Solution NMR Spectroscopy of Food Polysaccharides

References

• Stephen , A. M. , Phillips , G. O. and Williams , P. A. 2006 . Food Polysaccharides and their Applications, 2nd Ed. , Boca Raton , FL : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson , A.-C. 2006 . Carbohydrates in Food, 2nd Ed. , Boca Raton , FL : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Dumitriu , S. 2005 . Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility, 2nd Ed. , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. , Cote , G. L. and Baianu , I. C. 1999 . Application of Polymers in Foods , Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. and Salamone , J. C. 1996 . “ Food polymers ” . In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia , 2568 – 2574 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meuser , H. , Manners , D. J. and Seibel , W. 1993 . Plant Polymeric Carbohydrates , Cambridge, UK : Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Imeson , A. 1992 . Thickening and Gelling Agents for Food , London : Blackie Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. J. and Zobel , H. F. 1992 . Developments in Carbohydrate Chemistry , St. Paul , MN : Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem. .
   Google Scholar
• Whistler , R. L. and BeMiller , J. N. 1991 . Industrial Gums, 3rd Ed. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. L. 1990 . Handbook of Water Soluble Gums and Resins , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. , Asakura , T. and English , A. D. NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers: Innovative Strategies for Complex Macromolecules (ACS Symposium Series Number 1077) . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. and English , A. D. NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers in Solution and in the Solid State (ACS Symposium Series Number 834) . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Mirau , P. A. 2004 . A Practical Guide to Understanding the NMR of Polymers , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kitayama , T. and Hatada , K. 2004 . NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. “ Structural studies of polymers by solution NMR ” . RAPRA Review Reports, Vol. 11, Number 5, 2001 (RAPRA Report 125) .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. and Early , T. A. 1994 . NMR of polymeric materials: An overview . Macromol. Symp. , 86 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart , J. F.G. 2006 . Introduction to NMR spectroscopy of carbohydrates . ACS Symp. Ser. , 930 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bubb , W. A. 2003 . NMR spectroscopy in the study of carbohydrates: Characterizing the structural complexity . Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A , 19A : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , C. A. 1966 . “ Polysaccharides and complex oligosaccharides ” . In Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance , 3746 – 3750 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , C. A. and Martin-Pastor , M. 1999 . Structure and conformation of complex carbohydrates of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and bacterial polysaccharides . Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. , 28 : 269 – 293 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duus , J. O. , Gotfredsen , C. H. and Bock , K. 2000 . Carbohydrate structural determination by NMR spectroscopy: Modern methods and limitations . Chem. Rev. , 100 : 4589 – 4614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulloy , B. 1996 . High field NMR as a technique for the determination of polysaccharide structures . Mol. Biotechnol. , 6 : 241 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Halbeek , H . 1994 . NMR developments in structural studies of carbohydrates and their complexes . Current Opinion in Structural Biology , 4 : 697 – 709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serianni , A. 1992 . “ NMR approaches to oligosaccharide structure elucidation Composition, Structure, and Function ” . Edited by: Glycoconjugates , Allen , H. J. and Kisailus , E. C. 71 – 100 . New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , C. A. 1988 . High resolution NMR in the determination of structure in complex carbohydrates . Bull. Magn. Resonance , 10 : 73 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Perlin , A. S. and Casu , B. 1982 . “ Spectroscopic Methods ” . In The Polysaccharides , Edited by: Aspinall , G. O. 133 – 191 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gorin , P. A. J. 1981 . Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of polysaccharides . Adv. Carbohydrate Chem. Biochem. , 38 : 13 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran , R. 1999 . X-ray and molecular modeling studies on the structure-function correlation of polysaccharides . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 17 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• BeMiller , J. N. 1999 . Structure-property correlations of non-starch food polysaccharides . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe , C. A. and Goswami , A. 1999 . Unique properties of high viscosity gums . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 93 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Rinaudo , M. 2001 . Relation between the molecular structure of some polysaccharides and original properties in sol and gel states . Food Hydrocolloids , 15 : 433 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. , Takai , M. and Ekong , E. A. 1999 . Rheology of carboxymethylcellulose made from bacterial cellulose . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 145 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. O. , Pass , G. , Jeffries , M. and Morley , R. G. 1980 . “ Use and technology of exudate gums from tropical sources ” . In Gelling and Thickening Agents in Foods , Edited by: Neukom , H. and Pilnik , W. 135 – 161 . Zurich : Forster-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , H. and Slade , L. 1991 . Water Relationships in Foods , New York and London : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Southgate , D. A.T. 1976 . “ The chemistry of dietary fiber ” . In Fibers in Human Nutrition , Edited by: Spiller , G. A. and Amen , R. J. 31 – 72 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Tolstoguzov , V. 1996 . Structure-property relationships in foods . ACS Symp. Ser. , 650 : 2 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• BeMiller , J. N. 1996 . Structure-property relationships of water-soluble polysaccharides . J. Applied Glycoscience , 43 : 377 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Muralikrishna , G. and Rao , M. S. 2007 . Cereal non-cellulosic polysaccharides: Structure and function relationship: An overview . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutrition , 47 : 599 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.glycosciences.de/sweetdb/
   Google Scholar
• Lütteke , T. , Bohne-Lang , A. , Loss , A. , Goetz , T. , Frank , M. and von der Lieth , C. W. 2006 . GLYCOSCIENCES.de: An Internet portal to support glycomics and glycobiology research . Glycobiology , 16 : 71R – 81R .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.casper.organ.su.se/casper/
   Google Scholar
• Jansson , P. E. , Stenutz , R. and Widmalm , G. 2006 . Sequence determination of oligosaccharides and regular polysaccharides using NMR spectroscopy and a novel web-based version of the computer program CASPER . Carbohydrate Res. , 341 : 1003 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundborg , M. and Widmalm , G. 2011 . Structural analysis of glycans by NMR chemical shift prediction . Anal. Chem. , 83 : 1514 – 1517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkind , G. M. , Shashkov , A. S. , Knirel , Y. A. , Vinogradov , E. V. and Kochetkov , N. K. 1988 . A computer-assisted structural analysis of regular polysaccharides on the basis of 13C NMR data . Carbohydrate Res. , 175 : 59 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , B. E. and Jurs , P. C. 1996 . Computer assisted simulation of 13C nuclear magnetic spectra of monosaccharides . J. Chem. Inf. Computer Sci. , 36 : 58 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. , Hansen , T. , Nute , D. , Albersheim , P. , Darvill , A. , York , W. and Sellers , J. 1991 . Identification of the 1H-NMR spectra of complex oligosaccharides with artificial neural networks . Science , 251 : 542 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen , J. U. and Meyer , B. 1989 . Pattern recognition of the 1H NMR spectra of sugar alditols using a neural network . J. Magnetic Resonance , 84 : 212 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berteanu , O. and Stenutz , R. 2004 . Web resources for the carbohydrate chemist . Carbohydrate Res. , 339 : 929 – 936 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchal , I. , Golfier , G. , Dugas , O. and Majed , M. 2003 . Bioinformatics in glycobiology . Biochimie , 85 : 75 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jol , C. N. , Neiss , T. G. , Penninkhof , B. , Rudolf , B. and DeRuiter , G. A. 1999 . A novel high-performance anion-exchange chromatographic method for the analysis of carrageenans and agars containing 3,6-androgalactose . Anal. Biochem. , 268 : 213 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , P. E. , Valentine , K. M. and Parrish , F. W. 1979 . Deuterium-induced differential isotope shift carbon-13 NMR. 1. Resonance reassignments of mono-and disaccharides . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 101 : 1265 – 1274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben , J. 1984 . Isotopic multiplets in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of polyols with partially deuterated hydroxyls. 3. Fingerprints of molecular structure and hydrogen bonding effects in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of monosaccharides with partially deuterated hydroxyls . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 106 : 6180 – 6186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gridley , M. J. , Alexander , R. J. and Zobel , H. F. 1992 . NMR analysis of cereal carbohydrates,” in Developments in Carbohydrate Chemistry . : 163 – 191 . American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MI, pp.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , D. D. , Ho , C. and Vogel , H. J. 1990 . One-dimensional NMR studies of starch and starch products . Starke , 42 : 260 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , D. D. and Vogel , H. J. 1990 . Two-dimensional NMR studies of starch and starch products . Starke , 42 : 287 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , G. S. , Bergquist , K.-E. , Nilsson , U. and Gorton , L. 1996 . Determination of the degree of branching in normal and amylopectin type potato starch with 1H NMR spectroscopy . Starke , 48 : 352 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang , L.-H. , Howseman , A. M. and Shulman , F. G. 1991 . Assignment of the 1H chemical shifts of glycogen . Carbohydr.Res. , 220 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora-Gutierrez , A. and Baianu , I. C. 1991 . Carbon-13 NMR studies of chemically modified waxy maize starch, corn syrup, and maltodextrin: Comparisons with potato starch and potato maltodextrin . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 39 : 1057 – 1062 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gridley , M. J. 1985 . Quantification of the structural features of starch polysaccharides by NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydr. Res. , 139 : 85 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , L. B. and Krueger , W. J. 1999 . Branching ratios of starch via proton NMR and their use in determining amylose/amylopectin content: Evidence for three types of amylopectin . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 179 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Tizzotti , M. J. , Sweedman , M. C. , Tang , D. , Schaefer , C. and Gilbert , R. D. 2011 . New 1H NMR procedure for the characterization of native and modified food-grade starches . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 59 : 6913 – 6919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jodelet , A. , Rigby , N. M. and Colquhoun , I. J. 1998 . Separation and NMR structural characterization of singly branched α-dextrins which differ in the location of the branch point . Carbohydrate Res. , 312 : 139 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk , H. , Micura , R. , Stanek , M. and Wutka , R. 1996 . Structural aspects of native and acid or enzyme degraded amylopectin – a 13C NMR Study . Starke , 48 : 344 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomonsson , A. -C. B. , Andersson , R. E. , Troneport , L. J. and Theander , O. 1991 . A 1H and 13C NMR study of bromine-oxidized potato starch . Carbohydr. Res. , 217 : 221 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teleman , A. , Kruus , K. , Ammalahti , E. , Buchert , J. and Nurmi , K. 1999 . Structure of dicarboxyl malto-oligomers isolated from hypochlorite-oxidized potato starch studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Res. , 315 : 286 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , Q. , Sjoholm , R. , Nurmi , K. and Bertoft , E. 1998 . Structural characterization of oxidized potato starch . Carbohydr. Res. , 309 : 213 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deGraaf , R. A. , Lammers , G. , Janssen , L. and Beenackers , A. 1995 . Quantitative analysis of chemically modified starches by 1H NMR spectroscopy . Starke , 47 : 269 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Laignel , B. , Bliard , C. , Massiot , G. and Nuzillard , J. M. 1997 . Proton NMR spectroscopy assignment of D-glucose residues in highly acetylated starch . Carbohydr. Res. , 298 : 251 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , A. and Seib , P. A. 1997 . Determination of the level and position of substitution in hydroxypropylated starch by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy of alpha-limit dextrins . J. Cereal Sci. , 25 : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heins , D. , Kulicke , W.-M. , P. Kauper , P. and Thielking , H. 1998 . Characterization of acetyl starch by means of NMR spectroscopy and SEC/MALLS in comparison with hydroxyethyl starch . Starke , 50 : 431 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , Y. , Shi , Y.-C. , Herrera , A. and Prakash , O. 2011 . Study of octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy maize starch by NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Polym. , 83 : 407 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong , C. K. , Xing , J. , Phillips , D. L. and Corke , H. 2001 . Development of NMR and Raman spectroscopic methods for the determination of the degree of substitution of maleate in modified starches . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 2702 – 2708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhrbeck , P. and Tellier , C. 1991 . Determination of the phosphorylation of starch from native potato varieties by 31P NMR . Starke , 43 : 25 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , S. and Seib , P. A. 1993 . Location of phosphate esters in a wheat starch phosphate by 31P NMR spectroscopy . Cereal Chem. , 70 : 145 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bay-Smidt , A. M. , Wischmann , B. , Olsen , C. E. and Nielsen , T. E. 1994 . Starch bound phosphate in potato as studied by a simple method for determination of organic phosphate and 31P NMR . Starke , 46 : 167 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasemsuwan , T. and Jane , J. 1994 . Location of amylase in normal starch granules. II. Locations of phosphodisester crosslinking revealed by 31P NMR . Cereal Chem. , 71 : 282 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , S. , Kasemsuwan , T. and Jane , J. 1994 . Characterization of phosphorus in starch by 31P NMR spectroscopy . Cereal Chem. , 71 : 488 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasemsuwan , T. and Jane , J. 1996 . Quantitative method for the survey of starch phosphate derivatives and starch phospholipid by 31P NMR spectroscopy . Cereal Chem. , 73 : 702 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang , Y. , Prakash , O. and Seib , P. A. 2007 . Characterization of phosphorylated crosslinked resistant starch by 31P NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Polym. , 67 : 201 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , D. D. and Vogel , H. J. 1991 . NMR studies of homopolysaccharides related to starch . Starke , 43 : 69 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edye , L. A. , Wu , S. and Clarke , M. A. 1995 . The measurement of dextran in raw sugars using 1H NMR . J. Carbohydr. Chem. , 14 : 623 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnosti , C. and Repeta , D. J. 1995 . NMR spectroscopy of pullulan and isomaltose: complete assignment of chemical shifts . Starke , 47 : 73 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delben , F. , Forabosco , A. , Guerrini , M. , Liut , G. and Torri , G. 2006 . Pullulans produced by strains of Cryphonectria parasitica – II. NMR evidence . Carbohydrate Polym. , 63 : 545 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , P. J. , Howlin , B. J. and Webb , G. A. 1996 . Nuclear shielding calculations on the primary structure of the gellan polysaccharide . J. Mol. Structure , 385 : 185 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay , A. J. , Colquhoun , I. J. , Ridout , M. J. , Brownsey , G. J. , Morris , V. J. , Fialho , A. M. , Leitao , J. H. and Sa-Correia , I. 1998 . Analysis of structure and function of gellans with different substitution patterns . Carbohydrate Polym. , 35 : 179 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosco , M. , Miertus , S. , Dentini , M. and Segre , A. L. 2000 . The structure of gellan in dilute aqueous solution . Biopolymers , 54 : 115 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaudo , M. , Milas , M. , Lambert , F. and Vincendon , M. 1983 . 1H and 13C NMR investigation of xanthan gum . Macromolecules , 16 : 816 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton , D. , Mols , O. , Walaszek , Z. and Wernau , W. C. 1985 . Structural and biosynthetic studies on xanthan by 13C NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Res. , 141 : 340 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , J. F. , Stevenson , D. L. , White , C. A. , Tolley , M. S. and Bradshaw , I. J. 1984 . A simple 1H NMR method for the quantitation of O-acetate ester and pyruvic acid acetal content of polymeric xanthan gum and related polysaccharides . Br. Polym. J. , 16 : 5 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , D. D. , Ceri , H. and Vogel , H. J. 1996 . NMR studies of the heteropolysaccharides alginate, gum arabic, and gum xanthan . Starke , 48 : 285 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamini , A. , De Bleijser , J. and Leyte , J. C. 1991 . Physico-chemical properties of aqueous solutions of xanthan: an NMR study . Carbohydrate Res. , 220 : 33 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheetham , N. W. H. and Mashimba , E. N.M. 1992 . Proton and Carbon-13 NMR studies on xanthan derivatives . Carbohydrate Polym. , 17 : 127 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulicke , W.-M. , Otto , M. and Baar , A. 1993 . Improved NMR characterization of high-molecular-weight polymers and polyelectrolytes through the use of preliminary ultrasonic degradation . Makromol.Chem. , 194 : 751 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasdalen , H. and Painter , T. J. 1980 . NMR studies of composition and sequence in legume-seed galactomannans . Carbohydr. Res. , 81 : 59 – 66 . and references therein
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bociek , S. M. , Izzard , M. J. , Morrison , A. and Welti , D. 1981 . The 13C NMR spectra of (1-6)-α-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-β-D-mannans . Carbohydr. Res. , 93 : 279 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleary , B. V. , Taravel , F. R. and Cheetham , N. W.H. 1982 . Preparative scale isolation and characterization of 61-α-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-β-D-mannobiose and 62-α-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-β-D-mannobiose . Carbohydr. Res. , 104 : 285 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleary , B. V. , Nurthen , E. , Taravel , F. R. and Joseleau , J.-P. 1983 . Characterization of the oligosaccharides produced on hydrolysis of galactomannan with β-D-mannanase . Carbohydr. Res. , 118 : 91 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi , A. E. , Cerezo , A. S. and Shoolery , J. N. 1986 . High resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy of legume seed galactomannans . Carbohydr. Res. , 148 : 189 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A. L. , Hoffmann , R. A. , Russell , A. L. and Debet , M. 1995 . 1H and 13C NMR characterization of the digalactosylmannopentaose liberated from legume seed galactomannan by β-mannanase action . Carbohydr. Res. , 271 : 43 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , J. J. and Painter , T. J. 1980 . Measurement of diad frequencies in lucerne- and clover-seed galactomannans by periodate oxidation . Carbohydr. Res. , 91 : 93 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , A. K. and Grasdalen , H. 1989 . NMR studies of composition and side-chain arrangement in Sesbania aegyptiaca seed galactomannan . Carbohydr. Res. , 188 : 239 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikuta , K. , Shibata , N. , Kanehiko , H. , Kobayashi , H. , Suzuki , S. and Okawa , Y. 1997 . NMR assignment of the galactomannan of Candida lipolytica . FEBS Lett , 414 : 338 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikuta , K. , Shibata , N. , Blake , J. S. , Dahl , M. , Nelson , R. D. , Hisamichi , K. , Kobayashi , H. , Suzuki , S. and Okawa , Y. 1997 . NMR study of the galactomannans of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum . Biochem. J. , 323 : 297 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaubey , M. and Kapoor , V. P. 2001 . Structure of a galactomannan from the seeds of Cassia angustifolia vahl . Carbohydrate Res. , 332 : 439 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh , H. P. , Yamaki , K. , Ono , H. and Tsushida , T. 2001 . Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic studies of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) galatomomannan without chemical fragmentation . Carbohydrate Polym. , 45 : 69 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira , I,G.P. , Mendes , F. N.P. , Gallao , M. I. and de Brito , E. S. 2007 . NMR study of galactomannans from the seeds of mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora) . Food Chem. , 101 : 70 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha , P. L.R. , Vieira , I. G.P. , Arriaga , A. M.C. , de Paula , R. C.M. and Feitosa , J. P.A. 2009 . Isolation and characterization of galactomannan from Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul seeds as a potential guar gum substitute . Food Hydrocolloids , 23 : 880 – 885 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridou , A. , Biliaderis , C. G. and Izydorczyk , M. S. 2000 . tructural characteristics and rheological properties of locust bean galactomannans: A comparison of samples from different carob tree populations . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 81 : 68 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Xie , B. and Gan , X. 2005 . Advance in the applications of konjac glucomannan and its derivatives . Carbohydrate Polym. , 60 : 27 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cescutti , P. C. , Campa , C. , Delben , F. and Rizzo , R. 2002 . Structure of the oligomers obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucomannan produced by the plant Amorphophallus konjac . Carbohydrate Res. , 337 : 2505 – 2511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsuraya , K. , Okuyama , K. , Hatanaka , K. , Oshima , R. , Sato , T. and Matsuzaki , K. 2003 . Constitution of konjac glucomannan: Chemical analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Polym. , 53 : 183 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam , A. M. , Phillips , G. O. , Sljivo , A. , Snowden , M. J. and Williams , P. A. 1997 . A review of recent developments on the regulatory, structural and functional aspects of gum arabic . Food Hydrocolloids , 11 : 493 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defaye , J. and Wong , E. 1986 . Structural studies of gum Arabic, the exudate polysaccharide from Acacia senegal . Carbohydrate Res. , 150 : 221 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. M. W. and Wang , W. 1991 . The characterization of gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) samples from Uganda . Food Hydrocolloids , 5 : 297 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Pinto , G. L. 1991 . Carbon-13 NMR spectral study of Acacia xanthophloea gum and its degradation products . Carbohydrate Res. , 220 : 229 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tischer , C. A. , Gorin , P. A.J. and Iacomini , M. 2002 . The free reducing oligosaccharides of gum arabic: aids for structural assignments in the polysaccharide . Carbohydrate Polym. , 47 : 151 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeken , D. , Diercks , S. and Dewettinck , K. 2003 . Exudate gums: occurrence, production, and applications . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 63 : 10 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tischer , C. A. , Iacomini , M. , Wagner , R. and Gorin , P. A.J. 2002 . New structural features of the polysaccharide from gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) . Carbohydrate Res. , 337 : 2205 – 2210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , J. , Cui , S. W. , Chen , J. , Phillips , G. O. , Wu , Y. and Wang , Q. 2011 . New studies on gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) part I. Fractionation, chemical and physical characterization of the gum . Food Hydrocolloids , 25 : 1984 – 1990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , J. , Cui , S. W. , Phillips , G. O. , Chen , J. , Guo , Q. and Wang , Q. 2011 . New studies on gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) part II. Structure characterization of an arabinogalactan from the gum by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis . Food Hydrocolloids , 25 : 1991 – 1998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , J. , Cui , S. W. , Phillips , G. O. , Chen , J. , Guo , Q. and Wang , Q. 2011 . New studies on gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) part III. Structure characterization of a globular polysaccharide fraction by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis . Food Hydrocolloids , 25 : 1999 – 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito , A. C.F. , Silva , D. A. , de Paula , R. C.M. and Feitosa , J. P.A. 2004 . Sterculia striata exudate polysaccharide: characterization, rheological properties and comparison with Sterculia urens (karaya) polysaccharide . Polymer International , 53 : 1025 – 1032 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marvelys , L. , Maritza , M. , Lilian , S. , Gladys , L. P. and Julio , H. 2006 . Structural elucidation of the polysaccharide from Sterculia apetala gum by a combination of chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy . Food Hydrocolloids , 20 : 908 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tischer , C. A. , Iacomini , M. , Wagner , R. and Gorin , P. A.J. 2002 . Structure of the arabinogalactan from gum tragacanth . Carbohydrate Res. , 337 : 1647 – 1655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasdalen , H. , Larsen , B. and Smidsrod , O. 1981 . 13C NMR studies of monomeric composition and sequence in alginate . Carbohydr. Res. , 89 : 179 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasdalen , H. 1983 . High-field 1H NMR spectroscopy of alginate: Sequential structure and linkage conformations . Carbohydr. Res. , 118 : 255 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjak-Braek , G. , Grasdalen , H. and Larsen , B. 1986 . Monomer sequence and acetylation pattern in some bacterial alginates . Carbohydr. Res. , 154 : 239 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokke , B. T. , Smidsrod , O. , Bruheim , P. and Skjak-Braek , G. 1991 . Distribution of uronate residues in alginate chains in relation to alginate gelling properties . Macromolecules , 24 : 4637 – 4645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidsrod , O. and Draget , K. I. 1996 . Chemistry and physical properties of alginates . Carbohydrates in Europe , 14 : 6 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Steginsky , C. A. , Beale , J. M. , Floss , H. G. and Mayer , R. M. 1992 . Structural determination of alginic acid and the effects of calcium binding as determined by high-field NMR . Carbohydr. Res. , 225 : 11 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. 1999 . Compositional heterogeneity of alginate through NMR analysis . Polym. Bull. , 43 : 247 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiss , T. G. and Cheng , H. N. 2003 . Coupled SEC-NMR analysis of alginates . ACS Symp. Ser. , 834 : 382 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtan , S. , Zhang , Q. J. , Strand , W. I. and Skjak-Braek , G. 2006 . Characterization of the hydrolysis mechanism of polyalternating alginate in weak acid and assignment of the resulting MG-oligosaccharides by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-mass spectrometry . Biomacromol. , 7 : 2108 – 2121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomonsen , T. , Jensen , H. M. , Larsen , F. H. , Steuernagel , S. and Engelsen , S. B. 2009 . Alginate monomer composition studied by solution and solid-state NMR: A comparative chemometric study . Food Hydrocolloids , 23 : 1579 – 1586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilen , E. M. , Klinger , M. and Sandstrom , C. 2011 . Application of diffusion-edited NMR spectroscopy for selective suppression of water signal in the determination of monomer composition in alginates . Magnetic Resonance Chem. , 49 : 584 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welti , D. 1977 . Carrageenan. part 12. The 300 MHz proton NMR spectra of methyl β-D-galactopyranoside, methyl 3,6-anhydro-α-D-galactopyranoside, agarose, kappa-carrageenan, and segments of iota-carrageenan and agarose sulfate . J. Chem. Res.(S) , : 312 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Usov , A. I. , Yarotsky , S. V. and Shashkov , A. S. 1980 . 13C NMR spectroscopy of red galactans . Biopolymers , 19 : 977 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasch , D. J. , Chuah , C. and Melton , L. D. 1981 . A 13C NMR study of some agar-related polysaccharides from New Zealand seaweeds . Aust. J. Chem. , 34 : 1095 – 1105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , L. E. , Valiente , O. G. , Garcia , R. , Castro , H. V. , Machytka , D. , Zsoldos-Mady , V. and Neszmelyi , A. 1987 . A 1H and 13C NMR study of an agar polysaccharide from Bryothamnion triquetrum . Carbohydrate Res. , 163 : 143 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murano , E. , Toffanin , R. , Zanetti , F. , Knutsen , S. H. , Paoletti , S. and Rizzo , R. 1992 . Chemical and macromolecular characterization of agar polymers from Gracilaria dura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) . Carbohydrate Polym. , 18 : 171 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahaye , M. and Rochas , C. 1991 . Chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of agar . Hydrobiologia , 221 : 137 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahaye , M. , Yaphe , W. and Rochas , C. 1985 . 13C NMR spectral analysis of sulfated and desulfated polysaccharides of the agar type . Carbohydrate Res. , 143 : 240 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRuiter , G. A. and Rudolf , B. 1997 . Carrageenan biotechnology . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 8 : 389 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo , V. L. , Kawano , D. F. , Silva , D. B. and Carvalho , I. 2009 . Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis: A review . Carbohydrate Polym. , 77 : 167 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen , S. H. and Grasdalen , H. 1992 . Analysis of carrageenans by enzymatic degradation, gel filtration and 1H NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Polym. , 19 : 199 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stortz , C. A. , Bacon , B. E. , Cherniak , R. and Cerezo , A. S. 1994 . High-field NMR spectroscopy of cystocarpic and tetrasporic carrageenans from Iridaea undulosa . Carbohydrate Res. , 261 : 317 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Velde , F. , Knutsen , S. H. , Usov , A. I. , Rollma , H. S. and Cerezo , A. S. 2002 . 1H and 13C high resolution NMR spectroscopy of carrageenans: Application in research and industry . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 13 : 73 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Velde , F. , Pereira , L. and Rollema , H. S. 2004 . The revised NMR chemical shift data of carrageenans . Carbohydrate Res. , 339 : 2309 – 2313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tojo , E. and Prado , J. 2003 . A simple 1H NMR method for the quantification of carrageenan in blends . Carbohydrate Polym. , 53 : 325 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guibet , M. , Kervarec , N. , Genicot , S. , Chevolot , Y. and Helbert , W. 2006 . Complete assignment of 1H and 13C spectra of Gigartina skottsbergii λ-carrageenan using carrabiose oligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis . Carbohydrate Res. , 341 : 1859 – 1869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciancia , M. , Matulewicz , M. C. , Finch , P. and Cerezo , A. S. 1993 . Determination of the structures of cystocarpic carrageenans from Gigartina skottsbergii by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydrate Res. , 238 : 241 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , W. , Piculell , L. and Nilsson , S. 1991 . Salt dependence and ion specificity of the coil-helix transition of furcellaran . Biopolymers , 31 : 1727 – 1736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuvikene , R. , Truus , K. , Robal , M. , Volobujeva , O. , Mellikov , E. , Pehk , T. , Kollist , A. , Kailas , T. and Vaher , M. 2010 . The extraction, structure, and gelling properties of hybrid galactan from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Baltic Sea, Estonia) . J. Appl. Phycol. , 22 : 51 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laos , K. and Ring , S. G. 2005 . Characterization of furcellaran samples from Estonian Furcellaria lumbricalis (Rhodophyta) . J. Appl. Phycol. , 17 : 461 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Kafrawy , A. 1982 . Investigation of the cellulose/LiCl/dimethylacetamide and cellulose/LiCl/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solutions by 13C NMR . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 27 : 2435 – 2443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , C. L. , Callais , P. A. and Hutchinson , B. H. 1985 . Solution studies of cellulose in lithium chloride and N,N-dimethylacetamide . Macromolecules , 18 : 2394 – 2401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Ruan , D. and Zhou , J. 2001 . Structure and properties of regenerated cellulose films prepared from cotton linters in NaOH/urea aqueous solution . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 40 : 5923 – 5928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Ruan , D. and Gao , S. 2002 . Dissolution and regeneration of cellulose in NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution . J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys. , 40 : 1521 – 1529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulthrop , J. S. , Swatloski , R. P. , Moyna , G. and Rogers , R. D. 2005 . High-resolution 13C NMR studies of cellulose and cellulose oligomers in ionic liquid solutions . Chem. Commun. , : 1557 – 1559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfondry , A. and Perlin , A. S. 1977 . 13C NMR spectroscopy of cellulose ethers . Carbohydr. Res. , 57 : 39 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronski , W. and Hellmann , G. 1987 . NMR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Carboxymethylcellulose . Papier , 41 : 668 – 672 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhari , S. N.K. , Gounden , K. C. , Srinivasan , G. and Ekkundi , V. S. 1987 . High resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose . J. Polym. Sci.A: Polym. Chem. , 25 : 337 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baar , A. , Kulicke , W. M. and Szablikowski , K. 1994 . NMR spectroscopic characterization of carboxymethylcellulose . Macromol. Chem. Phys. , 195 : 1483 – 1492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , H. N. and Biswas , A. 2011 . Chemical modification of cotton-based natural materials: Products from carboxymethylation . Carbohydrate Polym. , 84 : 1004 – 1010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi , S. , Fujimoto , T. , Barua , B. M. , Miyamoto , T. and Inagaki , H. 1986 . 13C NMR spectral studies on the distribution of substituents in some cellulose derivatives . J. Polym. Sci.A, Polym. Chem. Ed. , 24 : 2981 – 2993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachinvala , N. D. , Hamed , O. A. , Winsor , D. L. , Niemczura , W. P. , Maskos , K. , Parikh , D. V. , Glasser , W. , Becker , U. , Blanchard , E. J. and Bertoniere , N. R. 1999 . Characterization of tri-O-methylcellulose by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods . J. Polym. Sci.: Part A: Polym. Chem. , 37 : 4019 – 4032 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekiguchi , Y. , Sawatari , C. and Kondo , T. 2002 . A facile method of determination for distribution of the substituent in O-methylcellulose using 1H NMR spectroscopy . Polym. Bull. , 47 : 547 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamitakahara , H. , Nakatsubo , F. , Heinze , T. and Klemm , D. 2008 . Syntheses and comparison of 2,6-di-O-methyl celluloses from natural and synthetic celluloses . Macromol. Bioscience , 8 : 690 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. and Perlin , A. S. 1984 . Formation and stereochemistry of 1,2-O-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-D-glucose acetals formed in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose . Carbohydr. Res. , 126 : 101 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. and Perlin , A. S. 1982 . 13C NMR spectral and related studies on the distribution of substituents in O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose . Carbohydr. Res. , 106 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , K. , Shigemura , T. , Kubo , M. and Maru , Y. 1985 . 13C NMR study of O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose) . Makromol. Chem. , 186 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , F. F.-L. and Klosiewicz , D. W. 1980 . Proton NMR spectrometry for determination of substituents and their distribution in carboxymethylcellulose . Anal. Chem. , : 913 – 916 . 52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casu , B. 1982 . Structure and conformation of polysaccharides by NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydr. Polym. , 2 : 247 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Reuben , J. and Conner , H. T. 1983 . Analysis of the Carbon-13 NMR spectrum of hydrolyzed O-(carboxymethyl)cellulose: Monomer composition and substitution pattern . Carbohydr. Res. , 115 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben , J. 1986 . Analysis of the 13C NMR spectra of hydrolyzed and methanolyzed O-methylcelluloses: monomer compositions and models for their description . Carbohydr. Res. , 157 : 201 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. and Perlin , A. S. 1983 . Use of methanolysis in the characterization of O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose by 13C NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydr. Res. , 124 : 172 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezuka , Y. , Imai , K. , Oshima , M. and Chiba , T. 1987 . Determination of substituent distribution in cellulose ethers by means of a 13C study on their acetylated derivatives. 1. Methylcellulose . Macromolecules , 20 : 2413 – 2418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezuka , Y. , Imai , K. , Oshima , M. and Chiba , T. 1990 . Determination of substituent distribution in cellulose ethers by means of a 13C NMR study on their acetylated derivatives. 4. O-methyl-O-hydroxyalkylcellulose . Makromol. Chem. , 191 : 681 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezuka , Y. , Imai , K. , Oshima , M. and Chiba , T. 1991 . 13C NMR structural study on methylhydroxypropylcellulose obtained by different procedures . Polym. J. , 23 : 189 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezuka , Y. , Imai , K. , Oshima , M. and Chiba , T. 1990 . Determination of substituent distribution in cellulose ethers by 13C and 1H NMR study on their acetylated derivatives: O-(2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose . Carbohydr. Res. , 196 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezuka , Y. , Tsuchiya , Y. and Shiomi , T. 1996 . 13C NMR determination of substituent distribution in CMC by use of its peresterified derivatives . Carbohydrate Res. , 291 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , F. , Schagerlof , H. , Andersson , T. , Richardson , S. , Tjerneld , F. , Wahlund , K.-G. and Wittgern , B. 2006 . NMR, cloud point measurements and enzymatic depolymerization: Complementary tools to investigate substituent patterns in modified cellulose . Biomacromol. , 7 : 2909 – 2917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , H. H. , Wooten , J. B. , Ryan , W. S. , Bokelman , G. H. and Aman , P. 1987 . Structural characterization of a tobacco rhamnogalacturonan . Carbohydr. Polym. , 7 : 143 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasdalen , H. , Bakoy , O. E. and Larsen , B. 1988 . Determination of the degree of esterification and the distribution of methylation and free carboxyl groups in pectins by 1H NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydr. Res. , 184 : 183 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund , E. , Aman , P. , Andersson , R. , Andersson , R. E. and Rahman , S. M.M. 1991 . Chemical characterization of water-soluble pectin in papaya fruit . Carbohydr. Polym. , 15 : 67 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund , E. , Aman , P. , Andersson , R. E. and Andersson , R. 1991 . Investigation of the distribution of methyl ester groups in pectin by high-field 13C NMR . Carbohydr. Polym. , : 179 – 187 . 14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , A. K. , Larsen , B. and Grasdalen , H. 1995 . Sequential structure by 1H NMR as a direct assay for pectinesterase activity . Carbohydr. Res. , 273 : 93 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasdalen , H. , Andersen , A. K. and Larsen , B. 1996 . NMR spectroscopy studies of the action pattern of tomato pectinesterase: generation of block structure in pectin by a multiple-attack mechanism . Carbohydr. Res. , 289 : 105 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantoire , L. , Goldberg , R. , Pierron , M. , Morvan , C. and du Penhoat , C. H. 1998 . An efficient procedure for studying pectin structure which combines limited depolymerization and 13C NMR . Eur. Biophys. J. , 27 : 127 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbohm , C. , Lundt , I. , Christensen , T. M.I.E. and Young , N. Q.G. 2003 . Chemically methylated and reduced pectins: preparation, characterization by 1H NMR spectroscopy, enzymatic degradation, and gelling properties . Carbohydrate Res. , 338 : 637 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winning , H. , Viereck , N. , Norgaard , Larsen , J. and Engelsen , S. B. 2007 . Quantification of the degree of blockiness in pectins using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics . Food Hydrocolloids , 21 : 256 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiss , T. G. , Cheng , H. N. , Daas , P. J.H. and Schols , H. A. 1999 . Compositional heterogeneity in pectic polysaccharides: NMR studies and statistical analysis . Macromol. Symp. , 140 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiss , T. G. and Cheng , H. N. 2001 . Analysis of polysaccharides by NMR and separation techniques . ACS Polymer Preprints , 42 ( 1 ) : 76 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Renard , C. M. G. C. , Crepeau , M.-J. and Thibault , J.-F. 1995 . Structure of the repeating units in the rhamnogalacturonic backbone of apple, beet, and citrus pectins . Carbohydr. Res. , 275 : 155 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Penhoat , C. H. , Gey , C. , Pellerin , P. and Perez , S. 1999 . An NMR solution study of the mega-oligosaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan II . J. Biomolecular NMR , 14 : 253 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolting , B. , Boye , H. and Vogel , C. 2000 . Synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I fragments . J. Carbohydrate Chem. , 19 : 923 – 938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Carvajal , M. A. , du Penhoat , C. H. , Mazeau , K. , Doco , T. and Perez , S. 2003 . The three-dimensional structure of the mega-oligosaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II monomer: A combined molecular modeling and NMR investigation . Carbohydrate Res. , 338 : 651 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coenen , G. J. , Bakx , E. J. , Verhoef , R. P. , Schols , H. A. and Voragen , A. G.J. 2007 . Identification of the connecting linkage between homo- or xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan type I . Carbohydrate Polym. , 70 : 224 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar