1,486
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEWS

β-Nucleated Polypropylene: Processing, Properties and Nanocomposites

, &
Pages 596-629 | Received 09 Nov 2014, Accepted 10 Feb 2015, Published online: 22 Jun 2015

References

  • http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/polypropylene-market.html”, in Transparency Market Research.
  • Brückner, S.; Meille, S. V.; Petraccone, V.; Pirozzi, B. “Polymorphism in isotactic polypropylene”, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1991, 16, 361–404.
  • Natta, G.; Corradini, P. “Structure and properties of isotactic polypropylene”, Il Nuovo Cimento Series 10 1960, 15, 40–51.
  • Mencik, Z. “Crystal structure of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 1972, 6, 101–115.
  • Hikosaka, M.; Seto, T. “Order of the molecular chains in isotactic polypropylene crystals”, Polym. J. 1973, 5, 111–127.
  • Padden, F. J.; Keith, H. D. “Spherulitic crystallization in polypropylene”, J. Appl. Phys. 1959, 30, 1479–1484.
  • Meille, S. V.; Ferro, D. R.; Brùckner, S.; Lovinger, A. J.; Padden, F. J. “Structure of β-isotactic polypropylene: A long-standing structural puzzle”, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2615–2622.
  • Lotz, B.; Wittmann, J. C.; Lovinger, A. J. “Structure and morphology of poly(propylenes): a molecular analysis”, Polymer 1996, 37, 4979–4992.
  • Lotz, B.; Kopp, S.; Dorset, D. “Sur une structure cristalline originale de polymeres en conformation hélicoidale 31 ou 32”, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Astronomie 1994, 319, 187–192.
  • Varga, J. “Β-modification of isotactic polypropylene: Preparation, structure, processing, properties, and application”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2002, 41, 1121–1171.
  • Varga, J.; Karger-Kocsis, J. “Interfacial morphologies in carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene microcomposites”, Polymer 1995, 36, 4877–4881.
  • Ellis, G.; Gómez, M. A.; Marco, C. “Synchrotron infrared microscopy study of the crystalline morphology of the interphase in polypropylene/LCP‐fiber model composites”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2004, 43, 191–206.
  • Vleeshouwers, S.; Meijer, H. H. “A rheological study of shear induced crystallization”, Rheolog. Acta 1996, 35, 391–399.
  • Varga, J.; Ehrenstein, G. W. “Formation of β-modification of isotactic polypropylene in its late stage of crystallization”, Polymer 1996, 37, 5959–5963.
  • Dragaun, H.; Hubeny, H.; Muschik, H. “Shear‐induced β‐form crystallization in isotactic polypropylene”, J. Polym Sci.: Polym. Phys. 1977, 15, 1779–1789.
  • Varga, J.; Karger-Kocsis, J. “Rules of supermolecular structure formation in sheared isotactic polypropylene melts”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1996, 34, 657–670.
  • Zhang, C.; Hu, H.; Wang, D.; Yan, S.; Han, C. C. “In situ optical microscope study of the shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2005, 46, 8157–8161.
  • Lovinger, A. J.; Chua, J. O.; Gryte, C. C. “Studies on the α and β forms of isotactic polypropylene by crystallization in a temperature gradient”, J. Polym Sci.: Polym. Phys. 1977, 15, 641–656.
  • Crissman, J. M. “Mechanical relaxation in polypropylene as a function of polymorphism and degree of lamella orientation”, J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2: Polym. Phys. 1969, 7, 389–404.
  • Yoshida, H. “Dynamic analysis of the melting behavior of polymers showing polymorphism observed by simultaneous DSC/X-ray diffraction measurements”, Thermochim. Acta 1995, 267, 239–248.
  • Cho, K.; Nabi Saheb, D.; Yang, H.; Kang, B.-I.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.-S. “Memory effect of locally ordered α-phase in the melting and phase transformation behavior of β-isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2003, 44, 4053–4059.
  • Zhang, J.; Shen, K.; Na, S.; Fu, Q. “Vibration-induced change of crystal structure in isotactic polypropylene and its improved mechanical properties”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.S 2004, 42, 2385–2390.
  • Zheng, Q.; Shangguan, Y.; Tong, L.; Peng, M. “Effect of vibration on crystal morphology and structure of isotactic polypropylene in nonisothermal crystallization”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94, 2187–2195.
  • Zhang, J.; Liu, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Q.; Gao, X.; Shen, K. “The effects of vibration field on crystal structures and orientation of isotactic polypropylene injection samples”, Polymer Bulletin 2012, 68, 239–251.
  • Li, Y.; Shen, K. “The β-and γ-form distributions of isotactic polypropylene injection molding controlled via melt vibration”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2008, 47, 1000–1007.
  • Chen, Y.-H.; Zhong, G.-J.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.-M.; Li, L. “Unusual tuning of mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene using counteraction of shear flow and β-nucleating agent on β-form nucleation”, Macromolecules 2009, 42, 4343–4348.
  • Huo, H.; Jiang, S.; An, L.; Feng, J. “Influence of shear on crystallization behavior of the β phase in isotactic polypropylene with β-nucleating agent”, Macromolecules 2004, 37, 2478–2483.
  • Chen, Y.-H.; Mao, Y.-M.; Li, Z.-M.; Hsiao, B. S. “Competitive growth of α-and β-crystals in β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene under shear flow”, Macromolecules 2010, 43, 6760–6771.
  • Chen, J.; Schneider, K.; Kretzschmar, B.; Heinrich, G. “Nucleation and growth behavior of β-nucleated iPP during shear induced crystallization investigated by in-situ synchrotron WAXS and SAXS”, Polymer 2014, 55, 5477–5487.
  • Nogales, A.; Hsiao, B. S.; Somani, R. H.; Srinivas, S.; Tsou, A. H.; Balta-Calleja, F. J.; Ezquerra, T. A. “Shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene with different molecular weight distributions: in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies”, Polymer 2001, 42, 5247–5256.
  • Somani, R. H.; Hsiao, B. S.; Nogales, A.; Srinivas, S.; Tsou, A. H.; Sics, I.; Balta-Calleja, F. J.; Ezquerra, T. A. “Structure development during shear flow-induced crystallization of i-PP:  In-situ small-angle x-ray scattering study”, Macromolecules 2000, 33, 9385–9394.
  • Somani, R. H.; Hsiao, B. S.; Nogales, A.; Fruitwala, H.; Srinivas, S.; Tsou, A. H. “Structure development during shear flow induced crystallization of i-PP:  In situ wide-Angle X-ray diffraction study”, Macromolecules 2001, 34, 5902–5909.
  • Moitzi, J.; Skalicky, P. “Shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene melts: Isothermal WAXS experiments with synchrotron radiation”, Polymer 1993, 34, 3168–3172.
  • Wang, L.; Yang, M.-B. “Unusual hierarchical distribution of small beta.-crystals and improved mechanical properties of injection-molded bars of isotactic polypropylene”, RSC Advances 2014, 4, 25135–25147.
  • Zhang, B.; Chen, J.; Ji, F.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, G.; Shen, C. “Effects of melt structure on shear-induced β-cylindrites of isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2012, 53, 1791–1800.
  • Jones, A. T.; Aizlewood, J. M.; Beckett, D. R. “Crystalline forms of isotactic polypropylene”, Die Makromol. Chem. 1964, 75, 134–158.
  • Ibar, J. P. “Control of polymer properties by melt vibration technology: A review”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 1998, 38, 1–20.
  • Zhao, H.; Li, R. K. Y. “A study on the photo-degradation of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled polypropylene nanocomposites”, Polymer 2006, 47, 3207–3217.
  • Leugering, V. H. J. “Einfluß der kristallstruktur und der überstruktur auf einige eigenschaften von polypropylen”, Die Makromol. Chem. 1967, 109, 204–216.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Vourlias, G.; Bikiaris, D. N.; Chrissafis, K. “synergistic effect of functionalized silica nanoparticles and a β-nucleating agent for the improvement of the mechanical properties of a propylene/ethylene random copolymer”, Macromol. Mat. Eng. 2014, 299, 707–721.
  • Varga, J.; Stoll, K.; Menyhárd, A.; Horváth, Z. “Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene in the presence of a β-nucleating agent based on a trisamide of trimesic acid”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 121, 1469–1480.
  • Varga, J. “Melting memory effect of the β-modification of polypropylene”, J. Therm. Anal. 1986, 31, 165–172.
  • Varga, J. “β-Modification of polypropylene and its two-component systems”, J. Therm. Anal. 1989, 35, 1891–1912.
  • Menyhárd, A.; Dora, G.; Horváth, Z.; Faludi, G.; Varga, J. “Kinetics of competitive crystallization of β- and α-modifications in β-nucleated iPP studied by isothermal stepwise crystallization technique”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2012, 108, 613–620.
  • Shangguan, Y.; Song, Y.; Peng, M.; Li, B.; Zheng, Q. “Formation of β-crystal from nonisothermal crystallization of compression-molded isotactic polypropylene melt”, Eur. Polym. J. 2005, 41, 1766–1771.
  • Yi, Q.-F.; Wen, X.-J.; Dong, J.-Y.; Han, C. C. “A novel effective way of comprising a β-nucleating agent in isotactic polypropylene (i-PP): Polymerized dispersion and polymer characterization”, Polymer 2008, 49, 5053–5063.
  • Dai, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Ding, Q.; Jiang, J.; Mai, K. “A novel montmorillonite with β-nucleating surface for enhancing β-crystallization of isotactic polypropylene”, Composites Part A 2013, 49, 1–8.
  • Zhang, Z.; Chen, C.; Wang, C.; Junping, Z.; Mai, K. “A novel highly efficient β-nucleating agent for polypropylene using nano-CaCO3 as a support”, Polym. Int. 2010, 59, 1199–1204.
  • Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Tan, N.; Ding, Q.; Mai, K. “Crystallization and melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene composites filled by zeolite supported β-nucleator”, Thermochim. Acta 2012, 546, 127–133.
  • Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “Crystallization behavior and melting characteristics of wollastonite filled β-isotactic polypropylene composites”, Thermochim. Acta 2012, 536, 47–54.
  • Wang, S.-W.; Yang, W.; Bao, R.-Y.; Wang, B.; Xie, B.-H.; Yang, M.-B. “The enhanced nucleating ability of carbon nanotube-supported β-nucleating agent in isotactic polypropylene”, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2010, 288, 681–688.
  • Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Yang, Z.; Chen, C.; Mai, K. “Crystallization behavior and melting characteristics of PP nucleated by a novel supported β-nucleating agent”, Polymer 2008, 49, 5137–5145.
  • Tjong, S. C.; Xu, S. A. “Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of calcium carbonate-filled β-crystalline phase polypropylene composites”, Polym. Int. 1997, 44, 95–103.
  • Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Meng, Y.; Mai, K. “Synergistic effects of toughening of nano-CaCO3 and toughness of β-polypropylene”, Composites Part A 2012, 43, 189–197.
  • Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Liu, H.; Ding, Q.; Mai, K. “Preparation and β-crystallization of zeolite filled isotactic polypropylene composites”, Composites Part A 2013, 45, 88–94.
  • Karger-Kocsis, J.; Varga, J. “Effects of β-α transformation on the static and dynamic tensile behavior of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996, 62, 291–300.
  • Menyhárd, A.; Varga, J.; Molnár, G. “Comparison of different-nucleators for isotactic polypropylene, characterisation by DSC and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) measurements”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2006, 83, 625–630.
  • Varley, R. J.; Dell'Olio, M.; Yuan, Q.; Khor, S.; Leong, K. H.; Bateman, S. “Different β nucleants and the resultant microstructural, fracture, and tensile properties for filled and unfilled ISO polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 128, 619–627.
  • Varga, J.; Mudra, I.; Ehrenstein, G. W. “Highly active thermally stable β‐nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 74, 2357–2368.
  • Tjong, S.; Shen, J.; Li, R. “Impact fracture toughness of β-form polypropylene”, Scripta Metal. Mater. 1995, 33, 503–508.
  • Dou, Q. “Effect of the composition ratio of pimelic acid/calcium stearate bicomponent nucleator and crystallization temperature on the production of β crystal form in isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 107, 958–965.
  • Haeringen, D. T.-V.; Varga, J.; Ehrenstein, G. W.; Vancso, G. J. “Features of the hedritic morphology of β-isotactic polypropylene studied by atomic force microscopy”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2000, 38, 672–681.
  • Krache, R.; Benavente, R.; López-Majada, J. M.; Pereña, J. M.; Cerrada, M. L.; Pérez, E. “Competition between α, β, and γ polymorphs in a β-nucleated metallocenic isotactic polypropylene”, Macromolecules 2007, 40, 6871–6878.
  • Shi, G.-y.; Zhang, X.-d.; Qiu, Z.-x. “Crystallization kinetics of β-phase poly(propylene)”, Die Makromol. Chem. 1992, 193, 583–591.
  • Varga, J.; Mudra, I.; Ehrenstein, G. W. “Highly active thermally stable β-nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 74, 2357–2368.
  • Dou, Q.; Meng, M.-R.; Li, L. “Effect of pimelic acid treatment on the crystallization, morphology, and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene/mica composites”, Polym. Compos. 2010, 31, 1572–1584.
  • Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of wollastonite-filled β-isotactic polypropylene composites”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2013, 115, 675–688.
  • Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “The β-nucleating effect of wollastonite-filled isotactic polypropylene composites”, Polym. Bull. 2013, 70, 919–938.
  • Zhang, Z.; Tao, Y.; Yang, Z.; Mai, K. “Preparation and characteristics of nano-CaCO3 supported β-nucleating agent of polypropylene”, Eur. Polym. J. 2008, 44, 1955–1961.
  • Lin, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Mai, K. “Preparation and properties of eggshell/β-polypropylene bio-composites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 125, 61–66.
  • Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Junping, Z.; Mai, K. “β-nucleation of pimelic acid supported on metal oxides in isotactic polypropylene”, Polym. Int. 2012, 61, 818–824.
  • Zhang, Q.-X.; Yu, Z.-Z.; Xie, X.-L.; Mai, Y.-W. “Crystallization and impact energy of polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites with nonionic modifier”, Polymer 2004, 45, 5985–5994.
  • Z. X., “Beta crystal form polypropylene nucleating agent and polypropylene resin composition containing same”, Google Patents, 2007.
  • Zhao, S.; Cai, Z.; Xin, Z. “A highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2008, 49, 2745–2754.
  • Jiang, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Gao, H.; Zhou, D.; Tang, Y.; Hu, W. “Combining TMDSC measurements between chip-calorimeter and molecular simulation to study reversible melting of polymer crystals”, Thermochim. Acta 2014.
  • Li, Y.; Wen, X.; Nie, M.; Wang, Q. “Controllable reinforcement of stiffness and toughness of polypropylene via thermally induced self-assembly of β-nucleating agent”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40605.
  • Lv, Y.; Huang, Y.; Kong, M.; Li, G. “Improved thermal oxidation stability of polypropylene films in the presence of β-nucleating agent”, Polym. Test. 2013, 32, 179–186.
  • Bai, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Han, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, L.; Zhou, Z.; Men, Y. “Influence of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene with β-phase nucleating agent”, Macromolecules 2009, 42, 6647–6655.
  • Shang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Li, J.; Wu, Z.; Jiang, S. “Investigations in annealing effects on structure and properties of β-isotactic polypropylene with X-ray synchrotron experiments”, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2014.
  • Bai, H.; Luo, F.; Zhou, T.; Deng, H.; Wang, K.; Fu, Q. “New insight on the annealing induced microstructural changes and their roles in the toughening of β-form polypropylene”, Polymer 2011, 52, 2351–2360.
  • Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Liu, H.; Du, H.; Zhang, J.; Wang, T.; Zhang, X. “Novel approach to tune mechanics of β-nucleation agent nucleated polypropylene: Role of oriented β spherulite”, Polymer 2013, 54, 6026–6035.
  • Cai, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Xue, F.; Shang, Y.; He, X.; Feng, J.; Wu, Z.; Jiang, S. “Real time synchrotron SAXS and WAXS investigations on temperature related deformation and transitions of β-iPP with uniaxial stretching”, Polymer 2012, 53, 1593–1601.
  • Chen, Y.-H.; Huang, Z.-Y.; Li, Z.-M.; Tang, J.-H.; Hsiao, B. S. “Simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness in fiber reinforced isotactic polypropylene composites by shear flow and a β-nucleating agent”, RSC Advances 2014, 4, 14766.
  • Dong, M.; Guo, Z.; Su, Z.; Yu, J. “The effects of crystallization condition on the microstructure and thermal stability of istactic polypropylene nucleated by β-form nucleating agent”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 119, 1374–1382.
  • Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J. “Influence of β nucleation agent on the dispersion of nano-CaCO3 in isotactic polypropylene matrix”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 128, 3382–3389.
  • Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, X.; Du, H.; Zhang, J. “Improved conductivity and thermal stability by the formation of a charge‐transfer complex in β‐nucleation‐agent‐nucleated and MWCNT‐filled iPP composites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 129, 2744–2753.
  • Wu, H.; Li, X.; Chen, J.; Shao, L.; Huang, T.; Shi, Y.; Wang, Y. “Reinforcement and toughening of polypropylene/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite using β-nucleating agent and annealing”, Composites Part B 2013, 44, 439–445.
  • Dai, J.; Liu, X.-h.; Yang, J.-h.; Zhang, N.; Huang, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, Z.-w. “Stretching induces pore formation in the β-nucleated polypropylene/graphene oxide composite”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 99, 59–66.
  • Dai, J.; Shen, Y.; Yang, J.-h.; Huang, T.; Zhang, N.; Wang, Y. “Crystallization and melting behaviors of polypropylene admixed by graphene and β-phase nucleating agent”, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2014, 292, 923–933.
  • Ma, Y.-j.; Xin, M.; Xu, K.; Chen, M. “A novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene”, Polym. Int. 2013, 62, 744–750.
  • Marco, C.; Gomez, M. A.; Ellis, G.; Arribas, J. M. “Activity of a β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene and its influence on polymorphic transitions”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86, 531–539.
  • Phulkerd, P.; Nobukawa, S.; Uchiyama, Y.; Yamaguchi, M. “Anomalous mechanical anisotropy of β form polypropylene sheet with N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide”, Polymer 2011, 52, 4867–4872.
  • Varga, J.; Menyhárd, A. “Effect of solubility and nucleating duality of N,N‘-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide on the supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene”, Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2422–2431.
  • Zhang, Y.-F.; Luo, X.-X.; Zhu, L.; Yang, X.-J.; Chang, Y. “Effects of α/β compound nucleating agents on mechanical properties and crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2012, 51, 2352–2360.
  • Langhe, D. S.; Keum, J. K.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E. “Fractionated crystallization of α- and β-nucleated polypropylene droplets”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 159–171.
  • Kotek, J.; Kelnar, I.; Baldrian, J.; Raab, M. “Tensile behaviour of isotactic polypropylene modified by specific nucleation and active fillers”, Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 679–684.
  • Kotek, J.; Raab, M.; Baldrian, J.; Grellmann, W. “The effect of specific β-nucleation on morphology and mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 85, 1174–1184.
  • Ščudla, J.; Raab, M.; Eichhorn, K.-J.; Strachota, A. “Formation and transformation of hierarchical structure of β-nucleated polypropylene characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy”, Polymer 2003, 44, 4655–4664.
  • Raab, M.; Ščudla, J.; Kolařík, J. “The effect of specific nucleation on tensile mechanical behaviour of isotactic polypropylene”, Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 1317–1323.
  • Kotek, J.; Kelnar, I.; Baldrian, J.; Raab, M. “Structural transformations of isotactic polypropylene induced by heating and UV light”, Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 2731–2738.
  • Obadal, M.; Čermák, R.; Raab, M.; Verney, V.; Commereuc, S.; Fraïsse, F. “Structure evolution of α-and β-polypropylenes upon UV irradiation: A multiscale comparison”, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88, 532–539.
  • Naffakh, M.; Marco, C.; Ellis, G. “Novel polypropylene/inorganic fullerene-like WS2 nanocomposites containing a beta-nucleating agent: Isothermal crystallization and melting behavior”, J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116, 1788–1795.
  • Kotek, J.; Kelnar, I.; Synková, H.; Starý, Z.; Baldrian, J. “β-polypropylene/wood flour composites: Effects of specific β-nucleation and coupling agent on mechanical behavior”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 103, 506–511.
  • Mi, Y.; Chen, X.; Guo, Q. “Bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: Crystallization and interfacial morphology”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1997, 64, 1267–1273.
  • Kang, J.; Peng, H.; Wang, B.; Chen, Z.; Li, J.; Chen, J.; Cao, Y.; Li, H.; Yang, F.; Xiang, M. “Comparative study on the crystallization behavior of β-isotactic polypropylene nucleated with different β-nucleation agents: Effects of thermal conditions”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40115.
  • Luo, F.; Wang, K.; Ning, N.; Geng, C.; Deng, H.; Chen, F.; Fu, Q.; Qian, Y.; Zheng, D. “Dependence of mechanical properties on β-form content and crystalline morphology for β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene”, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22, 2044–2054.
  • Wu, T.; Xiang, M.; Cao, Y.; Kang, J.; Yang, F. “Pore formation mechanism of small beta. nucleated polypropylene stretched membranes”, RSC Advances 2014, 4, 36689–36701.
  • Bárány, T.; Izer, A.; Karger-Kocsis, J. “Impact resistance of all-polypropylene composites composed of alpha and beta modifications”, Polym. Test. 2009, 28, 176–182.
  • Izer, A.; Bárány, T.; Varga, J. “Development of woven fabric reinforced all-polypropylene composites with beta nucleated homo- and copolymer matrices”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69, 2185–2192.
  • Karger-Kocsis, J.; Varga, J.; Ehrenstein, G. “Comparison of the fracture and failure behavior of injection-molded a-and b-polypropylene in high-speed three-point bending tests”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1997, 64, 2057–2066.
  • Mollova, A.; Androsch, R.; Mileva, D.; Gahleitner, M.; Funari, S. S. “Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene containing beta-phase nucleating agent at rapid cooling”, Eur. Polym. J. 2013, 49, 1057–1065.
  • Sterzynski, T.; Calo, P.; Lambla, M.; Thomas, M. “Trans- and dimethyl quinacridone nucleation of isotactic polypropylene”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 1997, 37, 1917–1927.
  • Turner‐Jones, A.; Cobbold, A. “The β crystalline form of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Lett. 1968, 6, 539–546.
  • Ullmann, W.; Wendorff, J. “Studies on the monoclinic and hexagonal modifications of isotactic polypropylene”, in Anwendungsbezogene physikalische Charakterisierung von Polymeren, insbesondere im festen Zustand, Springer, 1979, pp. 25–33.
  • Lotz, B.; Fillon, B.; Thierry, A.; Wittmann, J.-C. “Low Tc growth transitions in isotactic polypropylene: β to α and α to smectic phases”, Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 101–105.
  • Lotz, B.; Wittmann, J., “Isotactic polypropylene: Growth transitions and crystal polymorphism”, in Solidification Processes in Polymers, Springer: Berlin, 1992, p. 2–7.
  • Fujiyama, M. “Structures and properties of injection moldings of β-crystal nucleator-added polypropylenes”, Int. Polym. Proc. 1995, 10, 172–178.
  • Wei, Z.; Zhang, W.; Chen, G.; Liang, J.; Yang, S.; Wang, P.; Liu, L. “Crystallization and melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with individual and compound nucleating agents”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2010, 102, 775–783.
  • Bao, R.-Y.; Ding, Z.-T.; Liu, Z.-Y.; Yang, W.; Xie, B.-H.; Yang, M.-B. “Deformation-induced structure evolution of oriented β-polypropylene during uniaxial stretching”, Polymer 2013, 54, 1259–1268.
  • Zhang, Q.; Chen, Z.; Wang, B.; Chen, J.; Yang, F.; Kang, J.; Cao, Y.; Xiang, M.; Li, H. “Effects of melt structure on crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with α/β compounded nucleating agents”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 41355.
  • Luo, F.; Geng, C.; Wang, K.; Deng, H.; Chen, F.; Fu, Q.; Na, B. “New Understanding in tuning toughness of β-polypropylene: The role of β-nucleated crystalline morphology”, Macromolecules 2009, 42, 9325–9331.
  • Cao, Y.; Feng, J.; Wu, P. “DSC and morphological studies on the crystallization behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene composites filled with Kevlar fibers”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2010, 103, 339–345.
  • Geng, C.; Su, J.; Zhou, C.; Bai, H.; Yang, G.; Fu, Q. “Largely improved toughness of polypropylene/long glass fiber composites by β-modification and annealing”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 96, 56–62.
  • Menyhárd, A.; Dora, G.; Horváth, Z.; Faludi, G.; Varga, J. “Kinetics of competitive crystallization of β- and α-modifications in β-nucleated iPP studied by isothermal stepwise crystallization technique”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2011, 108, 613–620.
  • Li, G.; Cao, S.; Zheng, S.; Wang, W.; Cao, Y.; Wang, J. “Crystallization, melting behavior, and crystal structure of reactive, intumescent, flame‐retardant polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014.
  • Blomenhofer, M.; Ganzleben, S.; Hanft, D.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Kristiansen, M.; Smith, P.; Stoll, K.; Mäder, D.; Hoffmann, K. ““Designer” nucleating agents for polypropylene”, Macromolecules 2005, 38, 3688–3695.
  • Zhou, X.; Feng, J.; Cheng, D.; Yi, J.; Wang, L. “Different crystallization behavior of olefin block copolymer in α- and β-polypropylene matrix”, Polymer 2013, 54, 4719–4727.
  • Offord, G. T.; Armstrong, S. R.; Freeman, B. D.; Baer, E.; Hiltner, A.; Swinnea, J. S.; Paul, D. R. “Porosity enhancement in β nucleated isotactic polypropylene stretched films by thermal annealing”, Polymer 2013, 54, 2577–2589.
  • Liu, M.; Guo, B.; Du, M.; Chen, F.; Jia, D. “Halloysite nanotubes as a novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2009, 50, 3022–3030.
  • Zeng, A.; Zheng, Y.; Qiu, S.; Guo, Y. “Isothermal crystallization and melting behavior of polypropylene with lanthanum complex of cyclodextrin derivative as a β-nucleating agent”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 121, 3651–3661.
  • Zeng, A.; Zheng, Y.; Qiu, S.; Guo, Y.; Li, B. “Mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polypropylene with cyclodextrin derivative as β-nucleating agent”, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2011, 289, 1157–1166.
  • Huang, M.-R.; Li, X.-G.; Fang, B.-R. “β-nucleators and β-crystalline form of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1995, 56, 1323–1337.
  • Marcinčin, A.; Ujhelyiová, A.; Marcinčin, K.; Alexy, P. “Nucleation of the β-modification of isotactic polypropylene”, J. Therm. Anal. 1996, 46, 581–595.
  • Li, X.; Hu, K.; Ji, M.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, G. “Calcium dicarboxylates nucleation of β-polypropylene”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86, 633–638.
  • Zhan, K.-J.; Yang, W.; Yue, L.; Xie, B.-H.; Yang, M.-B. “MWCNTs supported N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1,5-diamino-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide: A novel β-nucleating agent for polypropylene”, J. Macromol. Sci., Phys. 2012, 51, 2412–2427.
  • Guan, Z.; Lin, Z.; Mai, K. “Monetaria moneta as a novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2013, 87, 58–63.
  • Zhu, P.-W.; Tung, J.; Phillips, A.; Edward, G. “Morphological development of oriented isotactic polypropylene in the presence of a nucleating agent”, Macromolecules 2006, 39, 1821–1831.
  • Phillips, A. W.; Bhatia, A.; Zhu, P.-W.; Edward, G. “Polymorphism in sheared isotactic polypropylene containing nucleant particles”, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2013, 298, 991–1003.
  • Ljungberg, N.; Cavaillé, J. Y.; Heux, L. “Nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene reinforced with rod-like cellulose whiskers”, Polymer 2006, 47, 6285–6292.
  • Binsbergen, F. L.; de Lange, B. G. M. “Morphology of polypropylene crystallized from the melt”, Polymer 1968, 9, 23–40.
  • Labour, T.; Vigier, G.; Séguéla, R.; Gauthier, C.; Orange, G.; Bomal, Y. “Influence of the β-crystalline phase on the mechanical properties of unfilled and calcium carbonate-filled polypropylene: Ductile cracking and impact behavior”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2002, 40, 31–42.
  • Varga, J.; Tóth, F. S. “Filled compounds of the β‐modification of polypropylene”, Die Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1991, 188, 11–25.
  • Karger‐Kocsis, J. “How does “phase transformation toughening” work in semicrystalline polymers?”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 1996, 36, 203–210.
  • Chen, H. B.; Karger-Kocsis, J.; Wu, J. S.; Varga, J. “Fracture toughness of α- and β-phase polypropylene homopolymers and random- and block-copolymers”, Polymer 2002, 43, 6505–6514.
  • Li, J.; Bao, R.-Y.; Yang, W.; Xie, B.-H.; Yang, M.-B. “Effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties, thermal behavior and morphology of β-iPP/PA6 blends”, Mater. Des. 2012, 40, 392–399.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Papageorgiou, G. Z.; Zhuravlev, E.; Bikiaris, D.; Schick, C.; Chrissafis, K. “Competitive crystallization of a propylene/ethylene random copolymer filled with a β-nucleating agent and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Conventional and ultrafast DSC study”, J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117, 14875–14884.
  • Varga, J.; Tóth, F.; Hummel, D., “Annealing of the β‐modification of polypropylene”, Macromol. Symp. 1986, 5, 213–223.
  • Juhász, P.; Varga, J.; Belina, K.; Belina, G. “Efficiency of β-nucleating agents in propylene/α-olefin copolymers”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2002, 41, 1173–1189.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Papageorgiou, G. Z.; Bikiaris, D. N.; Chrissafis, K. “Crystallization and melting of propylene–ethylene random copolymers. Homogeneous nucleation and β-nucleating agents”, Eur. Polym. J. 2013, 49, 1577–1590.
  • Fujiwara, Y. “Enhancement of βα-recrystallization in β-form isotactic polypropylene during heating after roll deformation”, Polym. Bull. 1987, 17, 539–543.
  • Jacoby, P. “Beta nucleation of olypropylene: properties, technology, and applications; PDL Series; William Andrew Publishing, 2013.
  • Vleeshouwers, S. “Simultaneous in-situ WAXS/SAXS and d.s.c. study of the recrystallization and melting behaviour of the α and β form of iPP”, Polymer 1997, 38, 3213–3221.
  • Zhou, G.-E.; He, Z.-Q.; Yu, J.-M.; Han, Z.-W.; Shi, G.-Y. “Studies on the β-form of isotactic polypropylene, 1. Characterization of the β-form and study of the β-α transition during heating by wide angle X-ray diffraction”, Die Makromol. Chem. 1986, 187, 633–642.
  • Cho, K.; Saheb, D. N.; Choi, J.; Yang, H. “Real time in situ X-ray diffraction studies on the melting memory effect in the crystallization of β-isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2002, 43, 1407–1416.
  • Karger-Kocsis, J.; Shang, P. “A modulated dsc study on the strain-induced βα-transformation in a β-form isotactic polypropylene”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 1998, 51, 237–244.
  • Varga, J.; Karger-Kocsis, J. “Direct evidence of row-nucleated cylindritic crystallization in glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites”, Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 105–110.
  • Wang, C.; Chu, Y.-L.; Wu, Y.-J. “Electrospun isotactic polystyrene nanofibers as a novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2012, 53, 5404–5412.
  • Menyhárd, A.; Varga, J.; Liber, Á.; Belina, G. “Polymer blends based on the β-modification of polypropylene”, Eur. Polym. J. 2005, 41, 669–677.
  • Lin, Z.; Guan, Z.; Xu, B.; Chen, C.; Guo, G.; Zhou, J.; Xian, J.; Cao, L.; Wang, Y.; Li, M.; Li, W. “Crystallization and melting behavior of polypropylene in β-PP/polyamide 6 blends containing PP-g-MA”, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2013, 19, 692–697.
  • Ma, L.-F.; Wang, W.-K.; Bao, R.-Y.; Yang, W.; Xie, B.-H.; Yang, M.-B. “Toughening of polypropylene with β-nucleated thermoplastic vulcanizates based on polypropylene/ethylene–propylene–diene rubber blends”, Mater. Des. 2013, 51, 536–543.
  • Menyhárd, A.; Varga, J. “The effect of compatibilizers on the crystallisation, melting and polymorphic composition of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene and polyamide 6 blends”, Eur. Polym. J.2006, 42, 3257–3268.
  • Wang, C.; Dai, W.; Zhang, Z.; Mai, K. “Effect of blending way on β-crystallization tendency of compatibilized β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2012, 111, 1585–1593.
  • Wang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Du, Y.; Zhang, J.; Mai, K. “Effect of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS) on β-nucleation in β-nucleated polypropylene/ABS blends”, Polym. Bull. 2012, 69, 847–859.
  • Wang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Mai, K. “Preparation, non-isothermal crystallization, and melting behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/poly (ethylene terephthalate) blends”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2011, 106, 895–903.
  • Zhang, R.; Li, R. K. Y. “Effect of syndiotactic polystyrene on the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene/syndiotactic polystyrene blends with and withoutβ-nucleating agent” Polym. Int. 2013, 62, 919–927.
  • Pukánszky, B.; Tüdös, F.; Kalló, A.; Bodor, G. “Multiple morphology in polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer blends”, Polymer 1989, 30, 1399–1406.
  • Varga, J.; Schulek-Tóth, F.; Mudra, I. “Blends of the β-modification of polypropylene”, Macromol. Symp. 1994, 78, 229–241.
  • Varga, J.; Garzó, G. “The properties of polymer blends of the β-modification of polypropylene and an elastomer”, Die Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1990, 180, 15–33.
  • Grein, C.; Plummer, C. J. G.; Kausch, H. H.; Germain, Y.; Béguelin, P. “Influence of β nucleation on the mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene and rubber modified isotactic polypropylene”, Polymer 2002, 43, 3279–3293.
  • Yang, Z.; Chen, C.; Liang, D.; Zhang, Z.; Mai, K. “Melting characteristic and β‐crystal content of β‐nucleated polypropylene/polyamide 6 alloys prepared using different compounding methods”, Polym. Int. 2009, 58, 1366–1372.
  • Liu, Q.; Li, H.-h.; Yan, S.-k. “Structure and properties of β-polypropylene reinforced by polypropylene fiber and polyamide fiber”, Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2014, 32, 509–518.
  • Du, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Liu, K.; Jin, M.; Li, X.; Zhang, J. “Influence of phase morphology and crystalline structure on the toughness of rubber-toughened isotatic polypropylene blends”, Polymer 2014, 55, 5001–5012.
  • Yang, Z.; Mai, K. “Crystallization and melting behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene-vinyl acetate as a compatibilizer”, Thermochim. Acta 2010, 511, 152–158.
  • Lin, H.; Du, C.; Lin, Z.; Guan, Z.; Huang, Z.; Chen, C.; Zhang, X.; Tan, S. “Preparation and characterisation of compatibilised β nucleated polypropylene/polystyrene blends”, Plast. Rubber Comp. 2013, 43, 32–38.
  • Yang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Tao, Y.; Mai, K. “Effects of polyamide 6 on the crystallization and melting behavior of β-nucleated polypropylene”, Eur. Polym. J. 2008, 44, 3754–3763.
  • Yang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Tao, Y.; Mai, K. “Preparation, crystallization behavior, and melting characteristics of β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene blends with polyamide 6”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 112, 1–8.
  • Wang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Ding, Q.; Jiang, J.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “β-Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene in the presence of β-nucleating agent and different crystallinity poly(ethylene terephthalate)”, Thermochim. Acta 2013, 559, 17–22.
  • Chrissafis, K.; Bikiaris, D. “Can nanoparticles really enhance thermal stability of polymers? Part I: An overview on thermal decomposition of addition polymers”, Thermochim. Acta 2011, 523, 1–24.
  • Alexandre, M.; Dubois, P. “Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials”, Mater. Sci. Eng., R 2000, 28, 1–63.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Tzounis, L.; Papageorgiou, G. Z.; Bikiaris, D. N.; Chrissafis, K. “β-nucleated propylene–ethylene random copolymer filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Mechanical, thermal and rheological properties”, Polymer 2014, 55, 3758–3769.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Vourlias, G.; Bikiaris, D. N.; Chrissafis, K. “Synergistic effect of functionalized silica nanoparticles and a β‐nucleating agent for the improvement of the mechanical properties of a propylene/ethylene random copolymer”, Macromol. Mat. Eng. 2014, 299, 707–721.
  • Papageorgiou, D. G.; Vourlias, G.; Bikiaris, D. N.; Chrissafis, K. “Effect of silica nanoparticles modification on the thermal, structural, and decomposition properties of a β‐nucleated poly (propylene‐co‐ethylene) matrix”, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2014, 215, 839–850.
  • Prachum, Y.; Strauss, A.; Helmuth, R.; Kiatkamjornwong, S. “The physical and mechanical properties of beta‐nucleated polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 122, 1066–1076.
  • Zhang, N.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, K.; Deng, H.; Fu, Q. “Combined effect of β-nucleating agent and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on polymorphic composition and morphology of isotactic polypropylene”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2012, 107, 733–743.
  • Chen, C.; Zhang, Z.; Ding, Q.; Wang, C.; Mai, K. “Influence of different β-nucleating agent on crystallization behavior, morphology, and melting characteristic of multiwalled carbon nanotube-filled isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites”, Polym. Compos. 2014, n/a-n/a.
  • Naffakh, M.; Díez-Pascual, A. M.; Marco, C.; Ellis, G. “Influence of different β-nucleating agent on crystallization behavior, morphology, and melting characteristic of multiwalled carbon nanotube-filled isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites”, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2014, 144, 98–106.
  • Naffakh, M.; Marco, C.; Ellis, G. “Novel polypropylene/inorganic fullerene-like WS2 nanocomposites containing a β-nucleating agent: Dynamic crystallization and melting behavior”, J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 10836–10843.
  • Tjong, S. C.; Li, R. K. Y.; Cheung, T. “Mechanical behavior of CaCO3 particulate-filled β-crystalline phase polypropylene composites”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 1997, 37, 166–172.
  • Tjong, S. C.; Li, R. K. Y. “Mechanical properties and impact toughness of talc-filled β-crystalline phase polypropylene composites”, Vinyl Addit. Techn. 1997, 3, 89–95.
  • Gahleitner, M.; Grein, C.; Bernreitner, K. “Synergistic mechanical effects of calcite micro- and nanoparticles and β-nucleation in polypropylene copolymers”, Eur. Polym. J. 2012, 48, 49–59.
  • Miltner, H. E.; Grossiord, N.; Lu, K.; Loos, J.; Koning, C. E.; Van Mele, B. “Isotactic polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites prepared by latex technology: Thermal analysis of carbon nanotube-induced nucleation”, Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5753–5762.
  • Zhang, Q.-X.; Yu, Z.-Z.; Xie, X.-L.; Mai, Y.-W. “Crystallization and impact energy of polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites with nonionic modifier”, Polymer 2004, 45, 5985–5994.
  • Wang, Y.; Shen, H.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “Crystallization and melting behavior of PP/CaCO3 nanocomposites during thermo-oxidative degradation”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim 2010, 100, 999–1008.
  • Wang, Y.; Shen, H.; Li, G.; Mai, K. “Effect of interfacial interaction on the crystallization and mechanical properties of PP/nano‐CaCO3 composites modified by compatibilizers”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 113, 1584–1592.
  • Shi, Y.; Sun, B.; Zhou, Z.; Wangatia, L. M.; Chen, L.; Zhu, M. “Polypropylene nanocomposites based on synthetic organic-soluble Ag nanocrystals with prominent β-nucleating effect: Quiescent crystallization and melting behavior”, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B 2012, 51, 2505–2518.
  • Mishra, S.; Sonawane, S. H.; Singh, R. P. “Studies on characterization of nano CaCO3 prepared by the in situ deposition technique and its application in PP-nano CaCO3 composites”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2005, 43, 107–113.
  • Chan, C.-M.; Wu, J.; Li, J.-X.; Cheung, Y.-K. “Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites”, Polymer 2002, 43, 2981–2992.
  • Kalaitzidou, K.; Fukushima, H.; Askeland, P.; Drzal, L. “The nucleating effect of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets and their influence on the crystal structure and electrical conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites”, J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 2895–2907.
  • Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Dai, X.; Li, M.; Mai, K. “Crystalline morphology and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene composites filled by wollastonite with β-nucleating surface”, Polym. Compos. 2014, 35, 1445–1452.
  • Dai, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Ding, Q.; Jiang, J.; Mai, K. “Nucleation effect of montmorillonite with β-nucleating surface on polymorphous of melt-crystallized isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2013, 89, 38–43.
  • Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Jiang, J.; Dai, X.; Mai, K. “Preparation and characterization of wollastonite with a β-nucleating surface and its filled isotactic polypropylene composites”, J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 5225–5235.
  • Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Zhang, J.; Mai, K. “The β-nucleation of polypropylene random copolymer filled by nano-CaCO3 supported β-nucleating agent”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2012, 109, 1587–1596.
  • Assouline, E.; Pohl, S.; Fulchiron, R.; Gérard, J. F.; Lustiger, A.; Wagner, H. D.; Marom, G. “The kinetics of α and β transcrystallization in fibre-reinforced polypropylene”, Polymer 2000, 41, 7843–7854.
  • Chang, T.; Jensen, L. R.; Kisliuk, A.; Pipes, R.; Pyrz, R.; Sokolov, A. “Microscopic mechanism of reinforcement in single-wall carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite”, Polymer 2005, 46, 439–444.
  • Labour, T.; Gauthier, C.; Séguéla, R.; Vigier, G.; Bomal, Y.; Orange, G. “Influence of the β crystalline phase on the mechanical properties of unfilled and CaCO3-filled polypropylene. I. Structural and mechanical characterisation”, Polymer 2001, 42, 7127–7135.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.