References
- Samant, S. P.; Grabowski, C. A.; Kisslinger, K.; Yager, K. G.; Yuan, G.; Satija, S. K.; Durstock, M. F.; Raghavan, D.; Karim, A. Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers for High Breakdown Strength Polymer Film Capacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 7966–7976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11851.
- Aricò, A. S.; Bruce, P.; Scrosati, B.; Tarascon, J.-M.; van Schalkwijk, W. Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Devices. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 366–377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1368.
- Grabowski, C. A.; Fillery, S. P.; Westing, N. M.; Chi, C.; Meth, J. S.; Durstock, M. F.; Vaia, R. A. Dielectric Breakdown in Silica–Amorphous Polymer Nanocomposite Films: The Role of the Polymer Matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013, 5, 5486–5492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am4005623.
- Wang, Q.; Zhu, L. Polymer Nanocomposites for Electrical Energy Storage. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 1421–1429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22337.
- Chauhan, A.; Patel, S.; Vaish, R.; Bowen, C. Anti-Ferroelectric Ceramics for High Energy Density Capacitors. Materials (Basel). 2015, 8, 8009–8031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8125439.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Yuan, J.-K.; Yao, S.-H.; Liao, R.-J. Flexible Nanodielectric Materials with High Permittivity for Power Energy Storage. Adv Mater. 2013, 25, 6334–6365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301752.
- Hao, X. A Review on the Dielectric Materials for High Energy-Storage Application. J. Adv. Dielect. 2013, 3, 1330001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010135X13300016.
- Palneedi, H.; Peddigari, M.; Hwang, G.-T.; Jeong, D.-Y.; Ryu, J. High-Performance Dielectric Ceramic Films for Energy Storage Capacitors: Progress and Outlook. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1803665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803665.
- Ho, J.; Jow, T. R.; Boggs, S. Historical Introduction to Capacitor Technology. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. 2010, 26, 20–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2010.5383924.
- Kishi, H.; Mizuno, Y.; Chazono, H. Base-Metal Electrode-Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors: Past, Present and Future Perspectives. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 42 (Part 1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.42.1.
- Du, H.; Lin, X.; Zheng, H.; Qu, B.; Huang, Y.; Chu, D. Colossal Permittivity in Percolative Ceramic/Metal Dielectric Composites. J. Alloys Compd. 2016, 663, 848–861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.12.171.
- Hong, K.; Lee, T. H.; Suh, J. M.; Yoon, S.-H.; Jang, H. W. Perspectives and Challenges in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors for Next Generation Electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 9782–9802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02921D.
- Zhu, L. Exploring Strategies for High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Polymer Dielectrics. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 3677–3687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jz501831q.
- Chen, Q.; Shen, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Q. M. Polymer-Based Dielectrics with High Energy Storage Density. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2015, 45, 433–458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070214-021017.
- Huan, T. D.; Boggs, S.; Teyssedre, G.; Laurent, C.; Cakmak, M.; Kumar, S.; Ramprasad, R. Advanced Polymeric Dielectrics for High Energy Density Applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2016, 83, 236–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.05.001.
- Kim, S. H.; Hong, K.; Xie, W.; Lee, K. H.; Zhang, S.; Lodge, T. P.; Frisbie, C. D. Electrolyte-Gated Transistors for Organic and Printed Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 1822–1846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202790.
- Facchetti, A.; Yoon, M.-H.; Marks, T. J. Gate Dielectrics for Organic Field-Effect Transistors: New Opportunities for Organic Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1705–1725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200500517.
- DiBenedetto, S. A.; Facchetti, A.; Ratner, M. A.; Marks, T. J. Molecular Self-Assembled Monolayers and Multilayers for Organic and Unconventional Inorganic Thin-Film Transistor Applications. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1407–1433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803267.
- Wang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Chen, Q.; Chu, B.; Zhang, Q. Recent Development of High Energy Density Polymers for Dielectric Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2010, 17, 1036–1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539672.
- Chu, B. A Dielectric Polymer with High Electric Energy Density and Fast Discharge Speed. Science (80-). 2006, 313, 334–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127798.
- Zhang, Q. M. Giant Electrostriction and Relaxor Ferroelectric Behavior in Electron-Irradiated Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) Copolymer. Science (80-.). 1998, 280, 2101–2104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5372.2101.
- Burlingame, Q.; Wu, S.; Lin, M.; Zhang, Q. M. Conduction Mechanisms and Structure-Property Relationships in High Energy Density Aromatic Polythiourea Dielectric Films. Adv. Energy Mater. 2013, 3, 1051–1055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201201110.
- Wu, S.; Lin, M.; Burlingame, Q.; Zhang, Q. M. Meta-Aromatic Polyurea with High Dipole Moment and Dipole Density for Energy Storage Capacitors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 072903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865931.
- Cheng, Z.; Lin, M.; Wu, S.; Thakur, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Jeong, D.-Y.; Shen, Q.; Zhang, Q. M. Aromatic Poly(Arylene Ether Urea) with High Dipole Moment for High Thermal Stability and High Energy Density Capacitors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 106, 202902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921485.
- Thakur, Y.; Lin, M.; Wu, S.; Zhang, Q. M. Aromatic Polyurea Possessing High Electrical Energy Density and Low Loss. J. Elect Mater. 2016, 45, 4721–4725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4759-z.
- Nasreen, S.; Treich, G. M.; Baczkowski, M. L.; Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, A. K.; Cao, Y.; Ramprasad, R.; Sotzing, G. Polymer Dielectrics for Capacitor Application. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp 1–29.
- Wang, C. C.; Pilania, G.; Boggs, S. A.; Kumar, S.; Breneman, C.; Ramprasad, R. Computational Strategies for Polymer Dielectrics Design. Polymer (Guildf). 2014, 55, 979–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.069.
- Sharma, V.; Wang, C.; Lorenzini, R. G.; Ma, R.; Zhu, Q.; Sinkovits, D. W.; Pilania, G.; Oganov, A. R.; Kumar, S.; Sotzing, G. A.; Boggs, S. A.; Ramprasad, R. Rational Design of All Organic Polymer Dielectrics. Nat Commun. 2014, 5, 4845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5845.
- Ieda, M.; Nagao, M.; Hikita, M. High-Field Conduction and Breakdown in Insulating Polymers. Present Situation and Future Prospects. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 1994, 1, 934–945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.326660.
- Ieda, M. Dielectric Breakdown Process of Polymers. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1980, EI-15, 206–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1980.298314.
- Artbauer, J. Electric Strength of Polymers. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1996, 29, 446–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/2/024.
- Lebedev, S. M.; Gefle, O. S.; Polholkov, Y. P.; Chichikin, V. I. Two-Layer Dielectrics Behaviour in the Electric Field. In 1999 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (Cat. No.99CH36319); IEEE; pp 265–268; New York City.
- Gefle, O. S.; Lebedev, S. M.; Uschakov, V. Y. The Mechanism of the Barrier Effect in Solid Dielectrics. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1997, 30, 3267–3273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/23/010.
- Agoris, D. P.; Vitellas, I.; Gefle, O. S.; Lebedev, S. M.; Pokholkov, Y. P. The Barrier Effect in Three-Layer Solid Dielectrics in Quasi-Uniform Electric Field. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2001, 34, 3485–3491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/24/310.
- Sarjeant, W.J., Zirnheld, J., MacDougall, F.W. Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 1998, 26, 1368–1392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/27.736020.
- Mackey, M.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E.; Flandin, L.; Wolak, M. A.; Shirk, J. S. Enhanced Breakdown Strength of Multilayered Films Fabricated by Forced Assembly Microlayer Coextrusion. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2009, 42, 175304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/175304.
- Huang, X.; Jiang, P.; Tanaka, T. A Review of Dielectric Polymer Composites with High Thermal Conductivity. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. 2011, 27, 8–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2011.5954064.
- Mohamed, A. T. Experimental Enhancement for Dielectric Strength of Polyethylene Insulation Materials Using Cost-Fewer Nanoparticles. Int. J. Electron. Power Energy Syst. 2015, 64, 469–475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.06.075.
- Mitchell, B. S. Appendix 5: Thermal Conductivities of Selected Materials. In An Introduction to Materials Engineering and Science; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004; pp 874–879.
- Raju, G. G. Appendix 3: Selected Properties of Insulating Materials. In Dielectrics in Electric Fields; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, 2003; p 561−566.
- Hardy, C. G.; Islam, M. S.; Gonzalez-Delozier, D.; Morgan, J. E.; Cash, B.; Benicewicz, B. C.; Ploehn, H. J.; Tang, C. Converting an Electrical Insulator into a Dielectric Capacitor: End-Capping Polystyrene with Oligoaniline. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 799–807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm304057f.
- Sharma, V.; Wang, C.; Lorenzini, R. G.; Ma, R.; Zhu, Q.; Sinkovits, D. W.; Pilania, G.; Oganov, A. R.; Kumar, S.; Sotzing, G. A.; Boggs, S. A.; Ramprasad, R. Rational Design of All Organic Polymer Dielectrics. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 1–8.
- Hu, P.; Shen, Y.; Guan, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lin, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Nan, C. W. Topological-Structure Modulated Polymer Nanocomposites Exhibiting Highly Enhanced Dielectric Strength and Energy Density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 3172–3178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303684.
- Barber, P.; Balasubramanian, S.; Anguchamy, Y.; Gong, S.; Wibowo, A.; Gao, H.; Ploehn, H.; Zur Loye, H.-C. Polymer Composite and Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials for Pulse Power Energy Storage. Materials (Basel). 2009, 2, 1697–1733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2041697.
- Islam, M. S.; Qiao, Y.; Tang, C.; Ploehn, H. J. Terthiophene-Containing Copolymers and Homopolymer Blends as High-Performance Dielectric Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015, 7, 1967–1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am507751m.
- Luo, H.; Zhou, X.; Ellingford, C.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, S.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, D.; Bowen, C. R.; Wan, C. Interface Design for High Energy Density Polymer Nanocomposites.Chem Soc Rev. 2019, 48, 4424–4465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00043g.
- Coburn, J. C.; Boyd, R. H. Dielectric Relaxation in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate). Macromolecules 1986, 19, 2238–2245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00162a021.
- Paniagua, S. A.; Kim, Y.; Henry, K.; Kumar, R.; Perry, J. W.; Marder, S. R. Surface-Initiated Polymerization from Barium Titanate Nanoparticles for Hybrid Dielectric Capacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014, 6, 3477–3482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am4056276.
- Xie, L.; Huang, X.; Huang, Y.; Yang, K.; Jiang, P. Core@Double-Shell Structured BaTiO 3 –Polymer Nanocomposites with High Dielectric Constant and Low Dielectric Loss for Energy Storage Application. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 22525–22537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp407340n.
- Gross, S.; Camozzo, D.; Di Noto, V.; Armelao, L.; Tondello, E. PMMA: A Key Macromolecular Component for Dielectric Low-κ Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Polymer Films. Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43, 673–696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.012.
- Goyal, R. K.; Madav, V. V.; Pakankar, P. R.; Butee, S. P. Fabrication and Properties of Novel Polyetheretherketone/Barium Titanate Composites with Low Dielectric Loss. J. Electon. Mater. 2011, 40, 2240–2247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-011-1743-5.
- Pan, J.; Li, K.; Li, J.; Hsu, T.; Wang, Q. Dielectric Characteristics of Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) for High Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 022902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3176219.
- Pan, J.; Li, K.; Chuayprakong, S.; Hsu, T.; Wang, Q. High-Temperature Poly(Phthalazinone Ether Ketone) Thin Films for Dielectric Energy Storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 1286–1289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am100146u.
- Fang, L.; Wu, C.; Qian, R.; Xie, L.; Yang, K.; Jiang, P. Nano–Micro Structure of Functionalized Boron Nitride and Aluminum Oxide for Epoxy Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Breakdown Strength. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 21010–21017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01194E.
- Song, Y.; Shen, Y.; Liu, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, M.; Nan, C.-W. Improving the Dielectric Constants and Breakdown Strength of Polymer Composites: Effects of the Shape of the BaTiO3 Nanoinclusions, Surface Modification and Polymer Matrix. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 16491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm32579a.
- Gao, L.; He, J.; Hu, J.; Li, Y. Large Enhancement in Polarization Response and Energy Storage Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) by Improving the Interface Effect in Nanocomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 831–838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp409474k.
- Li, W.; Meng, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Xia, W.; Xu, Z. Electric Energy Storage Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride). Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 192905.
- Molberg, M.; Crespy, D.; Rupper, P.; Nüesch, F.; Månson, J.-A. E.; Löwe, C.; Opris, D. M. High Breakdown Field Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Using Encapsulated Polyaniline as High Dielectric Constant Filler. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3280–3291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000486.
- Chi, Q.; Sun, J.; Zhang, C.; Liu, G.; Lin, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Lei, Q. Enhanced Dielectric Performance of Amorphous Calcium Copper Titanate/Polyimide Hybrid Film. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 172–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TC31757A.
- Beier, C. W.; Sanders, J. M.; Brutchey, R. L. Improved Breakdown Strength and Energy Density in Thin-Film Polyimide Nanocomposites with Small Barium Strontium Titanate Nanocrystal Fillers. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 6958–6965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp312519r.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Lin, Y.-Q.; Xu, H.-P.; Shi, C.-Y.; Li, S.-T.; Bai, J. Fabrication and Dielectric Characterization of Advanced BaTiO 3/Polyimide Nanocomposite Films with High Thermal Stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1509–1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200701077.
- Chen, T.; Zhao, Y.; Pan, L.; Lin, M. Insight into Effect of Hydrothermal Preparation Process of Nanofillers on Dielectric, Creep and Electromechanical Performance of Polyurethane Dielectric Elastomer/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2015, 26, 10164–10171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3703-y.
- Das, A. K.; Sinha, S.; Mukherjee, A.; Meikap, A. K. Enhanced Dielectric Properties in Polyvinyl Alcohol – Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composites. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2015, 167, 286–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.10.045.
- Tuncer, E.; Sauers, I.; James, D.; Ellis, A.; Duckworth, R. Nanodielectric System for Cryogenic Applications: Barium Titanate Filled Polyvinyl Alcohol. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2008, 15, 236–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/T-DEI.2008.4446756.
- Huang, X.; Feng, M.; Liu, X. The Interfacial Effect of TiO 2 -Ag Core-Shell Micro-/Nanowires on Poly(Arylene Ether Nitrile). Polym. Int. 2014, 63, 1324–1331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4680.
- Tang, H.; Zhong, J.; Yang, J.; Ma, Z.; Liu, X. Flexible Polyarylene Ether Nitrile/BaTiO3 Nanocomposites with High Energy Density for Film Capacitor Applications. J. Electon. Mater. 2011, 40, 141–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-010-1417-8.
- Wang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Lin, M.; Zhang, Q. M. High-Energy Density in Aromatic Polyurea Thin Films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 202905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3142388.
- Li, Q.; Zhang, G.; Liu, F.; Han, K.; Gadinski, M. R.; Xiong, C.; Wang, Q. Solution-Processed Ferroelectric Terpolymer Nanocomposites with High Breakdown Strength and Energy Density Utilizing Boron Nitride Nanosheets. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 922–931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02962C.
- Xiao, J.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Q. M.; Dowben, P. A. The Effect of Defects on the Electronic Structure of Long Chain Ferroelectric Polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 044105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3204490.
- Basantakumar Sharma, H.; Sarma, H. N. K.; Mansingh, A. Ferroelectric and Dielectric Properties of Sol-Gel Processed Barium Titanate Ceramics and Thin Films. J. Mater. Sci. 1999, 34, 1385–1390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004578905297.
- Schomann, K. D. Electric Breakdown of Barium Titanate: A Model. Appl. Phys. 1975, 6, 89–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00883554.
- Yu, J.; Huo, R.; Wu, C.; Wu, X.; Wang, G.; Jiang, P. Influence of Interface Structure on Dielectric Properties of Epoxy/Alumina Nanocomposites. Macromol. Res. 2012, 20, 20, 816–826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-012-0122-2.
- Syamaprasad, U.; Galgali, R. K.; Mohanty, B. C. Dielectric Properties of the Ba1 − xSrxTiO3 System. Mater. Lett. 1988, 7, 197–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-577X(88)90009-2.
- Robertson, J. High Dielectric Constant Oxides. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 28, 265–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2004206.
- Huang, Y.; Huang, X. Dielectric Loss of Polymer Nanocomposites and How to Keep the Dielectric Loss Low. In Polymer Nanocomposites; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp 29–50.
- Cain, M. G., Markys G. Characterisation of Ferroelectric Bulk Materials and Thin Films. 2014;
- Sabuni, M. H.; Nelson, J. K. The Effects of Plasticizer on the Electric Strength of Polystyrene. J Mater Sci. 1979, 14, 2791–2796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00611457.
- Hosier, I. L.; Vaughan, A. S.; Swingler, S. G. The Effects of Measuring Technique and Sample Preparation on the Breakdown Strength of Polyethylene. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2002, 9, 353–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2002.1007697.
- Schneuwly, A.; Groning, P.; Schlapbach, L.; Irrgang, C.; Vogt, J. Breakdown Behavior of Oil-Impregnated Polypropylene as Dielectric in Film Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 1998, 5, 862–868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.740768.
- Oakes, W. G. The Electric Strength of Some Synthetic Polymers. Proc. IEE - Part I Gen. 1949, 96, 37–43.
- Stark, K. H.; Garton, C. G. Electric Strength of Irradiated Polythene. Nature 1955, 176, 1225–1226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/1761225a0.
- Laghari, J. R.; Sarjeant, W. J. Energy Storage Pulsed Power Capacitor Technology. In Proceedings of the 34th International Power Sources Symposium; IEEE; pp 380–386.
- Wu, K.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Dissado, L. A.; Liu, X. Statistical Behavior of Electrical Breakdown in Insulating Polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, 064107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3342468.
- Tuncer, E.; James, D. R.; Sauers, I.; Ellis, A. R.; Pace, M. O. On Dielectric Breakdown Statistics. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006, 39, 4257–4268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/19/020.
- Liu, J.; Li, M.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lu, J.; Zhang, Z. Manipulating H-Bonds in Glassy Dipolar Polymers as a New Strategy for High Energy Storage Capacitors with High Pulse Discharge Efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 19407–19414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA05855A.
- Miyauchi, H.; Yahagi, K. Electronic Breakdown in Polyethylene Film in Room Temperature Range. IEEJ Trans. FM. 1972, 92, 36–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.92.36.
- Giants, T. W. Crystallinity and Dielectric Properties of PEEK, Poly(Ether Ether Ketone). IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 1994, 1, 991–999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.368664.
- Tanaka, Y.; Ohnuma, N.; Katsunami, K.; Ohki, Y. Effects of Crystallinity and Electron Mean-Free-Path on Dielectric Strength of Low-Density Polyethylene. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1991, 26, 258–265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/14.78326.
- Gao, L. Y.; Tu, D. M.; Zhou, S. C.; Zhang, Z. L. The Influence of Morphology on the Electrical Breakdown Strength of Polypropylene Film. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1990, 25, 535–540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/14.55728.
- Claude, J.; Lu, Y.; Li, K.; Wang, Q. Electrical Storage in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Based Ferroelectric Polymers: Correlating Polymer Structure to Electrical Breakdown Strength. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 2078–2080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm800160r.
- Prateek; Bhunia, R.; Garg, A.; Gupta, R. K. Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone)/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) as Guest/Host Polymer Blends: Understanding the Role of Compositional Transformation on Nanoscale Dielectric Behavior through a Simple Solution–Process Route. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 9, 6146–6152.
- Yahagi, K. Dielectric Properties and Morphology in Polyethylene. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1980, EI-15, 241–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1980.298316.
- Maeda, Y.; Yahagi, K. Directional Effect of Impulse Breakdown Strength in Polyethylene. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1977, 16, 179–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.16.179.
- Zhu, Y.; Jiang, P.; Huang, X. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Terpolymer and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composite Films with Superior Energy Storage Performance for Electrostatic Capacitor Application. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 179, 115–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.04.035.
- Chi, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Yin, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, T.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Q. A Blended Binary Composite of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Exhibiting Excellent Energy Storage Performances. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 14148–14158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC04695J.
- Ku, C. C.; Liepins, R. No Title. In Electrical Properties of Polymers: Chemical Principles; MacMillan Publishing Company: New York, 1987; pp 25–92.
- Fischer, P. The Short-Time Electric Breakdown Behavior of Polyethylene. In Conference on Electrical Insulation & Dielectric Phenomena - Annual Report 1974; IEEE, 1974; pp 661–670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1974.7735964.
- Claude, J.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Q. Effect of Molecular Weight on the Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Ferroelectric Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene)S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 212904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2816327.
- Hiemenz, P. C.; Lodge, T. Polymer Chemistry; CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2007.
- Tanaka, T. Tree Initiation Mechanism. In Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials; 1991; pp 18–24, vol: 1.doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.1991.172345
- Shimizu, N.; Horii, K. The Effect of Absorbed Oxygen on Electrical Treeing in Polymers. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1985, EI-20, 561–566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1985.348783.
- Andrianjohaninarivo, J.; Wertheimer, M. R.; Yelon, A. Nucleation of Electrical Tress in Polyethylene. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1987, EI-22, 709–714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1987.298931.
- Noto, F.; Yoshimura, N.; Ohta, T. Tree Initiation in Polyethylene by Application of DC and Impulse Voltage. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1977, EI-12, 26–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1977.298003.
- Saito, Y.; Fukuzawa, M.; Nakamura, H. On the Mechanism of Tree Initiation. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1977, EI-12, 31–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1977.298004.
- Densley, R. An Investigation into the Growth of Electrical Trees in XLPE Cable Insulation. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1979, EI-14, 148–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1979.298215.
- Tu, D.; Wu, L.; Wu, X.; Cheng, C.; Kao, K. On the Mechanism of Treeing Inhibition by Additives in Polyethylene. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 1982, EI-17, 539–545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1982.298530.
- Suwarno; Suzuoki, Y.; Komori, F.; Mizutani, T. Partial Discharges Due to Electrical Treeing in Polymers: Phase-Resolved and Time-Sequence Observation and Analysis. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 1996, 29, 2922–2931.
- Vogelsang, R.; Farr, T.; Frohlich, K. The Effect of Barriers on Electrical Tree Propagation in Composite Insulation Materials. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2006, 13, 373–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2006.1624282.
- Farr, T.; Vogelsang, R.; Frohlich, K. A New Deterministic Model for Tree Growth in Polymers with Barriers. In 2001 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (Cat. No.01CH37225); IEEE; pp 673–676.
- Vogelsang, R.; Brutsch, R.; Farr, T.; Frohlich, K. Electrical Tree Propagation along Barrier-Interfaces in Epoxy Resin. In Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena; IEEE, 2002; pp 946–950.
- Fillery, S. P.; Koerner, H.; Drummy, L.; Dunkerley, E.; Durstock, M. F.; Schmidt, D. F.; Vaia, R. A. Nanolaminates: Increasing Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012, 4, 1388–1396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am201650g.
- Wolak, M. A.; Pan, M.-J.; Wan, A.; Shirk, J. S.; Mackey, M.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E.; Flandin, L. Dielectric Response of Structured Multilayered Polymer Films Fabricated by Forced Assembly. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 113301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897029.
- Zhou, Z.; Mackey, M.; Carr, J.; Zhu, L.; Flandin, L.; Baer, E. Multilayered Polycarbonate/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoropropylene) for High Energy Density Capacitors with Enhanced Lifetime. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 2012, 50, 993–1003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23094.
- Zhou, Z.; Mackey, M.; Yin, K.; Zhu, L.; Schuele, D.; Flandin, L.; Baer, E. Fracture Phenomena in Micro- and Nano-Layered Polycarbonate/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride- Co -Hexafluoropropylene) Films under Electric Field for High Energy Density Capacitors. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39877.
- Tseng, J.-K.; Tang, S.; Zhou, Z.; Mackey, M.; Carr, J. M.; Mu, R.; Flandin, L.; Schuele, D. E.; Baer, E.; Zhu, L. Interfacial Polarization and Layer Thickness Effect on Electrical Insulation in Multilayered Polysulfone/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films. Polymer (Guildf). 2014, 55, 8–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.042.
- Zhao, L.; Liu, G.; Su, J.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, X. Investigation of Thickness Effect on Electric Breakdown Strength of Polymers under Nanosecond Pulses. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2011, 39, 1613–1618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2011.2143435.
- Wolak, M. A.; Wan, A. S.; Shirk, J. S.; Mackey, M.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E. Imaging the Effect of Dielectric Breakdown in a Multilayered Polymer Film. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 123, 2548–2557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34269.
- Darling, S. B. Block Copolymers for Photovoltaics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 1266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b912086f.
- Pitliya, P.; Singh, G.; Chapa, J.; Karim, A.; Raghavan, D. Dispersion–Orientation Effects of Fulleropyrrolidine in Zone Annealed Block-Copolymer Films toward Optimizing OPV Interfaces. Polymer (Guildf). 2013, 54, 1415–1424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.068.
- Wang, L.; Luo, H.; Zhou, X.; Yuan, X.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, D. Sandwich-Structured All-Organic Composites with High Breakdown Strength and High Dielectric Constant for Film Capacitor. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2019, 117, 369–376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.12.007.
- Chen, J.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X.; Yuan, Q.; Niu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Ultrahigh Discharge Efficiency and Energy Density Achieved at Low Electric Fields in Sandwich-Structured Polymer Films Containing Dielectric Elastomers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 3729–3736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA11790J.
- Luo, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, R.; Singh, M.; Ammar, A.; Cousins, D.; Hassan, M. K.; Ponnamma, D.; Adham, S.; Al-Maadeed, M. A. A.; Karim, A. Vertically Oriented Nanoporous Block Copolymer Membranes for Oil/Water Separation and Filtration. Soft Matter 2020, 16, 9648–9654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SM00526F.
- Anastasiadis, S. H.; Russell, T. P.; Satija, S. K.; Majkrzak, C. F. Neutron Reflectivity Studies of the Surface-Induced Ordering of Diblock Copolymer Films. Phys Rev Lett. 1989, 62, 1852–1855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.1852.
- Russell, T. P.; Coulon, G.; Deline, V. R.; Miller, D. C. Characteristics of the Surface-Induced Orientation for Symmetric Diblock PS/PMMA Copolymers. Macromolecules 1989, 22, 4600–4606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00202a036.
- Shin, C.; Ahn, H.; Kim, E.; Ryu, D. Y.; Huh, J.; Kim, K.-W.; Russell, T. P. Transition Behavior of Block Copolymer Thin Films on Preferential Surfaces. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 9140–9145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma801778m.
- Sinturel, C.; Vayer, M.; Morris, M.; Hillmyer, M. A. Solvent Vapor Annealing of Block Polymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2013, 46, 5399–5415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma400735a.
- Modi, A.; Bhaway, S. M.; Vogt, B. D.; Douglas, J. F.; Al-Enizi, A.; Elzatahry, A.; Sharma, A.; Karim, A. Direct Immersion Annealing of Thin Block Copolymer Films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 21639–21645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06259.
- Chen, Z. Pathways to Macroscale Order in Nanostructured Block Copolymers. Science (80-.). 1997, 277, 1248–1253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1248.
- Angelescu, D. E.; Waller, J. H.; Adamson, D. H.; Register, R. A.; Chaikin, P. M. Enhanced Order of Block Copolymer Cylinders in Single-Layer Films Using a Sweeping Solidification Front. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2687–2690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602904.
- Majewski, P. W.; Gopinadhan, M.; Osuji, C. O. Magnetic Field Alignment of Block Copolymers and Polymer Nanocomposites: Scalable Microstructure Control in Functional Soft Materials. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 2012, 50, 2–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22382.
- Gopinadhan, M.; Majewski, P. W.; Choo, Y.; Osuji, C. O. Order-Disorder Transition and Alignment Dynamics of a Block Copolymer Under High Magnetic Fields by in Situ X-ray Scattering. Phys Rev Lett. 2013, 110, 078301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.078301.
- Thurn-Albrecht, T.; DeRouchey, J.; Russell, T. P.; Kolb, R. Pathways toward Electric Field Induced Alignment of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 8106–8110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma020567v.
- Böker, A.; Knoll, A.; Elbs, H.; Abetz, V.; Müller, A. H. E.; Krausch, G. Large Scale Domain Alignment of a Block Copolymer from Solution Using Electric Fields. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 1319–1325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0108113.
- Cheng, J. Y.; Mayes, A. M.; Ross, C. A. Nanostructure Engineering by Templated Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers. Nat Mater. 2004, 3, 823–828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1211.
- Edwards, E. W.; Montague, M. F.; Solak, H. H.; Hawker, C. J.; Nealey, P. F. Precise Control over Molecular Dimensions of Block-Copolymer Domains Using the Interfacial Energy of Chemically Nanopatterned Substrates. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1315–1319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400763.
- Singh, M.; Basutkar, M.; Samant, S.; Singh, G.; Karim, A. Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers with Dynamic Thermal Gradients; 2020; pp 373–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811217982_0009.
- Singh, M.; Wu, W.; Basutkar, M. N.; Strzalka, J.; Al-Enizi, A. M.; Douglas, J. F.; Karim, A. Ultra-Fast Vertical Ordering of Lamellar Block Copolymer Films on Unmodified Substrates. Macromolecules 2021, 54, 1564–1573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01782.
- Singh, G.; Yager, K. G.; Berry, B.; Kim, H.-C.; Karim, A. Dynamic Thermal Field-Induced Gradient Soft-Shear for Highly Oriented Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 10335–10342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn304266f.
- Samant, S.; Basutkar, M.; Singh, M.; Masud, A.; Grabowski, C. A.; Kisslinger, K.; Strzalka, J.; Yuan, G.; Satija, S.; Apata, I.; Raghavan, D.; Durstock, M.; Karim, A. Effect of Molecular Weight and Layer Thickness on the Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Neat and Homopolymer Swollen Lamellar Block Copolymer Films. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2020, 2, 2, 3072–3083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00127.
- Kao, K. C. Dielectric Phenomena in Solids: With Emphasis on Physical Concepts of Electronic Processes; Elsevier: San Diego:, 2004.
- Blythe, A. R. Electrical Properties of Polymers; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, 1979.
- Riande, E.; Díaz-Calleja, R. Electrical Properties of Polymers.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, 2004.
- Zhu, L.; Wang, Q. Novel Ferroelectric Polymers for High Energy Density and Low Loss Dielectrics. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 2937–2954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2024057.
- Prateek; Thakur, V. K.; Gupta, R. K. Recent Progress on Ferroelectric Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for High Energy Density Capacitors: Synthesis, Dielectric Properties, and Future Aspects. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 4260–4317.
- Blythe, A. R.; Bloor, D. Electrical Properties of Polymers, 2nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge: New York, 2005.
- Imrie, C. T.; Ingram, M. D.; McHattie, G. S. Ion Transport in Glassy Polymer Electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 4132–4138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983968e.
- Baer, E.; Zhu, L. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Dielectric Phenomena in Polymers and Multilayered Dielectric Films. Macromolecules 2017, 50, 2239–2256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02669.
- Lovinger, A. J. Ferroelectric Polymers. Science (80-.). 1983, 220, 1115–1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4602.1115.
- Chiang, Y.-M.; Birnie, D. P.; Kingery, W. D. Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1997.
- Tashiro, K. Crystal Structure and Phase Transition of PVDF and Related Copolymers. In Ferroelectric Polymers: Chemistry, Physics, and Applications; Nalwa S., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1995; pp 63–182.
- Furukawa, T. Structure and Functional Properties of Ferroelectric Polymers. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1997, 71–72, 183–208.
- Yang, L.; Li, X.; Allahyarov, E.; Taylor, P. L.; Zhang, Q. M.; Zhu, L. Novel Polymer Ferroelectric Behavior via Crystal Isomorphism and the Nanoconfinement Effect. Polymer (Guildf). 2013, 54, 1709–1728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.035.
- Carr, J. M.; Mackey, M.; Flandin, L.; Schuele, D.; Zhu, L.; Baer, E. Effect of Biaxial Orientation on Dielectric and Breakdown Properties of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride- Co -Tetrafluoroethylene) Multilayer Films. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, , 882–896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23277.
- Wei, J.; Zhang, Z.; Tseng, J.-K.; Treufeld, I.; Liu, X.; Litt, M. H.; Zhu, L. Achieving High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Property in a Dipolar Glass Polymer Containing Strongly Dipolar and Small-Sized Sulfone Groups. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015, 7, 5248–5257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am508488w.
- Bendler, J. T.; Boyles, D. A.; Edmondson, C. A.; Filipova, T.; Fontanella, J. J.; Westgate, M. A.; Wintersgill, M. C. Dielectric Properties of Bisphenol a Polycarbonate and Its Tethered Nitrile Analogue. Macromolecules 2013, 46, 4024–4033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma4002269.
- Treufeld, I.; Wang, D. H.; Kurish, B. A.; Tan, L.-S.; Zhu, L. Enhancing Electrical Energy Storage Using Polar Polyimides with Nitrile Groups Directly Attached to the Main Chain. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2014, 2, 20683–20696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03260H.
- Tasaka, S.; Inagaki, N.; Miyata, S.; Chiba, T. Electrical Properties of Cyanoethylated Polysaccharides. Sen’i Gakkaishi. 1988, 44, 546–550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2115/fiber.44.11_546.
- Bedekar, B. A.; Tsujii, Y.; Ide, N.; Kita, Y.; Fukuda, T.; Miyamoto, T. Dielectric Relaxation of Cyanoethylated Poly(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl Methacrylate). Polymer (Guildf). 1995, 36, 4735–4740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/00323-8619(59)92886-.
- Liu, P. F.; Wang, J. L.; Meng, X. J.; Yang, J.; Dkhil, B.; Chu, J. H. Huge Electrocaloric Effect in Langmuir–Blodgett Ferroelectric Polymer Thin Films. New J. Phys. 2010, 12, 023035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/2/023035.
- Samara, G. A. The Relaxational Properties of Compositionally Disordered ABO 3 Perovskites. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 2003, 15, R367–R411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/9/202.
- Klein, R. J.; Xia, F.; Zhang, Q. M.; Bauer, F. Influence of Composition on Relaxor Ferroelectric and Electromechanical Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene- Chlorofluoroethylene). J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 094105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1882769.
- Zhang, Z. Understanding Ferroelectricity in Nylon Homopolymers, Copolymers and Terpolymers, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2018.
- Zhang, Z.; Litt, M. H.; Zhu, L. Achieving Relaxor Ferroelectric-like Behavior in Nylon Random Copolymers and Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2017, 50, 9360–9372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02243.
- Jung, H. M.; Kang, J.-H.; Yang, S. Y.; Won, J. C.; Kim, Y. S. Barium Titanate Nanoparticles with Diblock Copolymer Shielding Layers for High-Energy Density Nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 450–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9030254.
- Kim, P.; Doss, N. M.; Tillotson, J. P.; Hotchkiss, P. J.; Pan, M.-J.; Marder, S. R.; Li, J.; Calame, J. P.; Perry, J. W. High Energy Density Nanocomposites Based on Surface-Modified BaTiO 3 and a Ferroelectric Polymer. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2581–2592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn9006412.
- Grabowski, C. A.; Koerner, H.; Meth, J. S.; Dang, A.; Hui, C. M.; Matyjaszewski, K.; Bockstaller, M. R.; Durstock, M. F.; Vaia, R. A. Performance of Dielectric Nanocomposites: Matrix-Free, Hairy Nanoparticle Assemblies and Amorphous polymer-nanoparticle blends. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 21500–21509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am506521r.
- Tawade, B. V; Apata, I. E.; Singh, M.; Das, P.; Pradhan, N.; Al-Enizi, A. M.; Karim, A.; Raghavan, D. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Chemically Modified Nanomaterials for Use in Dielectric and Electronics Applications. Nanotechnology 2021, 32, 142004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abcf6c.
- Wang, Z.; Zhi, C. Thermally Conductive Electrically Insulating Polymer Nanocomposites. In Polymer Nanocomposites; Springer: Cham, 2016; pp 281–321.
- Arbatti, M.; Shan, X.; Cheng, Z.-Y. Ceramic–Polymer Composites with High Dielectric Constant. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1369–1372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200601996.
- Wu, W.; Huang, X.; Li, S.; Jiang, P.; Toshikatsu, T. Novel Three-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Superstructures for High Dielectric Constant Polymer Composites Capable of Withstanding High Electric Field. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 24887–24895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3088644.
- Murugaraj, P.; Mainwaring, D.; Mora-Huertas, N. Dielectric Enhancement in Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites Through Interphase Polarizability. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 054304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2034654.
- Roy, M.; Nelson, J. K.; MacCrone, R. K.; Schadler, L. S.; Reed, C. W.; Keefe, R.; Zenger, W. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics - the Role of the Interface. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2005, 12, 629–643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2005.1511089.
- Reed, C. W.; Cichanowskil, S. W. The Fundamentals of Aging in HV Polymer-Film Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 1994, 1, 904–922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.326658.
- Pushkar, J.; Rymaszewski, E. J. Thin-Film Capacitors for Packaged Electronics; Springer Science & Business Media, 2004, New York City.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Wang, L.; Yin, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Lei, Q.-Q. Giant Dielectric Permittivities in Functionalized Carbon-Nanotube/Electroactive-Polymer Nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 852–857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600703.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Lin, Y.-H.; Nan, C.-W. Novel Ferroelectric Polymer Composites with High Dielectric Constants. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1625–1629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200304911.
- Nan, C.-W.; Shen, Y.; Ma, J. Physical Properties of Composites near Percolation. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2010, 40, 131–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104529.
- He, F.; Lau, S.; Chan, H. L.; Fan, J. High Dielectric Permittivity and Low Percolation Threshold in Nanocomposites Based on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplates. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 710–715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801758.
- Xu, J.; Wong, C. P. Low-Loss Percolative Dielectric Composite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87 , 082907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2032597.
- Shen, Y.; Lin, Y.; Li, M.; Nan, C.-W. High Dielectric Performance of Polymer Composite Films Induced by a Percolating Interparticle Barrier Layer. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1418–1422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602097.
- Bai, Y.; Cheng, Z.-Y.; Bharti, V.; Xu, H. S.; Zhang, Q. M. High-Dielectric-Constant Ceramic-Powder Polymer Composites.Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 3804–3806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.126787.
- Li, Y.; Huang, X.; Hu, Z.; Jiang, P.; Li, S.; Tanaka, T. Large Dielectric Constant and High Thermal Conductivity in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Barium Titanate/Silicon Carbide Three-Phase Nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 4396–4403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am2010459.
- Wang, G. Enhanced Dielectric Properties of Three-Phase-Percolative Composites Based on Thermoplastic-Ceramic Matrix (BaTiO 3 + PVDF) and ZnO Radial Nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010, 2, 1290–1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am100296u.
- Calame, J. P. Finite Difference Simulations of Permittivity and Electric Field Statistics in Ceramic-Polymer Composites for Capacitor Applications. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 084101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2188032.
- Hao, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, J.; An, S.; Xu, J. High Energy-Storage Performance in Pb 0.91 La 0.09 (Ti 0.65 Zr 0.35) O 3 Relaxor Ferroelectric Thin Films. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112, 114111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4768461.
- Chu, B.; Lin, M.; Neese, B.; Zhang, Q. Interfaces in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Terpolymer/ZrO2 Nanocomposites and Their Effect on Dielectric Properties. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105, 014103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3056176.
- Brandstetter, S. S.; Drummy, L. F.; Horwath, J. C.; Schweickart, D. L.; Vaia, R. A. Breakdown Voltage of Thermoplastics with Clay Nanometer-Sized Fillers. In 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High-Voltage Conference; IEEE, New York City; 2008; pp 287–290.
- Nelson, J. K.; Fothergill, J. C. Internal Charge Behaviour of Nanocomposites. Nanotechnology 2004, 15, 586–595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/15/5/032.
- Roy, M.; Nelson, J. K.; MacCrone, R. K.; Schadler, L. S. Candidate Mechanisms Controlling the Electrical Characteristics of Silica/XLPE Nanodielectrics.J Mater. Sci. 2007, 42, 3789–3799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0413-0.
- Huang, X.; Jiang, P. Core-Shell Structured High- k Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and Dielectric Applications. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 546–554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401310.
- Guo, N.; DiBenedetto, S. A.; Tewari, P.; Lanagan, M. T.; Ratner, M. A.; Marks, T. J. Nanoparticle, Size, Shape, and Interfacial Effects on Leakage Current Density, Permittivity, and Breakdown Strength of Metal Oxide − Polyolefin Nanocomposites: Experiment and Theory. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 1567–1578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm902852h.
- Fredin, L. A.; Li, Z.; Ratner, M. A.; Lanagan, M. T.; Marks, T. J. Enhanced Energy Storage and Suppressed Dielectric Loss in Oxide Core-Shell-Polyolefin Nanocomposites by Moderating Internal Surface Area and Increasing Shell Thickness. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5946–5953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202183.
- Shen, Y.; Lin, Y. H.; Nan, C.-W. Interfacial Effect on Dielectric Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Filled with Core/Shell-Structured Particles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2405–2410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200700200.
- Rahimabady, M.; Mirshekarloo, M. S.; Yao, K.; Lu, L. Dielectric Behaviors and High Energy Storage Density of Nanocomposites with Core-shell BaTiO3@TiO2 in poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) ). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 16242, 16248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52267a.
- Kang, D.; Wang, G.; Huang, Y.; Jiang, P.; Huang, X. Decorating TiO2 Nanowires with BaTiO3 Nanoparticles: A New Approach Leading to Substantially Enhanced Energy Storage Capability of High- k Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 4077–4085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16409.
- Zhou, X.; Zhong, D.; Luo, H.; Pan, J.; Zhang, D. Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @TiO 2 Core-Shell Nanorods with Controllable Mesoporous Shells and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 427, 1183–1192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.149.
- Zhang, X.; Shen, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Gu, L.; Hu, Y.; Du, J.; Lin, Y.; Nan, C.-W. Ultrahigh Energy Density of Polymer Nanocomposites Containing BaTiO3 @TiO2 Nanofibers by Atomic-Scale Interface Engineering. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 819–824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404101.
- Yang, M.; Hu, C.; Zhao, H.; Haghi-Ashtiani, P.; He, D.; Yang, Y.; Yuan, J.; Bai, J. Core@double-Shells Nanowires Strategy for Simultaneously Improving Dielectric Constants and Suppressing Losses of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposites. Carbon N. Y. 2018, 132, 152–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.047.
- Bi, K.; Bi, M.; Hao, Y.; Luo, W.; Cai, Z.; Wang, X.; Huang, Y. Ultrafine Core-Shell BaTiO3@SiO2 Structures for Nanocomposite Capacitors with High Energy Density. Nano Energy 2018, 51, 513–523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.07.006.
- Hu, P.; Jia, Z.; Shen, Z.; Wang, P.; Liu, X. High Dielectric Constant and Energy Density Induced by the Tunable TiO2 Interfacial Buffer Layer in PVDF Nanocomposite Contained with Core–Shell Structured TiO2@BaTiO3 Nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 441, 824–831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.112.
- He, D.; Wang, Y.; Chen, X.; Deng, Y. Core–Shell Structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 Nanoparticles in Polymer Composites for Dielectric Loss Suppression and Breakdown Strength Enhancement. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2017, 93, 137–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.11.025.
- Chen, J.; Wang, X.; Yu, X.; Yao, L.; Duan, Z.; Fan, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Pan, Z. High Dielectric Constant and Low Dielectric Loss Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposites via a Small Loading of Two-Dimensional Bi2 Te3 @Al2O3 Hexagonal Nanoplates. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 271–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC04758D.
- Chen, J.; Wang, X.; Yu, X.; Fan, Y.; Duan, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Yang, F.; Zhou, Y. Significantly Improved Dielectric Performances of Nanocomposites via Loading Two-Dimensional Core-Shell Structure Bi2Te3@SiO2 Nanosheets. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 447, 704–710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.009.
- Yu, K.; Niu, Y.; Bai, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, H. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Polymer Based Nanocomposites with Significantly Reduced Energy Loss by Filling with Core-Shell Structured BaTiO3/SiO2 Nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 102903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4795017.
- Liu, S.; Xue, S.; Shen, B.; Zhai, J. Reduced Energy Loss in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposites by Filling with a Small Loading of Core-Shell Structured BaTiO3/SiO2 Nanofibers.Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 107, 032907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927330.
- Tang, H.; Zhou, Z.; Bowland, C. C.; Sodano, H. A. Synthesis of Calcium Copper Titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12) Nanowires with Insulating SiO2 Barrier for Low Loss High Dielectric Constant Nanocomposites. Nano Energy 2015, 17, 302–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.002.
- Gutowski, W. (Voytek) S. Interface/Interphase Engineering of Polymers for Adhesion Enhancement: Part I. Review of Micromechanical Aspects of Polymer Interface Reinforcement through Surface Grafted Molecular Brushes. J. Adhes. 2003, 79, 445–482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00218460309564.
- Xie, L.; Huang, X.; Wu, C.; Jiang, P. Core-Shell Structured Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/BaTiO3 Nanocomposites Prepared by in Situ Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Route to High Dielectric Constant Materials with the Inherent Low Loss of the Base Polymer. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 5897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04574h.
- Pan, Z.; Yao, L.; Zhai, J.; Fu, D.; Shen, B.; Wang, H. High-Energy-Density Polymer Nanocomposites Composed of Newly Structured One-Dimensional BaTiO3@Al2O3 Nanofibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017, 9, 4024–4033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b13663.
- Pan, Z.; Yao, L.; Zhai, J.; Shen, B.; Liu, S.; Wang, H.; Liu, J. Excellent Energy Density of Polymer Nanocomposites Containing BaTiO3 @Al2O3 Nanofibers Induced by Moderate Interfacial Area. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 13259–13264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA05233A.
- Zhu, X.; Yang, J.; Dastan, D.; Garmestani, H.; Fan, R.; Shi, Z. Fabrication of Core-Shell Structured Ni@BaTiO3 Scaffolds for Polymer Composites with Ultrahigh Dielectric Constant and Low Loss. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2019, 125, 105521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105521.
- Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, M.; Wei, W.; Deng, Y. Multiple Interfacial Modifications in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Barium Titanate Nanocomposites via Double-Shell Architecture for Significantly Enhanced Energy Storage Density. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 5945–5953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01052.
- Luo, H.; Chen, S.; Liu, L.; Zhou, X.; Ma, C.; Liu, W.; Zhang, D. Core–Shell Nanostructure Design in Polymer Nanocomposite Capacitors for Energy Storage Applications. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 3145–3153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04943.
- Pan, Z.; Xing, S.; Jiang, H.; Liu, J.; Huang, S.; Zhai, J. Highly Enhanced Discharged Energy Density of Polymer Nanocomposites via a Novel Hybrid Structure as Fillers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 15347–15355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA03292D.
- Prateek; Bhunia, R.; Siddiqui, S.; Garg, A.; Gupta, R. K. Significantly Enhanced Energy Density by Tailoring the Interface in Hierarchically Structured TiO2 –BaTiO3 –TiO2 Nanofillers in PVDF-Based Thin-Film Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 14329–14339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b01359.
- Prateek; Singh, D.; Singh, N.; Garg, A.; Gupta, R. K. Engineered Thiol Anchored Au-BaTiO3/PVDF Polymer Nanocomposite as Efficient Dielectric for Electronic Applications. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 174, 158–168.
- Zhou, L.; Zhou, Y.; Shi, Y.; Chen, T.; Zou, T.; Zhou, D.; Fu, Q. Enhancing Thermal Stability of P(VDF-HFP) Based Nanocomposites with Core-Shell Fillers for Energy Storage Applications. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2020, 186, 107934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107934.
- Guozhong, C. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials-Synthesis, Properties & Applications; Imperial College Press, London, U.K, 2004.
- Ramakrishna, S. An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 2005.
- Burke, P. J. Nanotubes and Nanowires.; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2005.
- Li, H.; Ai, D.; Ren, L.; Yao, B.; Han, Z.; Shen, Z.; Wang, J.; Chen, L.; Wang, Q. Scalable Polymer Nanocomposites with Record High‐Temperature Capacitive Performance Enabled by Rationally Designed Nanostructured Inorganic Fillers. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900875.
- Li, Q.; Chen, L.; Gadinski, M. R.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, G.; Li, H. U.; Iagodkine, E.; Haque, A.; Chen, L.-Q.; Jackson, T. N.; Wang, Q. Flexible High-Temperature Dielectric Materials from Polymer Nanocomposites. Nature 2015, 523, 576–579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14647.
- Luo, S.; Yu, J.; Yu, S.; Sun, R.; Cao, L.; Liao, W.-H.; Wong, C.-P. Significantly Enhanced Electrostatic Energy Storage Performance of Flexible Polymer Composites by Introducing Highly Insulating-Ferroelectric Microhybrids as Fillers. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803204.
- Lewin, M.; Mey-Marom, A.; Frank, R. Surface Free Energies of Polymeric Materials, Additives and Minerals. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2005, 16, 429–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.605.
- Caruso, F. Nanoengineering of Particle Surfaces. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 11–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<11::AID-ADMA11>3.0.CO;2-N.
- Zhang, X.; Li, B.-W.; Dong, L.; Liu, H.; Chen, W.; Shen, Y.; Nan, C.-W. Superior Energy Storage Performances of Polymer Nanocomposites via Modification of Filler/Polymer Interfaces. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 5, 1800096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800096.
- Tanaka, T.; Kozako, M.; Fuse, N.; Ohki, Y. Proposal of a Multi-Core Model for Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2005, 12, 669–681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2005.1511092.
- Li, J.; Khanchaitit, P.; Han, K.; Wang, Q. New Route toward High-Energy-Density Nanocomposites Based on Chain-End Functionalized Ferroelectric Polymers. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 5350–5357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm101614p.
- Chi, Q.; Ma, T.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, C.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, T.; Lin, J.; Wang, X.; Lei, Q. Excellent Energy Storage of Sandwich-Structured PVDF-Based Composite at Low Electric Field by Introduction of the Hybrid CoFe 2 O 4 @BZT–BCT Nanofibers. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 403–412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02659.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Wang, H.-Y.; Xu, H.-P. Influence of Silane Coupling Agent on Morphology and Dielectric Property in BaTiO3/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 112902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2338529.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Zhou, T.; Yao, S.-H.; Yuan, J.-K.; Zha, J.-W.; Song, H.-T.; Li, J.-Y.; Chen, Q.; Yang, W.-T.; Bai, J. Advanced Calcium Copper Titanate/Polyimide Functional Hybrid Films with High Dielectric Permittivity. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2077–2082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803427.
- Song, Y.; Shen, Y.; Liu, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, M.; Nan, C.-W. Enhanced Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties Induced by Dopamine-Modified BaTiO3 Nanofibers in Flexible Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) Nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 8063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30297g.
- Luo, H.; Chen, C.; Zhou, K.; Zhou, X.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, D. Enhancement of Dielectric Properties and Energy Storage Density in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoropropylene) by Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 68515–68522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11753D.
- Jiang, C.; Zhang, D.; Zhou, K.; Zhou, X.; Luo, Hang, Abrahams, I.; Abrahams, I. Significantly Enhanced Energy Storage Density of Sandwich-Structured (Na0.5 Bi0.5)0.93 Ba0.07 TiO3/P(VDF–HFP) Composites Induced by PVP-Modified Two-Dimensional Platelets. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18050–18059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA06682H.
- Zhang, D.; Wu, Z.; Zhou, X.; Wei, A.; Chen, C.; Luo, H. High Energy Density in P(VDF-HFP) Nanocomposite with Paraffin Engineered BaTiO3 Nanoparticles. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 2017, 260, 228–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.03.018.
- Yang, K.; Huang, X.; Zhu, M.; Xie, L.; Tanaka, T.; Jiang, P. Combining RAFT Polymerization and Thiol-ene Click Reaction for Core-shell Structured Polymer@BaTiO3 Nanodielectrics With High Dielectric Constant, Low Dielectric Loss, and High Energy Storage Capability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1812–1822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/am4048267.
- Kim, P.; Jones, S. C.; Hotchkiss, P. J.; Haddock, J. N.; Kippelen, B.; Marder, S. R.; Perry, J. W. Phosphonic Acid-Modified Barium Titanate Polymer Nanocomposites with High Permittivity and Dielectric Strength. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1001–1005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602422.
- Erdem, B.; Sudol, E. D.; Dimonie, V. L.; El-Aasser, M. S. Encapsulation of Inorganic Particles via Miniemulsion Polymerization. III. Characterization of Encapsulation. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 4441–4450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0518(20001215)38:24<4441::AID-POLA130>3.0.CO;2-U.
- Rong, Y.; Chen, H.-Z.; Wu, G.; Wang, M. Preparation and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle/Polystyrene Composites via Radical Polymerization. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2005, 91, 370–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.11.042.
- Wang, W.; Cao, H.; Zhu, G.; Wang, P. A Facile Strategy to Modify TiO 2 Nanoparticles via Surface-Initiated ATRP of Styrene. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 2010, 48, 1782–1790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.23946.
- Park, J. T.; Koh, J. H.; Koh, J. K.; Kim, J. H. Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from TiO2 Nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2009, 255, 3739–3744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.10.027.
- Islam, M. R.; Bach, L. G.; Jeong, J. H.; Kim, H. G.; Lim, K. T. Encapsulation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles with Poly(4-Vinylpyridine) Using Surface Functionalized Thiol-Lactam Initiated Radical Polymerization. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 3546–3549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7278.
- Lowes, B. J.; Bohrer, A. G.; Tran, T.; Shipp, D. A. Grafting of Polystyrene “from” and “through” Surface Modified Titania Nanoparticles. Polym. Bull. 2009, 62, 281–289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-008-0016-9.
- Corbierre, M. K.; Cameron, N. S.; Sutton, M.; Mochrie, S. G. J.; Lurio, L. B.; Rühm, A.; Lennox, R. B. Polymer-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Incorporation into Polymer Matrices. J. Am Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 10411–10412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0166287.
- Corbierre, M. K.; Cameron, N. S.; Sutton, M.; Laaziri, K.; Lennox, R. B. Gold Nanoparticle/Polymer Nanocomposites: Dispersion of Nanoparticles as a Function of Capping Agent Molecular Weight and Grafting Density. Langmuir 2005, 21, 6063–6072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la047193e.
- Kim, B. J.; Fredrickson, G. H.; Hawker, C. J.; Kramer, E. J. Nanoparticle Surfactants as a Route to Bicontinuous Block Copolymer Morphologies. Langmuir 2007, 23, 7804–7809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la700507j.
- Kim, B. J.; Chiu, J. J.; Yi, G.-R.; Pine, D. J.; Kramer, E. J. Nanoparticle-Induced Phase Transitions in Diblock-Copolymer Films. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2618–2622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200500502.
- Ma, J.; Azhar, U.; Zong, C.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, A.; Zhai, C.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S. Core-Shell Structured PVDF@BT Nanoparticles for Dielectric Materials: A Novel Composite to Prove the Dependence of Dielectric Properties on Ferroelectric Shell. Mater. Des. 2019, 164, 107556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107556.
- Yang, K.; Huang, X.; Huang, Y.; Xie, L.; Jiang, P. Fluoro-Polymer@BaTiO 3 Hybrid Nanoparticles Prepared via RAFT Polymerization: Toward Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites with High Dielectric Constant and Low Dielectric Loss for Energy Storage Application.Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 2327–2338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm4010486.
- Huang, Y.; Huang, X.; Schadler, L. S.; He, J.; Jiang, P. Core@Double-Shell Structured Nanocomposites: A Route to High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Material. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 25496–25507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06650.
- Xie, L.; Huang, X.; Yang, K.; Li, S.; Jiang, P. “Grafting to” Route to PVDF-HFP-GMA/BaTiO3 Nanocomposites with High Dielectric Constant and High Thermal Conductivity for Energy Storage and Thermal Management Applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 5244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta15156e.
- Chiu, J. J.; Kim, B. J.; Kramer, E. J.; Pine, D. J. Control of Nanoparticle Location in Block Copolymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5036–5037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja050376i.
- Yoo, M.; Kim, S.; Jang, S. G.; Choi, S.-H.; Yang, H.; Kramer, E. J.; Lee, W. B.; Kim, B. J.; Bang, J. Controlling the Orientation of Block Copolymer Thin Films Using Thermally-Stable Gold Nanoparticles With Tuned Surface Chemistry. Macromolecules 2011, 44, 9356–9365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2019254.
- Balazs, A. C.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T. P. Nanoparticle Polymer Composites: Where Two Small Worlds Meet. Science (80-.). 2006, 314, 1107–1110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130557.
- Thompson, R. B. Predicting the Mesophases of Copolymer-Nanoparticle Composites. Science (80-.). 2001, 292, 2469–2472.
- Tsutsumi, K.; Funaki, Y.; Hirokawa, Y.; Hashimoto, T. Selective Incorporation of Palladium Nanoparticles into Microphase-Separated Domains of Poly(2-Vinylpyridine)- b Lock -Polyisoprene. Langmuir 1999, 15, 5200–5203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la990246l.
- Pang, X.; He, Y.; Jiang, B.; Iocozzia, J.; Zhao, L.; Guo, H.; Liu, J.; Akinc, M.; Bowler, N.; Tan, X.; Lin, Z. Block Copolymer/Ferroelectric Nanoparticle Nanocomposites. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 8695, 8702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr03036a.
- Hailu, S. T.; Samant, S.; Grabowski, C.; Durstock, M.; Karim, A.; Raghavan, D. Synthesis of Highly Dispersed, Block Copolymer-Grafted TiO 2 Nanoparticles within Neat Block Copolymer Films. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 468–478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27460.
- Samant, S.; Hailu, S.; Singh, M.; Pradhan, N.; Yager, K.; Al‐Enizi, A. M.; Raghavan, D.; Karim, A. Alignment Frustration in Block Copolymer Films with Block Copolymer Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Soft‐Shear Cold Zone Annealing. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2021, 32:2052– 2060. pat.5234.
- Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yuan, Q.; Niu, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Ultrahigh Electric Displacement and Energy Density in Gradient Layer-Structured BaTiO 3/PVDF Nanocomposites with an Interfacial Barrier Effect. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 10849–10855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01522D.
- Tang, H.; Sodano, H. A. Ultra High Energy Density Nanocomposite Capacitors with Fast Discharge Using Ba0.2 Sr0.8 TiO3 Nanowires. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1373–1379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3037273.
- Hu, P.; Wang, J.; Shen, Y.; Guan, Y.; Lin, Y.; Nan, C.-W. Highly Enhanced Energy Density Induced by Hetero-Interface in Sandwich-Structured Polymer Nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 12321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta11886j.
- Tomer, V.; Polizos, G.; Manias, E.; Randall, C. A. Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites for Electrical Energy Storage. I: Effects of Montmorillonite and Barium Titanate Nanofillers. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 074116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3487275.
- Li, Q.; Han, K.; Gadinski, M. R.; Zhang, G.; Wang, Q. High Energy and Power Density Capacitors from Solution-Processed Ternary Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites.Adv Mater. 2014, 26, 6244–6249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402106.
- Zhang, X.; Shen, Y.; Xu, B.; Zhang, Q.; Gu, L.; Jiang, J.; Ma, J.; Lin, Y.; Nan, C.-W. Giant Energy Density and Improved Discharge Efficiency of Solution-Processed Polymer Nanocomposites for Dielectric Energy Storage. Adv Mater. 2016, 28, 2055–2061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503881.
- Hu, P.; Song, Y.; Liu, H.; Shen, Y.; Lin, Y.; Nan, C.-W. Largely Enhanced Energy Density in Flexible P(VDF-TrFE) Nanocomposites by Surface-Modified Electrospun BaSrTiO3 Fibers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 1688–1693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00948J.
- Li, Q.; Liu, F.; Yang, T.; Gadinski, M. R.; Zhang, G.; Chen, L.-Q.; Wang, Q. Sandwich-Structured Polymer Nanocomposites with High Energy Density and Great charge-discharge efficiency at elevated temperatures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2016, 113, 9995–10000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603792113.
- Chen, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Dong, J.; Xu, X.; Yuan, Q.; Niu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Significantly Improved Breakdown Strength and Energy Density of Tri-Layered Polymer Nanocomposites with Optimized Graphene Oxide. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2020, 186, 107912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107912.
- Marwat, M. A.; Xie, B.; Zhu, Y.; Fan, P.; Ma, W.; Liu, H.; Ashtar, M.; Xiao, J.; Salamon, D.; Samart, C.; Zhang, H. Largely Enhanced Discharge Energy Density in Linear Polymer Nanocomposites by Designing a Sandwich Structure. Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2019, 121, 115–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.03.016.
- Chen, F.; Zhou, Y.; Guo, J.; Sun, S.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, Y.; Xu, J. Sandwich-Structured Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Composite Film Containing a Boron Nitride Nanosheet Interlayer. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 2295–2302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09780E.
- Song, Y.; Shen, Y.; Hu, P.; Lin, Y.; Li, M.; Nan, C. W. Significant Enhancement in Energy Density of Polymer Composites Induced by Dopamine-Modified Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 Nanofibers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101, 152904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4760228.
- Zhu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, X.; Chen, J.; Li, Q.; He, J.; Jiang, P. High Energy Density Polymer Dielectrics Interlayered by Assembled Boron Nitride Nanosheets. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901826.
- Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Yuan, Q.; Chen, J.; Niu, Y.; Xu, X.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Gradient-Layered Polymer Nanocomposites with Significantly Improved Insulation Performance for Dielectric Energy Storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 24, 626–634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.013.
- Tomer, V.; Polizos, G.; Randall, C. A.; Manias, E. Polyethylene Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Implications of Nanofiller Orientation on High Field Properties and Energy Storage. J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 109, 074113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3569696.
- Tomer, V.; Randall, C. A.; Polizos, G.; Kostelnick, J.; Manias, E. High- and Low-Field Dielectric Characteristics of Dielectrophoretically Aligned Ceramic/Polymer Nanocomposites. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 034115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2838481.
- Tomer, V.; Randall, C. A. High Field Dielectric Properties of Anisotropic Polymer-Ceramic Composites. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 074106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2990073.
- Mackey, M.; Schuele, D. E.; Zhu, L.; Flandin, L.; Wolak, M. A.; Shirk, J. S.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E. Reduction of Dielectric Hysteresis in Multilayered Films via Nanoconfinement. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 1954–1962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma202267r.
- Mackey, M.; Flandin, L.; Hiltner, A.; Baer, E. Confined Crystallization of PVDF and a PVDF-TFE Copolymer in Nanolayered Films. J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 1750–1761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22375.
- Feng, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Chi, Q. Ultrahigh Discharge Efficiency and Excellent Energy Density in Oriented Core-Shell Nanofiber-Polyetherimide Composites. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 25, 180–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.10.016.
- Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, T.; Chen, Q.; Chi, Q.; Liu, L.; Li, G.; Cui, Y.; Wang, X.; Dang, Z.; Lei, Q. Excellent Energy Storage Performance and Thermal Property of Polymer-Based Composite Induced by Multifunctional One-Dimensional Nanofibers Oriented in-Plane Direction. Nano Energy 2019, 56, 138–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.044.
- Hu, H.; Zhang, F.; Luo, S.; Chang, W.; Yue, J.; Wang, C.-H. Recent Advances in Rational Design of Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics for Energy Storage. Nano Energy 2020, 74, 104844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104844.
- Li, Q.; Cheng, S. Polymer Nanocomposites for High-Energy-Density Capacitor Dielectrics: Fundamentals and Recent Progress. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. 2020, 36, 7–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2020.9070113.
- Dang, Z.-M.; Yuan, J.-K.; Zha, J.-W.; Zhou, T.; Li, S.-T.; Hu, G.-H. Fundamentals, Processes and Applications of High-Permittivity Polymer–Matrix Composites. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2012, 57, 660–723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.08.001.
- Tan, D. Q. Review of Polymer‐Based Nanodielectric Exploration and Film Scale‐up for Advanced Capacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1808567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808567.
- Zhang, T.; Chen, X.; Thakur, Y.; Lu, B.; Zhang, Q.; Runt, J.; Zhang, Q. M. A Highly Scalable Dielectric Metamaterial with Superior Capacitor Performance over a Broad Temperature. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaax6622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6622.
- Huang, X.; Zhang, X.; Ren, G.-K.; Jiang, J.; Dan, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Nan, C.-W.; Shen, Y. Non-Intuitive Concomitant Enhancement of Dielectric Permittivity, Breakdown Strength and Energy Density in Percolative Polymer Nanocomposites by Trace Ag Nanodots. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 15198–15206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA02257K.
- Hayirlioglu, A.; Kulkarni, M.; Singh, G.; Al-Enizi, A. M.; Zvonkina, I.; Karim, A. Block Copolymer Ordering on Elastomeric Substrates of Tunable Surface Energy. Emergent Mater. 2019, 2, 11–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-019-00025-9.