Chain-Extending Modification for Value-Added Recycled PET: A Review

References

• Tiseo, I. Demand for Polyethylene Terephthalate Worldwide from 2010 to 2020, with a Forecast for 2021 to 2030, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1128658/polyethylene-terephthalate-demand-worldwide/ (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Hopewell, J.; Dvorak, R.; Kosior, E. Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2009, 364, 2115–2126. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Market Research Future. Global Amorphous Polyethylene Terephthalate Market Information: By Additives (Chain Extenders, Solid Stating Accelerators), Application (Bottles, Packaging), End-Use Industries (Food & Beverage, Pharmaceuticals, Automotive), Region-Forecast Till 2027, 2021. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/amorphous-polyethylene-terephthalate-market-5936 (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, V.; Bashir, Z. PET Fibers, Films, and Bottles: Sections 5–7. In Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters: Homopolymers, Copolymers, Blends, and Composites; Adewale, O. O., Ed.; FL, USA: CRC Press, 2002; pp 362–388.
   Google Scholar
• Grand View Research. Polyethylene Terephthalate Compounding Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Packaging, Electrical & Electronics, Industrial Machinery, Automotive, Construction, Material Handling), by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2016-2024, 2016. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-compounding-market (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Irfan, M.; Ahmad, M.; Fareed, Z.; Iqbal, N.; Sharif, A.; Wu, H. On the Indirect Environmental Outcomes of COVID-19: Short-Term Revival with Futuristic Long-Term Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 31, 1–11. DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1874888.
   Google Scholar
• Stachowiak, T.; Łukasik, K. The Management of Polymer and Biodegradable Composite Waste in Relation to Petroleum-Based Thermoplastic Polymer Waste—In Terms of Energy Consumption and Processability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3701. DOI: 10.3390/su13073701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recycling Magazine. PET Recycling: Towards a Circular Economy, Recycling Magazine: Germany, August 6, 2020. https://www.recycling-magazine.com/2020/06/08/pet-recycling-towards-a-circular-economy/ (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Plastic for Change. What Are the Regulations for the Use of Recycled Plastic? Plastics for Change, 2020. https://www.plasticsforchange.org/blog/category/what-are-the-current-regulations-for-the-use-of-recycled-plastic (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Commission Eurostat How Much Plastic Packaging Waste Do We Recycle? Ed.; Eurostat Your Key to European Statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20191105-2 (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• F. D. A. Administration, U. S. F. D. A. Packaging & Food Contact Substances (FCS). Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging. https://www.fda.gov/food/packaging-food-contact-substances-fcs/recycled-plastics-food-packaging (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Forrest, M. Regulations and Guidance Documents from the European Union and U. S. Food and Drug Administration. In Recycling of Polyethylene Trerephthalate; Garmson, E., Chavaroche, H., Eds.; Shropshire, UK: Smithers, 2016; pp 79–105.
   Google Scholar
• Neo, P. No Colour, on PVC: South Korea Bans Hard-to-Recycle Plastic Materials for F&B Packaging, Food Navigator Asia.com; William Reed Incorming Business Growth, January 31, 2020. https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2020/01/31/No-colour-no-PVC-South-Korea-bans-hard-to-recycle-plastic-materials-for-F-B-packaging (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Boucher, J. China Outlines Restrictions on Single Use Plasitcs. Food Packaging Forum. September 16, 2020. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/news/china-outlines-restrictions-on-single-use-plastics (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• The Council for PET Bottle Recycling. Voluntary Design Guidelines for Designated PET bottles. https://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp/english/design.html (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Hernández-Sarabia, M.; Carpio-Aguilar, J. C.; Franco-García, M.-L.; Rincón-Moreno, J. Share, Optimise, Closed Loop for Food Waste (Sol4 Food Waste): The Case of Walmart-Mexico. In Towards. Zero. Waste, Franco-G., M. L., Garpio-A, J. C., Eds.; NY, USA: Springer, 2019; Vol. 6, pp. 165–190.
   Google Scholar
• Lamberti, F. M.; Román-Ramírez, L. A.; Wood, J. Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 2551–2571. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01795-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragaert, K.; Delva, L.; Van Geem, K. Mechanical and Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Waste. Waste. Manage. 2017, 69, 24–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briassoulis, D.; Hiskakis, M.; Babou, E. Technical Specifications for Mechanical Recycling of Agricultural Plastic Waste. Waste. Manage. 2013, 33, 1516–1530. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antelava, A.; Damilos, S.; Hafeez, S.; Manos, G.; Al-Salem, S. M.; Sharma, B. K.; Kohli, K.; Constantinou, A. Plastic Solid Waste (PSW) in the Context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Sustainable Management. Environ. Manage. 2019, 64, 230–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awaja, F.; Pavel, D. Recycling of PET. Eur. Polym. J. 2005, 41, 1453–1477. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karayannidis, G. P.; Achilias, D. S. Chemical Recycling of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2007, 292, 128–146. DOI: 10.1002/mame.200600341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliga, S.; Wong, W. T. Depolymerization of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Recycled from Post‐Consumer Soft‐Drink Bottles. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 1989, 27, 2071–2082. DOI: 10.1002/pola.1989.080270625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-AbdulRazzak, S.; Jabarin, S. A. Processing Characteristics of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate): Hydrolytic and Thermal Degradation. Polym. Int. 2002, 51, 164–173. DOI: 10.1002/pi.813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sclavons, M.; Carlier, V.; Legras, R. Anhydride Chain Ends Functionalization of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Polym. Eng. Sci. 1999, 39, 789–803. DOI: 10.1002/pen.11467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniela Held, P. K. Tips & Tricks GPC/SEC: How GPC/SEC Can Help to Reduce PET Plastic Waste. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/tips-tricks-gpcsec-how-gpcsec-can-help-reduce-pet-plastic-waste (accessed Nov 17, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Nofar, M.; Oğuz, H. Development of PBT/Recycled-PET Blends and the Influence of Using Chain Extender. J. Polym. Environ. 2019, 27, 1404–1417. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-019-01435-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikiaris, D. N.; Karayannidis, G. P. Chain Extension of Polyesters PET and PBT with Two New Diimidodiepoxides. II. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 1996, 34, 1337–1342. [Database] DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199605)34:7<1337::AID-POLA22>3.0.CO;2-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesetskii, S.; Jurkowski, B.; Filimonov, O.; Koval, V.; Golubovich, V. PET/PC Blends: Effect of Chain Extender and Impact Strength Modifier on Their Structure and Properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 119, 225–234. DOI: 10.1002/app.32532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R. S.; Ab Ghani, M. H.; Salleh, M. N.; Ahmad, S.; Gan, S. Influence of Blend Composition and Compatibilizer on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Recycled HDPE/PET Blends. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2014, 5, 943.
   Google Scholar
• Matias, Á. A.; Lima, M. S.; Pereira, J.; Pereira, P.; Barros, R.; Coelho, J. F.; Serra, A. C. Use of Recycled Polypropylene/Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Blends to Manufacture Water Pipes: An Industrial Scale Study. Waste. Manage. 2020, 101, 250–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masmoudi, F.; Alix, S.; Buet, S.; Mehri, A.; Bessadok, A.; Jaziri, M.; Ammar, E. Design and Characterization of a New Food Packaging Material by Recycling Blends Virgin and Recovered Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2020, 60, 250–256. DOI: 10.1002/pen.25278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standau, T.; Nofar, M.; Dörr, D.; Ruckdäschel, H.; Altstädt, V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. Polym. Rev. 2021, 61, 1–55. DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710.
   Google Scholar
• Inata, H.; Matsumura, S. Chain Extenders for Polyesters. III. Addition‐Type Nitrogen‐Containing Chain Extenders Reactive with Hydroxyl End Groups of Polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1986, 32, 4581–4594. DOI: 10.1002/app.1986.070320423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares, A. A.; Silva, D. F.; Lima, P. S.; Andrade, D. L.; Silva, S. M.; Canedo, E. L. Chain Extension of Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polym. Test. 2016, 50, 26–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.11.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffa, P.; Coltelli, M.-B.; Savi, S.; Bianchi, S.; Castelvetro, V. Chain Extension and Branching of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) with Di- and Multifunctional Epoxy or Isocyanate Additives: An Experimental and Modelling Study. React. Funct. Polym. 2012, 72, 50–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haralabakopoulos, A.; Tsiourvas, D.; Paleos, C. Chain Extension of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Reactive Blending Using Diepoxides. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 71, 2121–2127. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990328)71:13<2121::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-Y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.; Li, Y.; Xie, D.; Chen, J. Effect of Chain Extrender on the Compatibility, Mechanical and Gas Barrier Properties of Poly (Butylene Adipate‐co‐Terephthalate)/Poly (Propylene Carbonate) Bio‐Composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 50487. DOI: 10.1002/app.50487.
   Google Scholar
• Joncryl Functional Additives Joncryl ADR 4468 Technical Information; BASF the Chemical Company, 2014. https://pic.dginfo.com/upfile/file/2020/01/07/10/ori/6371399111773954075835672.pdf (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Xanthos, M.; Wan, C.; Dhavalikar, R.; Karayannidis, G.; Bikiaris, D. Identification of Rheological and Structural Characteristics of Foamable Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Reactive Extrusion. Polym. Int. 2004, 53, 1161–1168. DOI: 10.1002/pi.1526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Härth, M.; Dörnhöfer, A.; Kaschta, J.; Münstedt, H.; Schubert, D. W. Molecular Structure and Rheological Properties of a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Modified by Two Different Chain Extenders. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 50110. DOI: 10.1002/app.50110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arayesh, H.; Golshan Ebrahimi, N.; Khaledi, B.; Khabazian Esfahani, M. Introducing Four Different Branch Structures in PET by Reactive Processing. –– J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 49243. DOI: 10.1002/app.49243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srithep, Y.; Pholharn, D.; Dassakorn, A.; Morris, J. Effect of Chain Extenders on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) and Polycarbonate Blends. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 213, 012008. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/213/1/012008.
   Google Scholar
• Joncryl ADR-4368C Polymeric Chain Extedner for Food Applications; BASF the Chemical Company, 2008. http://www2.basf.us/additives/pdfs/4368C_TDS.pdf (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Qian, Z.; Chen, X.; Xu, J.; Guo, B. Chain Extension of PA1010 by Reactive Extrusion by Diepoxide 711 and Diepoxide TDE85 as Chain Extenders. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94, 2347–2355. DOI: 10.1002/app.21043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsli, N. G. A Study on the Fracture, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chain Extended Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2017, 30, 1157–1172. DOI: 10.1177/0892705715618740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkam, S.; Harnnarongchai, W. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Recycled PET Modified by Reactive Extrusion. Energy Proc. 2014, 56, 547–553. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.191.
   Google Scholar
• Dhavalikar, R.; Xanthos, M. Parameters Affecting the Chain Extension and Branching of PET in the Melt State by Polyepoxides. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 87, 643–652. DOI: 10.1002/app.11425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, H.; Yuan, H.; Gao, F.; Zhao, L.; Liu, T. Modification of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Combination of Reactive Extrusion and Followed Solid‐State Polycondensation for Melt Foaming. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132. DOI: 10.1002/app.42708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z.; Xin, C.; Mughal, W.; Li, X.; He, Y. High‐Melt‐Elasticity Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Produced by Reactive Extrusion with a Multi‐Functional Epoxide for Foaming. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45805. DOI: 10.1002/app.45805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, C. Introduction to Epoxy Resins. In Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed.; May, C-A., Ed.; NY, USA: Marcel Dekker, 1988; pp 1–8 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Li, H.; Du, Z.; Li, C. Chain Extension of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with Bisphenol‐a Dicyanate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 117, 2003–2008. DOI: 10.1002/app.32136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, X.; Guo, W.; Yin, G.; Li, B.; Wu, C. Reactive Extrusion of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with Polycarbonate by Addition of Chain Extender. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 104, 2602–2607. DOI: 10.1002/app.24410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, N.; Robin, J.; Boutevin, B. Chemical Modification of Virgin and Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Adding of Chain Extenders during Processing. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 79, 1816–1824. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010307)79:10<1816::AID-APP100>3.0.CO;2-R.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T-Y.; Lee, C-H.; Cho, S.; Lee, D-H.; Yoon, K.-B. Enhancement of Physical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyether-Ester Elastomer by Reactive Extrusion with Chain Extender. Polym. Bull. 2011, 66, 979–990. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0405-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, B. H.; Yang, M. C. Improvement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly (L‐Lactic Acid) with 4, 4‐Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2006, 17, 439–443. DOI: 10.1002/pat.731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Guo, W.; Zhang, H.; Wu, C. Influence of Chain Extension on the Compatibilization and Properties of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)/Linear Low Density Polyethylene Blends. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009, 94, 1135–1141. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.; Wirasaputra, A.; Jiang, Z.; Liu, S.; Zhao, J.; Fu, Y. Fabrication of Improved Overall Properties of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Simultaneous Chain Extension and Crystallization Promotion. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2018, 133, 1447–1454. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-018-7179-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento, C. R.; Azuma, C.; Bretas, R.; Farah, M.; Dias, M. L. Chain Extension Reaction in Solid‐State Polymerization of Recycled PET: The Influence of 2, 2′‐Bis‐2‐Oxazoline and Pyromellitic Anhydride. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 115, 3177–3188. DOI: 10.1002/app.31400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B.; Xu, Q. Effects of Bifunctional Chain Extender on the Crystallinity and Thermal Stability of PET. J. Mater. Sci. Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Inata, H.; Matsumura, S. Chain Extenders for Polyesters. I. Addition‐Type Chain Extenders Reactive with Carboxyl End Groups of Polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1985, 30, 3325–3337. DOI: 10.1002/app.1985.070300815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shokubai, N. Oxazoline Functionalized Reactive Copolymers Epocros Novel Low Toxic Polymer Crosslinker and Adhesion Promoting Agent for Waterborne; Nippon Shokubai, 2021. https://www.shokubai.co.jp/en/products/detail/epocros.html (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Berg, D.; Schaefer, K.; Moeller, M. Impact of the Chain Extension of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with 1, 3‐Phenylene‐Bis‐Oxazoline and N, N′‐Carbonylbiscaprolactam by Reactive Extrusion on Its Properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2019, 59, 284–294. DOI: 10.1002/pen.24903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veselova, E.; Andreeva, T.; Strelkova, M. Reaction Modification of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate with 1, 3-Phenylene-Bis-Oxazoline. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2014, 41, 37–40. DOI: 10.1177/0307174X1404100910.
   Google Scholar
• Inata, H.; Matsumura, S. Chain Extenders for Polyester. II. Reactivities of Carboxyl‐Addition-Type Chain Extenders; Bis Cyclic‐Imino‐Ethers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1986, 32, 5193–5202. DOI: 10.1002/app.1986.070320534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inata, H.; Matsumura, S. Chain Extenders for Polyesters. IV. Properties of the Polyesters Chain‐Extended by 2, 2′‐Bis (2‐Oxazoline). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1987, 33, 3069–3079. DOI: 10.1002/app.1987.070330838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardi, N.; Po, R.; Giannotta, G.; Occhiello, E.; Garbassi, F.; Messina, G. Chain Extension of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with 2, 2′‐Bis (2‐Oxazoline). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 50, 1501–1509. DOI: 10.1002/app.1993.070500903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karayannidis, G. P.; Psalida, E. A. Chain Extension of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with 2, 2′‐(1, 4‐Phenylene) Bis (2‐Oxazoline). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77, 2206–2211. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20000906)77:10<2206::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-D.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouissem, L.; Douibi, A.; Benachour, D. The Evolution of Properties of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) as Function of Chain Extenders, the Extrusion Cycle and Heat Treatment. Polym. Sci. Ser. A 2014, 56, 844–855. DOI: 10.1134/S0965545X14060157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incarnato, L.; Scarfato, P.; Di Maio, L.; Acierno, D. Structure and Rheology of Recycled PET Modified by Reactive Extrusion. Polymer 2000, 41, 6825–6831. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00032-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimestre, B. H.; Saron, C. Chain Extension of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) by Reactive Extrusion with Secondary Stabilizer. Mat. Res. 2012, 15, 467–472. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-14392012005000058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghanlou, S.; Khamseh, M.; Aghjeh, M. R.; Pourabbas, B. Influence of Chain Extension and Blending on Crystallinity and Morphological Behavior of Recycled-PET/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Blends. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccorullo, I.; Di Maio, L.; Montesano, S.; Incarnato, L. Theoretical and Experimental Study of Foaming Process with Chain Extended Recycled PET. Express Polym. Lett. 2009, 3, 84–96. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awaja, F.; Daver, F.; Kosior, E. Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Chain Extension by a Reactive Extrusion Process. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004, 44, 1579–1587. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, Y.; Yao, S.; Xu, M.; Gao, L.; Fang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Liu, T. Improvement of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Melt-Foamability by Long-Chain Branching with the Combination of Pyromellitic Dianhydride and Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 3666–3678. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Härth, M.; Kaschta, J.; Schubert, D. W. Shear and Elongational Flow Properties of Long-Chain Branched Poly (Ethylene Terephthalates) and Correlations to Their Molecular Structure. Macromolecules 2014, 47, 4471–4478. DOI: 10.1021/ma5002657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcanti, F.; Teofilo, E.; Rabello, M.; Silva, S. Chain Extension and Degradation during Reactive Processing of PET in the Presence of Triphenyl Phosphite. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2007, 47, 2155–2163. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, D.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Jiang, X. Chain Extension and Thermal Behavior of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Modified by Reactive Extrusion with Triphenyl Phosphite. MATEC Web Conf. EDP Sci., 2016, 67, 06052. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166706052.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, K.; Qian, J.; Lou, F.; Yan, W.; Wu, G.; Guo, W. The Effects of Two-Step Reactive Processing on the Properties of Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Polym. Bull. 2017, 74, 2479–2496. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1850-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, K.; Kotek, R.; Tonelli, A. Review of Conventional and Novel Polymerization Processes for Polyesters. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 1009–1037. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheirs, J. Polymerization and Polycondensation. In Polymer Recycling: Science, Technology, and Applications Wiley Series in Polymer Science; Scheirs, J., Long T. E., Eds.; NJ, NY: Wiley, 2003; pp 31–116.
   Google Scholar
• Mihucz, V. G.; Záray, G. Occurrence of Antimony and Phthalate Esters in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottled Drinking Water. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2016, 51, 183–209. DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2015.1105243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartolome, L.; Imran, M.; Cho, B. G.; Almasry, W. A.; Kim, D. H. Recent Developments in the Chemical Recycling of PET. In Material Recycling-Trends and Perspectives; Achilias, D. S., Ed.; London, UK: Intech, 2012; pp 65–84.
   Google Scholar
• A. S. T. M International. D7209-06 Standard Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products. https://standards.globalspec.com/std/119581/astm-d7209 (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. I. S. O. 15270 Plastics-Guidelines for the Recovery and Recycling of Plastics Waste. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:15270:ed-2:v1:en (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Maris, J.; Bourdon, S.; Brossard, J. M.; Cauret, L.; Fontaine, L.; Montembault, V. Mechanical Recycling: Compatibilization of Mixed Thermoplastic Wastes. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2018, 147, 245–266. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): A Comprehensive Review. https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-plastic (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Azzawi, F. Degradation Studies on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate. London, UK: London Metropolitan University, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Salem, S.; Lettieri, P.; Baeyens, J. Recycling and Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW): A Review. Waste Manage. 2009, 29, 2625–2643. [Database] DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiounn, T.; Smith, R. C. Advances and Approaches for Chemical Recycling of Plastic Waste. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 1347–1364. DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, V.; Patel, M. R.; Patel, J. V. PET Waste Management by Chemical Recycling: A Review. J. Polym. Environ. 2010, 18, 8–25. [Database] DOI: 10.1007/s10924-008-0106-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigore, M. E. Methods of Recycling, Properties and Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Polymers. Recycling 2017, 2, 24. DOI: 10.3390/recycling2040024.
   Google Scholar
• Takenaka, N.; Tominaga, A.; Sekiguchi, H.; Nakano, R.; Takatori, E.; Yao, S. Creation of Advanced Recycle Process to Waste Container and Packaging Plastic—Polypropylene Sorted Recycle Plastic Case. J. Soc. Rheol. Japan 2017, 45, 139–143.
   Google Scholar
• Raheem, A. B.; Noor, Z. Z.; Hassan, A.; Abd Hamid, M. K.; Samsudin, S. A.; Sabeen, A. H. Current Developments in Chemical Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes for New Materials Production: A Review. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 225, 1052–1064. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurgul, A.; Szczepaniak, W.; Zabłocka-Malicka, M. Incineration and Pyrolysis vs. Steam Gasification of Electronic Waste. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 624, 1119–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, K.-L.; Choi, S.-M.; Kim, M.-K.; Heo, J.-B.; Zoh, K.-D. Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Waste Incineration in Korea. J. Environ. Manage. 2017, 196, 710–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Salem, S.; Lettieri, P.; Baeyens, J. The Valorization of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW) by Primary to Quaternary Routes: From Re-Use to Energy and Chemicals. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2010, 36, 103–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard, E.; Arias, J. J. R.; Thielemans, W. Chemolytic Depolymerisation of PET: A Review. Green Chem. 2021, 23, 3765–3789. DOI: 10.1039/D1GC00887K.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achilias, D.; Karayannidis, G. The Chemical Recycling of PET in the Framework of Sustainable Development. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2004, 4, 385–396. [Database] DOI: 10.1023/B:WAFO.0000044812.47185.0f.
   Google Scholar
• Han, M. Depolymerization of PET Bottle via Methanolysis and Hydrolysis. In Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles; Thomas, S., Rane, A., Kanny, K., Abitha, V. K., Thomas, M. G., Eds.; Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier, 2019; pp 85–108.
   Google Scholar
• Schyns, Z. O.; Shaver, M. P. Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2021, 42, 2000415. DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrain, M.; Van Passel, S.; Thomassen, G.; Van Gorp, B.; Nhu, T. T.; Huysveld, S.; Van Geem, K. M.; De Meester, S.; Billen, P. Techno-Economic Assessment of Mechanical Recycling of Challenging Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 170, 105607. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeswani, H.; Krüger, C.; Russ, M.; Horlacher, M.; Antony, F.; Hann, S.; Azapagic, A. Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Chemical Recycling via Pyrolysis of Mixed Plastic Waste in Comparison with Mechanical Recycling and Energy Recovery. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 769, 144483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sabagh, A.; Yehia, F.; Eshaq, G.; Rabie, A.; ElMetwally, A. Greener Routes for Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Egypt. J. Pet. 2016, 25, 53–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-Q.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y.-N. Separation of Polyethylene Terephthalate from Municipal Waste Plastics by Froth Flotation for Recycling Industry. Waste Manag. 2015, 35, 42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K.; Zhang, Y.; Zhong, Y.; Luo, M.; Du, Y.; Wang, L.; Wang, H. Flotation Separation of Polyethylene Terephthalate from Waste Packaging Plastics through Ethylene Glycol Pretreatment Assisted by Sonication. Waste Manage. 2020, 105, 309–316. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Fu, J.; Zhang, L.; Luo, C.; Liu, Y. Flotation Separation of Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics Combined with Surface Modification for Recycling. Waste Manage. 2015, 45, 112–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthu, S. S. Properties of Recycled Polyester. In Recycled Polyester: Manufacturing, Properties, Test Methods, and Identification; Muthu, S. S., Ed. London, UK: Springer Nature, 2019; pp 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Frounchi, M. Studies on Degradation of PET in Mechanical Recycling. Macromol. Symp. 1999, 144, 465–469. DOI: 10.1002/masy.19991440142.
   Google Scholar
• Badia, J.; Vilaplana, F.; Karlsson, S.; Ribes-Greus, A. Thermal Analysis as a Quality Tool for Assessing the Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Degradation on Recycled Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Polym. Test. 2009, 28, 169–175. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.11.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H.; Lv, S.; He, Y.; Qu, J.-P. The Study of the Thermomechanical Degradation and Mechanical Properties of PET Recycled by Industrial-Scale Elongational Processing. Polym. Test. 2019, 77, 105882. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.04.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindranath, K.; Mashelkar, R. Polyethylene Terephthalate—I. Chemistry, Thermodynamics and Transport Properties. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1986, 41, 2197–2214. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(86)85070-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats, A.; Redfern, J. Thermogravimetric Analysis. A Review. Analyst 1963, 88, 906–924. DOI: 10.1039/an9638800906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S.; Cheng, W. Thermal Degradation and Catalytic Cracking of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1999, 63, 407–412. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00121-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, S. S.; Taheri, S.; Zadhoush, A.; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, A. Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 103, 2304–2309. DOI: 10.1002/app.24142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paci, M.; La Mantia, F. Influence of Small Amounts of Polyvinylchloride on the Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1999, 63, 11–14. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00053-6.
   Google Scholar
• Paszun, D.; Spychaj, T. Chemical Recycling of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1997, 36, 1373–1383. [Database] DOI: 10.1021/ie960563c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaseska, D.; Civkaroska, M. Alkaline Hydrolysis of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Recycled from the Postconsumer Soft-Drink Bottles. J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall. 2010, 45, 379–384.
   Google Scholar
• Carta, D.; Cao, G.; D'Angeli, C. Chemical Recycling of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Hydrolysis and Glycolysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2003, 10, 390–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya, U.; Nadkarni, V. Unsaturated Polyesters from PET Waste: Kinetics of Polycondensation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1987, 34, 235–245. DOI: 10.1002/app.1987.070340120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanelli, J.; Kamal, M.; Cooper, D. Kinetics of Glycolysis of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Melts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1994, 54, 1731–1740. DOI: 10.1002/app.1994.070541115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, Q. F.; Xiao, L. F.; Zhang, M. L.; Bai, X. F. The Glycolysis of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Waste: Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids as High Efficient Catalysts. Polymers 2013, 5, 1258–1271. DOI: 10.3390/polym5041258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, C. S. Development in the Commercial Methods of Recycling Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). McGill. Green. Chem. J. 2015, 39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, S.; Harad, A. M. Aminolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91, 1850–1854. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P.; Bhandari, S. Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Ammonolysis and Aminolysis. In Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles; Thomas, S., Rane, A., Kanny, K., Abitha, V. K., Thomas, M. G., Eds.; Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier, 2019; pp 109–134.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, M.; Fisher, L.; Alger, K.; Zeronian, S. Physical Properties of Polyester Fibers Degraded by Aminolysis and by Alkalin Hydrolysis. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1982, 27, 247–257. DOI: 10.1002/app.1982.070270126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR-Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Japon, S.; Boogh, L.; Leterrier, Y.; Månson, J.-A. Reactive Processing of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Modified with Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Additives. Polymers 2000, 41, 5809–5818. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00768-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Mayer, R. J.; Ofial, A. R.; Mayr, H. From Carbodiimides to Carbon Dioxide: Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Heteroallenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 8383–8402. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Relevance, E. Commission Regulation on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32011R0010 (accessed Nov 24, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, P. S.; Mehta, A. S.; Mehta, S. J.; Makhijani, A. B. Bhopal Tragedy's Health Effects: A Review of Methyl Isocyanate Toxicity. JAMA Network 1990, 264, 2781–2787.
   Google Scholar
• Trinh, L. T.; Lambermont-Thijs, H. M.; Schubert, U. S.; Hoogenboom, R.; Kjøniksen, A.-L. Thermoresponsive Poly (2-Oxazoline) Block Copolymers Exhibiting Two Cloud Points: Complex Multistep Assembly Behavior. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 4337–4345. DOI: 10.1021/ma300570j.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxenhofer, R.; Huber, S.; Hytry, J.; Tong, J.; Kabanov, A. V.; Jordan, R. Chiral and Water‐Soluble Poly (2‐Oxazoline) s. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 732–738. DOI: 10.1002/pola.26437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, A.; Gherardi, F.; Goidanich, S.; Delaney, J.; De La Rie, E.; Ubaldi, M.; Toniolo, L.; Simonutti, R. Highly Transparent Poly (2-Ethyl-2-Oxazoline)-TiO2 Nanocomposite Coatings for the Conservation of Matte Painted Artworks. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 84879–84888. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA10895K.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svoboda, J.; SedláčEk, O. e.; Riedel, T. s.; Hrubý, M.; Pop-Georgievski, O. Poly, (2.; Poly(2-oxazoline)s One-Pot Polymerization and Surface Coating: From Synthesis to Antifouling Properties Out-Performing Poly(ethylene oxide)). Biomacromolecules 2019, 20, 3453–3463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaifami, C. M.; Zanini, S.; Zoia, L.; Riccardi, C. Plasma Enhanced-Chemical Vapor Deposition of 2-Isopropenyl-2-Oxazoline to Promote the Adhesion between a Polyethylene Terephthalate Monofilament and the Rubber in a Tire. Coatings 2021, 11, 708. DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauhardt, L.; Kempe, K.; Gottschaldt, M.; Schubert, U. S. Poly (2-Oxazoline) Functionalized Surfaces: From Modification to Application. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 7998–8011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrdlička, L.; Šrámková, P.; Prousek, J.; Kronek, J. Environmental Toxicity Study of Poly (2-Oxazoline) s. Chem. Pap. 2018, 72, 1543–1547. DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0410-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar