Technology Trends in Biodegradable Polymers: Evidence from Patent Analysis

References

• Azzarello, M.Y.; Van Vleet, E.S. “Marine birds and plastic pollution”, Marine Ecology – Progress Series 1987, 37, 295–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derraik, J.G.B. “The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review”, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2002, 44, 842–852.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, C. “Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat”, Environ. Res. 2008, 108, 131–139.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategic Framework; United Nations Environmental Programme: Osaka, Japan, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Edelmann, W.; Schleiss, K. Ökologischer, energetischer und ökonomischer Vergleich von Vergärung, Kompostierung und Verbrennung fester biogener Abfallstoffe, Bundesamt für Energie (CH): Baar, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• European Bioplastic Association frequently asked questions on bioplastics, URL: http://en.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/EuBP_Frequently_asked_questions_on_bioplastics.pdf (accessed 24.02.2014).
   Google Scholar
• Endres, H.; Siebert- Raths, A. Engineering Biopolymers; Hanser: Munich, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission DG Joint Research Centre Compost Production and Use in the EU; Orbit: Weimar, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Platt, D. The future of bioplastics for packaging to 2020, Pira International: Surrey, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Vincotte. OK biodegradable soil, URL: http://www.okcompost.be/data/pdf-document/Program_OK_10e_c_OK_biodegradable_SOIL.pdf (last accessed 23.06.2015)
   Google Scholar
• UNI 11495, Biodegradable thermoplastic materials for use in agriculture and horticulture, mulching films: Requirements and Test Methods; Italian Standard, Uniplast, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Luckachan, G.E.; Pillai, C.K.S. “Biodegradable polymers: A review on recent trends and emerging perspectives”, J. Polym.Environm. 2011, 19, 637–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz, A.U.B.; Collares-Queiroz, F. J. “Innovation and industrial trends in bioplastics”, J. Macromol. Sci, Polym. Rev. 2009, 49, 65–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, R.; Rustgi, R. “Biodegradable polymers”, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1273–1335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIN EN 13432. Anforderungen an die Verwertung von Verpackungen durch Kompostierung und biologischen Abbau, German Standard, Beuth Verlag: Berlin, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, R. Biodegradability of polymers: Regulations and methods for testing. In Biopolymers, Steinbüchel A., Ed.; Wiley: Weinheim, 2003, vol., 10, pp. 365–374.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, S.J. Biodegradable polymers. In Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; Mark, Herman F.; Bikales, N., Eds; Wiley: New York, 1984, Vol. 2, pp.220–241.
   Google Scholar
• Krogmann, U. Kompostierung: Grundlagen zur Einsammlung und Behandlung von Bioabfällen unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung, Economica: Bonn, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Tokiwa, Y.; Suzuki, T. “Hydrolysis of polyesters by Rhizopus delemar lipase”, Agricul. Biol. Chem.1978, 42, 1071–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroman, I.; Tighzert, L. “Biodegradable polymers”, Materials 2009, 2, 307–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, Hans G. Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 7th Ed.; Thieme: Stuttgart, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Marten, E. Korrelationen zwischen der Struktur und der enzymatischen Hydrolyse von Polyestern. PhD Thesis, Braunschweig, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kleeberg, I. Untersuchungen zum mikrobiellen Abbau von aliphatisch-aromatischen Copolyestern sowie Isolierung und Charakterisierung eines polyesterspaltenden Enzyms. PhD Thesis, Braunschweig, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai K.; Hamada, N.; Watanabe, Y. “Degradation mechanism of poly(vinylalcohol) by successive reactions of secondary alcohol oxidase and betadiketone hydrolase from Pseudomonas sp. Agric”, Biol. Chem. 1986, 50, 989–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai, F. “Breakdown of plastics and polymers by microorganisms”, Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 1995, 52, 151–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welzel, K. Einfluss der chemischen Struktur auf die enzymatische Hydrolyse von Polyester-Nanopartikeln. PhD Thesis, Braunschweig, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Corti, A.; Muniyasamy, S.; Vitali, M.; Imamc, S.H.; Chiellini, E. “Oxidation and biodegradation of polyethylene films containing pro-oxidant additives: Synergistic effects of sunlight exposure, thermal aging and fungal biodegradation”, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95, 1106–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiellini, E.; Corti, A.; Swift, G. “Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized fragmented low-density polyethylenes” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003, 81, 341–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, N.; Clarke, J.; McLauchlin, A.; Patrick, S. EV0422 Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Oxo-degradable Plastics Across their Life Cycle; Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs: London, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, B.; Revagade, N.; Hilborn, J. “Poly(lactic acid) fiber: An overview”, Progr.Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 455–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henton, D.E.; Gruber, P.; Lunt, J.; Randall, J. Polylactic acid technology. In Natural Fibres, Biopolymers and Biocomposites; Mohanty, A.K.; Misra, M.; Drzal, L.T., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2005, pp. 527–577.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, S.R.; Hakkarainen, M.; Inkinen, S.; Södergård, A.; Albertsson, A.-C. “Polylactide stereocomplexation leads to higher hydrolytic stability but more acidic hydrolysis product pattern”, Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 1067–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomizawa, S.; Hyakutake, M.; Saito, Y.; Agus, J.; Mizuno, K.; Abe, H.; Tsuge, T. “Molecular weight change of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) caused by the PhaC subunit of PHA synthase from bacillus cereus YB-4 in recombinant escherichia coli”, Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 2660–2666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A.J.; Dawes, E.A. “Occurrence, metabolism role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates”, Microbiol. Rev. 1990, 54(4), 450–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jendrossek, D. Extracellular polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase: The key enzymes of PHA degradation. In Biopolymers – Polyesters II; Doi, Y.; Steinbüchel, A., Eds.; Wiley: Weinheim, 2002, pp. 41–84.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbüchel, A.; Schmack, G. “Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation of chromobacterium violaceum: Processing, and characterization of the homopolyester”, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1995, 3–4, 243–258.
   Google Scholar
• Sudesh, K.; Iwata; T. “Sustainability of biobased and biodegradable plastics”, Clean 2008, 36(5–6), 433–442.
   Google Scholar
• Ushimaru K.; Sangiambut, S.; Thomson, N.; Sivaniah, E.; Tsuge, T. “New insights into activation and substrate recognition of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Ralstonia eutropha”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 1175–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, D.; Cai, L.; Wu, J.; Li, M.; Liu, H.; Han, J.; Zhou, J.; Yiang, H. “Improving polyhydroxyalkanoate production by knocking out the genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Haloferax mediterranei”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 3027–3036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudesh, K.; Bhubalan, K.; Chuah, J.; Kek, Y.; Kamilah, H.; Sridewi, N.; Lee, Y. “Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate from palm oil and some new applications”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 89, 1373–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamanca-Cardona, L.; Ashe, C.S.; Stipanovic, A.J.; Nomura, C.T. “Enhanced production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from beechwood xylan by recombinant Escherichia coli”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 831–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orita, I.; Nishikawa, K.; Nakamura, S.; Fukui, T. “Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from methanol by Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and the engineered strains under cobalt-deficient conditions”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 3715–3725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S.; Dong, C.; Wang, S.; Ye, H. Chen, G. “Microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoate block copolymer by recombinant Pseudomonas putida”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 90, 659–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, A.; Jin, H.; Huang, L.; Ye, H.; Chen, J.; Wu, Q.; Chen, G. “Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate) by β-oxidation inhibited mutant of pseudomonas entomophila L48”, Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 3559–3566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura, N.; Taira, A.; Tomioka, T.; Okada, M. “A catalytic approach for cationic living polymerization:  Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of lactones”, Macromolecules 2000, 33(5), 1497–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, J.C.; Tipton, A.J. “Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices”, Biomaterials 2000, 21, 2335–2346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimaki, T. “Processability and properties of aliphatic polyesters, ‘BIONOLLE’, synthesized by polycondensation reaction” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1998, 59, 209–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phua, Y.J.; Lau, N.S.; Sudesh, K.; Chow, W.S.; Mohd Ishak, Z.A. “Biodegradability studies of poly(butylene succinate)/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites under controlled compost soil conditions: Effects of clay loading and compatibiliser” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2012, 97, 1345–1354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, U.; Müller, R.; Deckwer, W. “Biodegradation behavior and material properties of aliphatic/aromatic polyesters of commercial importance”, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1997, 5(2), 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Siegenthaler, K.O.; Künkel, A.; Skupin, G.; Yamamoto, M. “Ecoflex® and Ecovio®: Biodegradable, performance-enabling plastics”, Adv. Polym. Sci. 2012, 245, 91–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X.; Salick, M.R.; Wang, X.; Cordie, T.; Han, W.; Peng, Y.; Li, Q.; Turng, L. “Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) nanofibers with a self-induced nanohybrid shish-kebab structure mimicking collagen fibrils”, Biomacromolecules 2013, 14, 3557–3569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto K, Ray S.S., Okamoto M J. “New poly(butylene succinate)/layered silicate nanocomposites. II. effect of organically modified layered silicates on structure, properties, melt rheology, and biodegradability”, Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2003, 41, 3160–3172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe, M.; Kobayashi, K.; Honma, N.; Nakasaki, K. “Microbial degradation of poly(butylene succinate) by Fusarium solani in soil environments”, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95, 138–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kijchavengkul, T.; Auras, R.; Rubino, M.; Alvarado, E.; Camacho Montero, J.R.; Rosales, J.M. “Atmospheric and soil degradation of aliphatic-aromatic polyester films”, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008, 95, 99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debackere, K.; Verbeek, A.; Luwel, M.; Zimmermann, E. “Measuring progress and evolution in science and technology - II: The multiple uses of technometric indicators”, Intern. J. Management Reviews 2002, 4, 213–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trappey, A.J.C.; Trappey, C.V.; Wu, C.; Lin, C. “A patent quality analysis for innovative technology and product development”, Advanced Engineering Informatics 2012, 26, 26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoleni, R.; Nelson, R.R. “The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: a contribution to the current debate”, Research Policy 1998, 27, 273–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leu, H.; Wu, C.; Lin, C. “Technology exploration and forecasting of biofuels and biohydrogen energy from patent analysis”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2012, 3, 15719–15725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, H. “Patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning”, J. Engineering and Technol. Management 1998, 15, 279–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. “Management strategischer Wettbewerbsvorteile”, Zeitschrift für die Betriebswirtschaft 1988, 58, 461–480.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, J., Kim, K. “Identifying rapidly evolving technological trends for R&D planning using SAO-based semantic patent networks”, Scientometrics 2011, 88, 213–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, J.; Kim, K “Detecting signals of new technological opportunities using semantic patent analysis and outlier detection”, Scientometrics 2012, 90, 445–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, J.; Park, Y., Kim, M., Lee, J., Lee, D. “Tracing evolving trends in printed electronics using patent information”, J. Nanop. Res. 2014, 16. Article 2471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H., Yoon, J., Kim, K. “Identifying patent infringement using SAO based semantic technological similarities”, Scientometrics 2012, 80, 515–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schankerman, M., Pakes, A “Estimates of the value of patents rights in European countries during the post 1950-period”, Econ. J. 1986, 96, 1052–1077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, H. “Patent information for strategic technology management,” World Patent Information 2003, 25, 233–242.
   Google Scholar
• Trajtenberg, M. “A penny for your quotes: Patent citations and the value of innovation”, RAND J. Econ. 1990, 21, 172–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trajtenberg, M.; Jaffe, A.; Henderson, A. “University versus corporate patents: A window on the basicness of invention”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1997, 5, 19–50.
   Google Scholar
• Dernis, H.; Khan, M. Triadic patent families methodology. STI Working Paper 2004/2, OECD Publishing: Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, H.; Omland, N. “The patent asset index: A new approach to benchmark patent portfolios”, World Patent Information 2011, 33, 34–41.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D., Lin, W. C., Huang, M. “Using essential patent index and essential technological Strength to evaluate industrial technological innovation competitivenes”, Scientometrics 2007, 71, 101–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, J., Byeon, S.C. “Technology level evaluation methodology based on the technology growth curve”, Technol Forecast Social Change 2011, 78, 1049–1059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwietering, M. H., Jongenburger, I., Rombouts, F. M., van'T Riet, K. “Modeling of the bacterial growth curve”, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1990, 56, 1875–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, F.M. “A new product growth for model consumer durables”, Management Science 1969, 16, 215–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franses, P. H. “A method to select between gompertz and logistic trend curves”, Technol. Forecast Social Change 1994, 46, 45–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengisu, M., Nekhili, R “Forecasting emerging technologies with the aid of science and technology databases”, Technol. Forecast. Social Change 2006, 73, 835–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, S., Deng, X., Yang, H. “Biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymers: characterization and their use as drug carriers for acontrolled delivery system”, Biomaterials 2003, 24, 3563–3570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, H.; Burmann, C.; Kirchgeorg, M. Marketing, 10, Gabler: Wiesbaden, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, N.; Islam, T. “Modelling and forecasting the diffusion of innovation: A 25-year review”, Intern. J. Forecasting 2006, 22, 519–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar