , Billingham , N. C. and Armes , S. P. 1999 . Synthesis of zwitterionic shell cross-linked micelles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 121 : 4288 – 4289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , Q. and Wooley , K. L. 2000 . The preparation of t-butyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, and styrene block copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization: precursors to amphiphilic and hydrophilic block copolymers and conversion to complex nanostructured materials . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. , 38 : 4805 – 4820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , Q. , Remsen , E. E. , Kowalewski , T. , Shaefer , J. and Wooley , K. L. 2001 . Environmentally-responsive, entirely hydrophilic, shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles . Nano Lett. , 1 : 651 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi , K. , Ma , Q. , Remsen , E. E. , Christopher , G. , Clark , J. and Wooley , K. L. 2004 . Determination of the bioavailability of biotin conjugated onto shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 6599 – 6607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , J. and Armes , S. 2005 . pH-responsive vesicles based on hydrolytically self-cross-linkable copolymer . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 12800 – 12801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. , Lokitz , B. S. , Armes , S. and McCormick , C. L. 2006 . Synthesis of reversible shell cross-linked micelles for controlled release of bioactive agents . Macromolecules , 39 : 2726 – 2728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes , S. G. , Akgun , B. , Brittain , W. J. and Foster , M. D. 2003 . Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polyelectroylyte block copolymer brushes prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization and their use in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles . Macromolecules , 36 : 9539 – 9548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , S. T. 1991 . Polymer brushes . Science , 251 : 905 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , B. and Brittain , W. J. 2000 . Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 25 : 677 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne , V. L. , Darren , M. J. and Huck , W. T.S. 2002 . Controlled growth of triblock polyelectroylte brushes . Chem. Commun. , 17 : 1838 – 1839 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , M. and Brittain , W. J. 2002 . Synthesis of polymer brushed on silicate substrates via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer technique . Macromolecules , 35 : 610 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejaz , M. , Yamamoto , S. , Ohno , K. , Tsujii , Y. and Fukuda , T. 1998 . Controlled graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate on silicon substrate by the combined use of the langmuir-blodgett and atom transfer radical polymerization techniques . Macromolecules , 31 : 5934 – 5936 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husseman , M. , Malmström , E. E. , McNamara , M. , Mate , M. , Mecerreyes , D. , Benoit , D. G. , Hedrick , J. L. , Mansky , P. , Huang , E. , Russell , T. P. and Hawker , C. J. 1999 . Controlled synthesis of polymer brushes by “living” free radical polymerization techniques . Macromolecules , 32 : 1424 – 1431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujii , Y. , Ohno , K. , Yamamoto , S. , Goto , A. and Fukuda , T. 2002 . Surface Initiated Polymerization I Vol. 197 , Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Senaratne , W. , Andruzzi , L. and Ober , K. 2005 . Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushed in biotechnology: Current applications and future perspectives . Biomacromolecules , 6 : 2427 – 2448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzaroni , O. , Moya , S. , Farhan , T. , Brown , A. A. and Huck , W. T. S. 2005 . Switching the properties of polyelectroylte brushes via “hydrophobic collapse” . Macromolecules , 38 : 10192 – 10199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raviv , U. , Giasson , S. , Kampf , N. , Gohy , J.‐F. , Jérôme , R. and Klein , J. 2003 . Lubrication by charged polymers . Nature , 425 : 163 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyun , J. , Kowalewski , T. and Matyjaszewski , K. 2003 . Synthesis of polymer brushes using atom transfer radical polymerization . Macromolecular Rapid Communications , 24 : 1043 – 1059 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyjaszewski , K. , Miller , P. J. , Shukla , N. , Immaraporn , B. , Gelman , A. , Luokala , B. B. , Siclovan , T. M. , Kickelbick , G. , Vallant , T. , Hoffmann , H. and Pakula , T. 1999 . Polymers at Interfaces: using atom transfer radical polymerization in the controlled growth of homopolymers and block copolymers from silicon surfaces in the absence of untethered sacrifical initiator . Macromolecules , 32 : 8716 – 8724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh , N. , Sarbu , T. , Sirk , K. , Lowry , G. V. , Matyjaszewski , K. and Tilton , R. D. 2005 . Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by highly charged polyelectrolyte-grafted silica nanoparticles . Langmuir , 21 : 9873 – 9878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treat , N. D. , Ayres , N. , Boyes , S. G. and Brittain , W. J. 2006 . A facile route to poly(acrylic acid) brushes using atom transfer radical polymerization . Macromolecules , 39 : 26 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuno , R. , Yamamoto , K. , Otsuka , H. and Takahara , A. 2004 . Polystyrene- and poly(3-vinylpyridine)-grafted magnetite nanoparticles prepared through surface-initiated nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization . Macromolecules , 37 : 2203 – 2209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , A. B. , Sumerlin , B. S. , Donovan , M. S. and McCormick , C. L. 2002 . Facile preparation of transition metal nanoparticles stabilized by well-defined (co)polymers synthesized via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 11562 – 11563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumerlin , B. S. , Lowe , A. B. , Stroud , P. A. , Zhang , P. , Urban , M. W. and McCormick , C. L. 2003 . Modification of gold surfaces with water-soluble (co)polymers prepared via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization . Langmuir , 19 : 5559 – 5562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai , G. , Yu , W. H. , Kang , E. T. , Neoh , K. G. , Huang , C. C. and Liaw , D. J. 2004 . Functionalization of hydrogen-terminated silicon with polybetaine brushes via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 43 : 1673 – 1680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan , J. , Nuopponen , M. , Jiang , H. , Viitala , T. , Kauppinen , E. , Kontturi , K. and Tenhu , H. 2005 . Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polystyrene . Macromolecules , 38 : 2918 – 2926 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan , J. , Nuopponen , M. , Jiang , H. , Kauppinen , E. and Tenhu , H. 2003 . Preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-monolayer-protected gold clusters: synthesis methods, core size, and thickness of monolayer . Macromolecules , 36 : 4526 – 4533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaff , H. and Emrick , T. 2004 . Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization from unprotected cadmium selenide nanoparticles . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 43 : 5383 – 5386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasa , K. , Tasaki , I. and Gibbons , R. C. 1980 . Swelling of nerve fibers associated with action potentials . Science , 210 : 338 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasaki , I. and Byrne , P. M. 1994 . Discontinuous volume transitions induced by calcuim-sodium ion exchange in anionic gels and their neurobiological implications . Biopolymers , 34 : 209 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konradi , R. and Rühe , J. 2004 . Interaction of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes with metal ions: an infrared investigation . Macromolecules , 37 : 6954 – 6961 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , C. , Vo , C. D. , Jin , Y. Z. , Li , W. and Armes , S. P. 2005 . Multihydroxy polymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes: synthesis, derivatization, and metal loading . Macromolecules , 38 : 8634 – 8648 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. M. , Smith , J. R. , Huck , W. T. S. and Alexander , C. 2002 . Variable adhesion of micropatterned thermoresponsive polymer brushes: AFM investigations of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes prepared by surface-initiated polymerizations . Adv. Mater. , 14 : 1130 – 1134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , F. J. , Zhong , S. P. , Yung , L. Y. L. , Kang , E. T. and Neoh , K. G. 2004 . Surface-active and stimuli-responsive polymer-Si(100) sybrids from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for control of cell adhesion . Biomacromolecules , 5 : 2392 – 2403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizhakkedathu , J. N. , Norris‐Jones , R. and Brooks , D. E. 2004 . Synthesis of well-defined environmentally responsive polymer brushes by aqueous ATRP . Macromolecules , 37 : 734 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , X. , DeGraaf , J. , Winnik , F. M. and Leckband , D. 2004 . pH-dependent mucoadhesion of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer reveals design rules for drug delivery . Langmuir , 20 : 10648 – 10656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim , H. , Kent , M. S. , Mendez , S. , Lopez , G. P. , Satija , S. and Seo , Y. 2006 . Effects of grafting density and molecular weight on the temperature-dependent conformational change of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted chains in water . Macromolecules , 39 : 3420 – 3426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , N. , Okano , T. , Sakai , H. , Karikusa , F. , Sawasaki , Y. and Sakurai , Y. 1990 . Thermo-responsive polymeric surfaces; control of attachment and detachment of cultured cells . Macromolecular Rapid Communications , 11 : 577 – 582 .
   Google Scholar
• Okano , T. , Yamada , N. , Sakai , H. and Sakurai , Y. 1993 . A novel recovery system for cultured cells using plasma-treated polystyrene dishes grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 27 : 1243 – 1251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano , T. , Yamada , N. , Okuhara , M. , Sakai , H. and Sakurai , Y. 1995 . Mechanism of cell detachment from temperature-modulated, hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer surfaces . Biomaterials , 16 : 297 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamato , M. , Konno , C. , Kushida , A. , Hirose , M. , Utsumi , M. , Kikuchi , A. and Okano , T. 2000 . Release of adsorbed fibronectin from temperature-responsive culture surfaces requires cellular activity . Biomaterials , 21 : 981 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushida , A. , Yamato , M. , Masayuki , K. , Kikuchi , A. , Sakurai , Y. and Okano , T. 2000 . Temperature-responsive culture dishes allow nonenzymatic harvest of differentiated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell sheets . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 51 : 216 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon , O. H. , Kikuchi , A. , Yamato , M. , Masayuki , K. , Sakurai , Y. and Okano , T. 2000 . Rapid cell sheet detachment from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted porous cell culture membranes . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 50 : 82 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebara , M. , Yamato , M. , Hirose , M. , Aoyagi , T. , Kikuchi , A. , Sakai , K. and Okano , T. 2003 . Copolymerization of 2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide with N-Isopropylacrylamide accelerates cell detachment from grafted surfaces by reducing temperature . Biomacromolecules , 4 : 344 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama , Y. , Kikuchi , A. , Yamato , M. and Okano , T. 2004 . Ultrathin poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted layer on polystyrene surfaces for cell adhesion/detachment control . Langmuir , 20 : 5506 – 5511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji , S. and Kawaguchi , H. 2004 . Temperature-sensitive hairy particles prepared by living radical graft polymerization . Langmuir , 20 : 2449 – 2455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. , Kizhakkedathu , J. N. , Brooks , D. E. , Jin , F. and Wu , C. 2004 . Laser-light-scattering study of internal motions of polymer chains grafted on spherical latex particles . J. Phys. Chem. B , 108 : 18479 – 18484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , J. , Tong , X. and Zhao , Y. 2005 . A new design for light-breakable polymer micelles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 8290 – 8291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong , X. , Wang , G. , Soldera , A. and Zhao , Y. 2005 . How can azobenzene block copolymer vesicles be dissociated and reformed by light? . J. Phys. Chem. B , 109 : 20281 – 20287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadota , S. , Aoki , K. , Nagano , S. and Seki , T. 2005 . Photocontrolled microphase separation of block copolymers in two dimensions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 8266 – 8267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar