Rhamnogalacturonan-I: A Structurally Puzzling and Functionally Versatile Polysaccharide from Plant Cell Walls and Mucilages

References

• Ridley , B. L. , O’Neill , M. A. and Mohnen , D. 2001 . Pectins: Structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signalling . Phytochemistry , 57 : 929 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincken , J. P. , Schols , H. A. , Oomen , R. J. F. J. , McCann , M. C. , Ulvskov , P. , Voragen , A. G. J. and Visser , R. G. F. 2003 . If homogalacturonan were a side chain of rhamnogalaturonan I. Implications for cell wall architecture . Plant Physiol. , 132 : 1781 – 1789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. 2009 . Pineapple and banana pectins comprise fewer homogalacturonan building blocks with a smaller degree of polymerization as compared with yellow passion fruit and lemon pectins: Implication for gelling properties . Biomacromolecules , 10 ( 4 ) : 717 – 721 .
   Google Scholar
• Schols , H. A. and Voragen , A. G. J. 1996 . “ Complex pectins: Structure elucidation using enzymes ” . In Pectins and Pectinases , Edited by: Visser , J. and Voragen , A. G. J. 3 – 19 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. 2011 . Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model . Carbohydr. Polym. , 86 ( 2 ) : 373 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. June 2007 . “ Etude de la variabilité structurale des pectines (Study of the structural variability of pectins). Ph.D. Thesis ” . Nantes, , France : University of Nantes .
   Google Scholar
• Ralet , M.-C. , Crépeau , M.-J. , Lefèbvre , J. , Mouille , G. , Höfte , H. and Thibault , J.-F. 2008 . Reduced number of homogalacturonan domains in pectins of an Arabidopsis mutant enhances the flexibility of the polymer . Biomacromolecules , 9 : 1454 – 1460 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. P. , Farrant , J. M. and Driouich , A. 2008 . A role for pectin-associated arabinans in maintaining the flexibility of the plant cell wall during water deficit stress . Plant Signaling Behavior , 3 : 102 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somerville , C. , Bauer , S. , Brininstool , G. , Facette , M. , Hamann , T. , Milne , J. , Osborne , E. , Paredez , A. , Persson , S. , Raab , T. , Vorwerk , S. and Youngs , H. 2004 . Toward a systems approach to understanding plant cell walls . Science , 306 : 2206 – 2211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , H. and Kiyohara , H. 1999 . “ Complement-activating polysaccharides from medicinal herbs ” . In Immunomodulatory Agents from Plants , Edited by: Wagner , H. 161 – 202 . Basel : Birkhäuser .
   Google Scholar
• Gulfi , M. , Arrigoni , E. and Amadò , R. 2007 . In vitro fermentability of a pectin fraction rich in hairy regions . Carbohydr. Polym. , 67 : 410 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Vayssade , M. , Sengkhamparn , N. , Verhoef , R. , Delaigue , C. , Goundiam , O. , Vigneron , P. , Voragen , A. G. , Schols , H. A. and Nagel , M.-D. 2010 . Antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of okra pectin on B16F10 melanoma cells . Phytotherapy Res. , 24 : 982 – 989 .
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. , Darvill , A. G. and Albersheim , P. 1980 . Structure of plant cell walls: X. Rhamnogalacturonan-I, a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide in the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells . Plant Physiol. , 66 : 1128 – 1134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipson , R. S. , Christman , C. C. and Levene , P. A. 1939 . The structure of the aldobionic acid from flaxseed mucilage . J. Biol. Chem. , 128 : 609 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Muralikrishna , G. , Salimath , P. V. and Tharanathan , R. N. 1987 . Structural features of an arabinoxylan and a rhamnogalacturonan derived from linseed mucilage . Carbohydr. Res. , 161 : 265 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Naran , R. , Chen , G. and Carpita , N. C. 2008 . Novel rhamnogalacturonan-I and arabinoxylan polysaccharides of flax seed mucilage . Plant Physiol. , 148 : 132 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield , S. , Meissner , R. C. , Shoue , D. A. , Carpita , N. C. and Bevan , M. W. 2001 . MYB61 is required for mucilage deposition and extrusion in the Arabidopsis seed coat . Plant Cell , 13 : 2777 – 2791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng , C. , O’Neill , M. A. and York , W. S. 2006 . Selective chemical depolymerization of rhamnogalacturonans . Carbohydr. Res. , 341 : 474 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Lau , M. J. , McNeil , M. , Darvill , A. G. and Albersheim , P. 1985 . Structure of the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I, a pectic polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of plants . Carbohydr. Res. , 137 : 111 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voragen , A. G. J. , Pilnik , W. , Thibault , J.-F. , Axelos , M. A. V. and Renard , C. M. G. C. 1995 . “ Pectins ” . In Food Polysaccharides and their Applications , Edited by: Stephen , A. M. 287 – 339 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Ramadas-Bhat , U. and Tharanathan , R. N. 1986 . Fractionation of okra mucilage and structural investigation of acidic polysaccharide . Carbohydr. Res. , 148 : 143 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Tharanathan , R. N. , Reddy , G. C. , Muralikrishna , G. and Susheelamma , N. S. 1994 . Structure of a galactoarabinan-rich pectic polysaccharide of native and fermented blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) . Carbohydr. Polym. , 23 : 121 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihouey , C. , Morvan , C. , Borissova , I. , Jauneau , A. , Demarty , M. and Jarvis , M. 1995 . Structural features of CDTA-soluble pectins from flax hypocotyls . Carbohydr. Polym. , 28 : 159 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Perrone , P. , Hewage , C. M. , Thomson , A. R. , Bailey , K. , Sadler , I. H. and Fry , S. C. 2002 . Patterns of methyl and O-acetyl esterification in spinach pectins: New complexity . Phytochemistry , 60 : 67 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengkhamparn , N. , Bakx , E. J. , Verhoef , R. , Schols , H. A. , Sajjaanantakul , T. and Voragen , A. G. J. 2009 . Okra pectin contains an unusual substitution of its rhamnosyl residues with acetyl and alpha-linked galactosyl groups . Carbohydr. Res. , 344 : 1842 – 1851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill , M. A. and York , W. S. 2003 . “ The composition and structure of plant primary cell walls ” . In The Plant Cell Wall , Edited by: Rose , J. K. C. 1 – 54 . Boca Raton, , Finland : Blackwell/CRC .
   Google Scholar
• Voragen , A. G. J. , Coenen , G.-J. , Verhoef , R. P. and Schols , H. A. 2009 . Pectin, a versatile polysaccharide present in plant cell walls . Struct. Chem. , 20 : 263 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , H. H. , Wooten , J. B. , Ryan , W. S. and Bokelman , Jr. G. H. 1987 . Structural characterization of a tobacco rhamnogalacturonan . Carbohydr. Polym. , 7 : 143 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard , C. M. G. C. , Crépeau , M.-J. and Thibault , J.-F. 1999 . Glucuronic acid directly linked to galacturonic acid in the rhamnogalacturonan backbone of beet pectins . Eur. J. Biochem. , 266 : 566 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oosterveld , A. , Beldman , G. , Schols , H. A. and Voragen , A. G. J. 2000 . Characterization of arabinose and ferulic acid rich pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses from sugar beet pulp . Carbohydr. Res. , 328 : 185 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Ralet , M.-C. , André-Leroux , G. , Quéméner , B. and Thibault , J-F . 2005 . Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall . Phytochemistry , 66 : 2800 – 2814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpita , N. C. and Gibeaut , D. M. 1993 . Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growing . Plant J. , 3 : 1 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , A. , Furuta , H. , Maeda , H. , Nagamatsu , Y. and Yoshimoto , A. 2001 . Analysis of structural components and molecular construction of soybean soluble polysaccharides by stepwise enzymatic degradation . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 65 : 2249 – 2258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimath , P. V. and Tharanathan , R. N. 1982 . Primary structure of two arabinogalactans from the water-soluble polysaccharides of field-bean (Dolichos lablab) hulls” . Carbohydr. Res. , 104 : 341 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterveld , A. , Voragen , A. G. J. and Schols , H. A. 2002 . Characterization of hop pectins shows the presence of an arabinogalactan-protein . Carbohydr. Polym. , 49 : 407 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immerzeel , P. , Eppink , M. M. , De Vries , S. C. , Schols , H. A. and Voragen , A. G. J. 2006 . Carrot arabinogalactan proteins are interlinked with pectins . Physiol. Plant. , 128 : 18 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , T. and Sakai , T. 1995 . Analysis of structure of sugar-beet pectin by enzymatic methods . Phytochemistry , 39 : 821 – 823 .
   Google Scholar
• Øbro , J. , Harholt , J. , Scheller , H. V. and Orfila , C. 2004 . Rhamnogalacturonan-I in Solanum tuberosum tubers contains complex arabinogalactan structures . Phytochemistry , 65 : 1429 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmadge , K. W. , Keegstra , K. , Bauer , W. D. and Albersheim , P. 1973 . Structure of plant cell walls. I. The macromolecular components of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells with a detailed analysis of the pectic polysaccharides . Plant Physiol. , 51 : 158 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsen , A. B. , Paulsen , B. S. , Wold , J. K. , Otsuka , H. , Kiyohara , H. , Yamada , H. and Knutsen , S. H. 1996 . Characterization of a biologically active pectin from Plantago major L . Carbohyr. Polym. , 30 : 37 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Xia , W. , Liu , S.-Q. , Zhang , W.-Q. and Luo , G.-A. 2008 . Structural features of a pectic polysaccharide from mulberry leaves . J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. , 10 : 857 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspinall , G. O. 1970 . Gums and mucilages . Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. , 24 : 333 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Albersheim , P. , Darvill , A. G. , O’Neill , M. A. , Schols , H. A. and Voragen , A. G. J. 1996 . “ An hypothesis: The same six polysaccharides are components of the primary cell walls of all higher plants ” . In Pectins and Pectinases , Edited by: Visser , J. and Voragen , A. G. J. 47 – 55 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Prade , R. A. , Zhan , D. , Ayoubi , P. and Mort , A. J. 1999 . Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions . Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. , 16 : 361 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard , C. M. G. C. , Crépeau , M. J. and Thibault , J. F. 1995 . Structure of the repeating units in the rhamnogalacturonic backbone of apple, beet and citrus pectins . Carbohydr. Res. , 275 : 155 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. , Lerouge , P. , Thibault , J.-F. and Ralet , M.-C. 2007 . Pectins from citrus peel cell walls contain homogalacturonans homogenous with respect to molar mass, rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II . Carbohydr. Polym. , 69 ( 3 ) : 426 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Schols , H. A. , Voragen , A. G. J. and Colquhoun , I. J. 1994 . Isolation and characterization of rhamnogalacturonan oligomers, liberated during degradation of pectic hairy regions by rhamnogalacturonase . Carbohydr. Res. , 256 : 97 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerouge , P. , O’Neill , M. A. , Darvill , A. G. and Albersheim , P. 1993 . Structural characterization of endo-glycanase-generated oligoglycosyl side chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I . Carbohydr. Res. , 243 : 359 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eda , S. and Katö , K. 1980 . Pectin isolated from the midrib of leaves of Nicotiana tabacum . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 44 : 2793 – 2801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries , J. A. , Den Uijl , C. H. , Voragen , A. G. J. , Rombouts , F. M. and Pilnik , W. 1983 . Structural features of the neutral sugar side chains of apple pectic substances . Carbohydr. Polym. , 3 : 193 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Macquet , A. , Ralet , M-C. , Loudet , O. , Kronenberger , J. , Mouille , G. , Marion-Poll , A. and North , H. M. 2007 . In-situ, chemical and macromolecular study of the composition of Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat mucilage . Plant Cell , 19 : 3990 – 4006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , G. A. , Ralet , M.-C. , Bonnin , E. , Thibault , J.-F. and Harding , S. E. 2010 . Physical characterisation of the rhamnogalacturonan and homogalacturonan fractions of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectin . Carbohydr. Polym. , 82 : 1161 – 1167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang , J. and Kokini , J. L. 1992 . Contribution of the side branches to rheological properties of pectins . Carbohydr. Polym. , 19 : 41 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhan , D. , Janssen , P. and Mort , A. J. 1998 . Scarcity or complete lack of single rhamnose residues interspersed within the homogalacturonan regions of citrus pectin . Carbohydr Res. , 308 : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur’janov , O. P. , Gorshkova , T. A. , Kabel , M. , Schols , H. A. and van Dam , J. E. G. 2007 . MALDI-TOF MS evidence for the linking of flax bast fibre galactan to rhamnogalacturonan backbone . Carbohydr. Polym. , 67 : 86 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , L. , Zhang , X. , Li , S. , Liu , X. , Sun , L. , Liu , H. , Iteku , J. , Zhou , Y. and Tai , G. 2010 . Rhamnogalacturonan I domains from ginseng pectin . Carbohydr. Polym. , 79 : 811 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott , L. and Ray , P. 1992 . Changes in molecular size of previously deposited and newly synthesized pea cell wall matrix polysaccharides. Effects of auxin and tugor . Plant Physiol. , 98 : 369 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. and Koffi , K. L. 2008 . The polysaccharide composition of yellow passion fruit rind cell wall: chemical and macromolecular features of extracted pectins and hemicellulosic polysaccharides . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 88 ( 12 ) : 2125 – 2133 .
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. and Mort , A. 2008 . Isolation and structural characterization of a novel oligosaccharide from the rhamnogalacturonan of Gossypium hirsutum L . Carbohydr. Res. , 343 : 1041 – 1049 .
   Google Scholar
• Westphal , Y. , Kühnel , S. , de Waard , P. , Hinz , S. W. A. , Schols , H. A. , Voragen , A. G. J. and Gruppen , H. 2010 . Branched arabino-oligosaccharides isolated from sugar beet arabinan . Carbohydr. Res. , 345 : 1180 – 1189 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , J. , Fan , L. and Ding , S. 2011 . “ Isolation, purification and structure of a new watersoluble polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao ” . In Carbohydr. Polym. Vol. 83 , 477 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Edashige , Y. and Ishii , T. 1998 . Rhamnogalacturonan-II from cell walls of Cryptomeria japonica” . Phytochemistry , 49 : 681 – 690 .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , K-W. , Kiyohara , H. , Matsumoto , T. , Yang , H.-C. and Yamada , H. 2001 . Characterization of pectic polysaccharides having intestinal immune system modulating activity from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC . Carbohydr. Polym. , 46 : 125 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Aboughe-Angone , S. , Bardor , M. , Nguema-Ona , E. , Rihouey , C. , Ishii , T. , Lerouge , P. and Driouich , A. 2009 . Structural characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from two plant species endemic to central Africa, Fleurya aestuans and Phragmenthera capitata . Carbohydr. Polym. , 75 : 104 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• M'sakni , N. H. , Majdoub , H. , Roudesli , S. , Picton , L. , Le Cerf , D. , Rihouey , C. and Morvan , C. 2006 . Composition, structure and solution properties of polysaccharides extracted from leaves of Mesembryanthenum crystallinum . Eur. Polym. J. , 42 : 786 – 795 .
   Google Scholar
• Turecek , P. L. , Buxbaum , E. and Pittner , F. 1989 . Quantitative determination of pectic substances as an example of a rhamnopolysaccharide assay . J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth. , 19 : 215 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Zablackis , E. , Huang , J. , Müller , B. , Darvill , A. G. and Albersheim , P. 1995 . Characterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves . Plant Physiol. , 107 : 1129 – 1138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inngjerdingen , K. T. , Patel , T. R. , Chen , X. , Kenne , L. , Allen , S. , Morris , G. A. , Harding , S. E. , Matsumoto , T. , Diallo , D. , Yamada , H. , Michaelsen , T. E. , Inngjerdingen , M. and Paulsen , B. S. 2007 . Immunological and structural properties of a pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius . Glycobiology , 17 : 1299 – 1310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. L. , Dreaden , T. M. , Theobald , L. K. , Tran , N. M. , Beal , T. L. , Eid , M. , Gao , M. Y. , Shirley , R. B. , Stoffel , M. T. , Kumar , M. V. and Mohnen , D. 2007 . Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure . Glycobiology , 17 : 805 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ele-Ekouna , J.-P. , Pau-Roblot , C. , Courtois , C. and Courtois , J. 2011 . Chemical characterization of pectin from green tea (Camellia sinensis) . Carbohydr. Polym. , 83 : 1232 – 1239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , D. A. and Wight , A. W. 1971 . Polysaccharide conformation for α-1,4-galacturonan and the kinking function of L-rhamnose residues in pectic substances . J. Chem. Soc B , : 1366 – 1372 . 1971
   Google Scholar
• Hourdet , D. and Muller , G. 1991 . Solution properties of pectin polysaccharides-III: Molecular size of heterogeneous pectin chains. Calibration and application of SEC to pectin analysis . Carbohydr. Polym. , 16 : 409 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiero , J. R. , Urbani , R. and Cesàro , A. 1995 . Conformational features of galacturonans. II. Configurational statistics of pectic polymers . Int. J. Biol. Macromol. , 17 ( 3–4 ) : 213 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Pérez , S. , Rodríguez-Carvajal , M. A. and Doco , T. 2003 . A complex plant cell wall polysaccharide: rhamnogalacturonan-II. A structure in quest of a function . Biochimie , 85 : 109 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouwijzer , M. , Schols , H. and Pérez , S. 1996 . “ Acetylation of rhamnogalacturonan-I and homogalacturonan: Theoretical calculations ” . In Pectins and Pectinases , Edited by: Visser , J. and Voragen , A. G. J. 57 – 65 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Caffall , K. H. and Mohnen , D. 2009 . The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides . Carbohydr. Res. , 344 : 1879 – 1900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willats , W. G. T. , Steele-King , C. G. , Marcus , S. E. and Knox , J. P. 1999 . Side chains of pectic polysaccharides are regulated in relation to cell proliferation and cell differentiation . Plant J. , 20 : 619 – 628 .
   Google Scholar
• McCartney , L. , Ormerod , A. P. , Gidley , M. J. and Knox , J. P. 2000 . Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (1→4)-β-D-galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: implications for mechanical properties . Plant J. , 22 : 105 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Zabotina , O. , Ibragimova , N. , Ayupova , D. , Gurjanov , O. , Lozovaya , V. , Beldman , G. and Voragen , A. 1996 . “ Bioactive fragments from pea pectin ” . In Pectins and Pectinases , Edited by: Visser , J. and Voragen , A. G. J. 693 – 701 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Wydra , K. and Beri , H. 2007 . Immunohistochemical changes in methyl-ester distribution of homogalacturonan and side chain composition of rhamnogalacturonan I as possible components of basal resistance in tomato inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum . Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. , 70 : 13 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Brummell , D. A. 2006 . Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit . Funct. Plant Biol. , 33 : 103 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umar , S. , Morris , A. P. , Kourouma , F. and Sellin , J. H. 2003 . Dietary pectin and calcium inhibitcolonic proliferation in vivo by differing mechanisms . Cell Prolif. , 36 : 361 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. and Koffi , K. L. 2008 . Dietary fiber components in yellow passion fruit rinds—A potential fiber source . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 56 ( 14 ) : 5880 – 5883 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamada , H. 1994 . Pectic polysaccharides from Chinese herbs: structure and biological activity” . Carbohydr. Polym. , 25 : 269 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nergard , C. S. , Matsumoto , T. , Inngjerdingen , M. , Inngjerdingen , K. , Hokputsa , S. and Harding , S. E. 2005 . Structural and immunological studies of a pectin and a pectic arabinogalactan from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae) . Carbohydr. Res. , 340 : 115 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. , Yu , L. , Bi , H. , Li , X. , Ni , W. , Han , H. , Li , N. , Wang , B. , Zhou , Y. and Tai , G. 2009 . Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharidesisolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer . Carbohydr. Polym. , 77 : 544 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokputsa , S. , Gerddit , W. , Pongsamart , S. , Inngjerdingen , K. , Heinze , T. , Koschella , A. , Harding , S. E. and Paulsen , B. S. 2004 . Water-soluble polysaccharides with pharmaceutical importance from Durian rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.): isolation, fractionation, characterisation and bioactivity . Carbohydr. Polym. , 56 : 471 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay , N. , Nosál’ová , G. , Saha , S. , Bandyopadhyay , S. S. , Fleskova , D. and Ray , B. 2011 . Structural features and antitussive activity of water extracted polysaccharide from Adhatoda vasica,” . Carbohydr. Polym. , 83 : 1970 – 1974 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagel , M-D. , Verhoef , R. , Schols , H. , Morra , M. , Knox , J.-P. Ceccone , G. 2008 . Enzymatically-tailored pectins differentially influence the morphology, adhesion, cell cycle progression and survival of fibroblasts . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1780 : 995 – 1003 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallet , M. , Vayssade , M. , Morra , M. , Verhoef , R. , Perrone , S. , Cascardo , G. , Vigneron , P. , Schols , H. A. and Nagel , M.-D. 2009 . Inhibition of LPS-induced proinflammatory responses of J774.2 macrophages by immobilized enzymatically tailored pectins . Acta Biomaterialia , 5 : 2618 – 2622 .
   Google Scholar
• Michaelsen , T. E. , Gilje , A. , Samulsen , A. B. , Høgåsen , K. and Paulsen , B. S. 2000 . Interaction between human complement and a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, from the leaves of Plantago major L . Scand. J. Immunol. , 52 : 483 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westereng , B. , Michaelsen , T. E. , Samuelsen , A. B. and Knutsen , S. H. 2008 . Effects of extraction conditions on the chemical structure and biological activity of white cabbage pectin . Carbohydr. Polym. , 72 : 32 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , Z. , Li , J. , Wu , X. , Dai , H. , Gao , X. , Liu , M. and Tu , P. 2006 . Structures and immunological activities of two pectic polysaccharides from the fruits of Ziziphus jujube Mill. cv. jinsixiaozao Hort . Food Res. Int. , 39 : 917 – 923 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X.-S. , Dong , Q. , Zuo , J.-P. and Fang , J.-N. 2003 . Structure and potential immunological activity of a pectin from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban . Carbohydr. Res. , 338 : 2393 – 2402 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller , E. A. and Anderer , F. A. 1990 . Synergistic action of a plant rhamnogalacturonan enhancing antitumor cytotoxicity of human natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells: Chemical specificity of target cell recognition . Cancer Res. , 50 : 3646 – 3651 .
   Google Scholar
• Eliaz , I. 2001 . The potential role of modified citrus pectin in the prevention of cancer metastasis . Clin. Practice Altern. Med. , 2 : 177 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Nangia-Makker , P. , Hogan , V. , Honjo , Y. , Baccarini , S. , Tait , L. , Bresalier , R. and Raz , A. 2002 . Inhibition of human cancer cell growth and metastasis in nude mice by oral intake of modified citrus pectin,” . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 94 : 1854 – 1862 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt , D. and Raz , A. 1992 . Modulation of the lung colonization of B16-F1 melanoma cells by citrus pectin. . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 84 : 438 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinsky , V. V. and Raz , A. 2009 . Modified citrus pectin anti-metastatic properties: one bullet, multiple targets . Carbohydr. Res. , 344 : 1788 – 1791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning , A. P. , Bongaerts , R. J. M. and Morris , V. J. 2009 . Recognition of galactan components of pectin by galectin-3 . FASEB J. , 23 : 415 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapo , B. M. 2009 . Biochemical characteristics and gelling capacity of pectin from yellow passion fruit rind as affected by acid extractant nature . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 57 ( 4 ) : 1572 – 1578 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson , K. D. , Glinskii , O. V. , Mossine , V. V. , Turk , J. R. , Mawhinney , T. P. , Anthony , D. C. , Henry , C. J. , Huxley , V. H. , Glinsky , G. V. , Pienta , K. J. , Raz , A. and Glinsky , V. V. 2007 . Galectin-3 as a potential therapeutic target in tumors arisingfrom malignant endothelia . Neoplasia , 9 : 662 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman , M. , Djaldetti , M. , Salman , H. and Bessler , H. 2010 . Effect of citrus pectin on malignant cell proliferation . Biomed. Pharmacother. , 64 : 44 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Beuth , J. , Ko , H. L. , Schirrmacher , V. , Uhlenbruck , G. and Pulverer , G. 1988 . Inhibition of liver-tumor cell colonisation in 2 animal tumor-models by lectin blocking with D-galactose or arabinogalactan . Clin. Exper. Metastasis , 6 : 115 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , V. J. , Gromer , A. , Kirby , A. R. , Bongaerts , R. J. M. and Gunning , A. P. 2011 . Using AFM and force spectroscopy to determine pectin structure and (bio)functionality . Food Hydrocolloids , 25 : 230 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Ishii , T. and Matsunaga , T. 2001 . Pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II is covalently linked to homogalacturonan . Phytochemistry , 57 : 969 – 974 .
   Google Scholar