Mathematical Modeling of Emulsion Copolymerization Reactors. I. Model Formulation and Application to Reactors Operating with Micellar Nucleation

REFERENCES

• Himmelblau , D. M. and Bischoff , K. H. 1968 . Process Analysis and Simulation , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ramkrishna , D. 1985 . The Status of Population Balances . Rev. Chem. Eng. , 3 ( 1 ) : 49 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Min , K. W. and Ray , W. H. 1974 . On the Mathematical Modelling of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors . J. Macromol. Sci.—Rev. Macromol. Chem. , C11 ( 2 ) : 177 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Penlidis , A. , MacGregor , J. F. and Hamielec , A. E. 1985 . Dynamic Modeling of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors: A Review . AIChE J. , 31 ( 6 ) : 881 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichti , G. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1982 . “ Theoretical Prediction of the Particle Size and Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerizations ” . In Emulsion Polymerization , Edited by: Piirma , I. 93 – 144 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. H. and Mallinson , R. G. 1989 . Molecular Weight Distribution in Continuous Stirred Tank Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Copolymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 37 : 3315 – 3327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storti , G. , Polotti , G. , Cociani , M. and Morbidelli , M. 1992 . Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization. I. The Homopolymer Case . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 30 : 731 – 750 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannetti , E. , Storti , G. and Morbidelli , M. 1988 . Emulsion Polymerizations. I. A Novel Approach to the Evaluation of the Molecular Weight Distributions . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 26 : 1835 – 1865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita , H. , Takada , Y. and Nomura , M. 1995 . Simulation Model for the Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Copolymerization . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. , 33 : 441 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita , H. , Takada , Y. and Nomura , M. 1994 . Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Copolymerization . Macromolecules , 27 : 3804 – 3811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. D. and Funderburk , J. O. 1972 . Design Models for Continuous Emulsion Polymerization and Preliminary Experimental Evaluation . Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop. , 11 : 361 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. W. and Stevens , J. D. 1977 . A Population Balance Approach to Modelling of Continuous Emulsion Polymerization . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 32 : 311 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichti , G. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1977 . The Growth of Polymer Colloids . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 15 : 1957 – 1971 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirillov , V. A. and Ray , W. H. 1978 . The Mathematical Modelling of Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Reactors . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 33 : 1499 – 1506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiparissides , C. , MacGregor , J. F. and Hamielec , A. E. 1979 . Continuous Emulsion Polymerization. Modeling Oscillations in Vinyl Acetate Polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 23 : 401 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGraff , A. W. and Poehlein , G. W. 1971 . Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in a Single Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor . J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2 , 9 : 1955 – 1976 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlings , James B. 1985 . Simulation and Stability of Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Reactors , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Giannetti , E. 1990 . Comprehensive Theory of Particle Growth in the Smith-Ewart Interval II of Emulsion Polymerization Systems . Macromolecules , 23 : 4748 – 4759 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg , D. C. 1979 . A Quantitative Treatment of Particle Size Distributions in Emulsion Polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 23 : 2197 – 2214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney , P. J. , Napper , D. H. and Gilbert , R. G. 1984 . Coagulative Nucleation and Particle Size Distributions in Emulsion Polymerization . Macromolecules , 17 : 2520 – 2529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlings , J. B. 1990 . Analytical Solutions of Emulsion Polymerization Models . AIChE J. , 36 ( 4 ) : 623 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita , H. and Hamielec , A. E. 1989 . Modeling of Network Formation in Free Radical Polymerization . Macromolecules , 22 : 3098 – 3105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita , H. and Yamamoto , K. 1994 . Network Formation in Emulsion Crosslinking Copolymerization . Macromolecules , 27 : 3389 – 3396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmot , D. and Guillot , J. 1992 . Kinetic Modelling of Network Formation in Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion Copolymers: A Comparative Study with the Generalized Form of Flory's Theory of Gelation . Polymer , 33 : 352 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teymour , F. and Campbell , J. D. 1994 . Analysis of the Dynamics of Gelation in Polymerization Reactors Using the Numerical Fractionation Technique . Macromolecules , 27 : 2460 – 2469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzamendi , G. , Forcada , J. and Asúa , J. M. 1994 . Kinetics of Long-Chain Branching in Emulsion Polymerization . Macromolecules , 27 : 6068 – 6079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzamendi , G. and Asúa , J. M. 1995 . Modeling Gelation and Sol Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization . Macromolecules , 28 : 7479 – 7490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzotti , M. , Storti , G. , Fiorentino , S. , Ghielmi , A. and Morbidelli , M. 1995 . “ Kinetics of Branching in Emulsion Copolymerization ” . In Fifth International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering , Edited by: Reichter , K. H. and Moritz , H. U. 19 – 34 . Frankfurt : VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Haskell , V. C. and Scttlage , P. H. 1971 . “ Simulation of the Kinetics of an Aqueous Emulsion Copolymer System ” . In Polymer Colloids I , Edited by: Fitch , R. M. 163 – 172 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Gevorkova , T. A. , Zlatina , S. A. and Zhigareva , K. M. 1970 . Mathematical Description of the Emulsion Copolymerization Process . Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnotogii , 4 ( 4 ) : 567 – 572 .
   Google Scholar
• Gevorkova , T. A. , Zlatina , S. A. and Zhigareva , K. M. 1972 . Nonlinear Models of Emulsion Polymerization and Copolymerization Processes . Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii , 9 ( 6 ) : 926 – 929 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballard , M. J. , Napper , D. H. and Gilbert , R. G. 1981 . Theory of Emulsion Copolymerization Kinetics . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 19 : 939 – 954 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. , Kubo , M. and Fujita , K. 1981 . Kinetics of Emulsion Copolymerization. I. Theoretical Part . Mem. Fac. Eng. Fukui Univ. , 29 ( 2 ) : 167 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. , Yamamoto , K. , Horie , I. and Fujita , K. 1982 . Kinetics of Emulsion Copolymerization. II. Effect of Free Radical Desorption on the Rate of Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 27 : 2483 – 2501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. , Horie , I. , Kubo , M. and Fujita , K. 1983 . Kinetics and Mechanism of Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate . In AIChE Spring National Meeting . 1983 , Houston.
   Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1980 . A Thermodynamic Approach to Emulsion Copolymerization . Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. , 1 : 697 – 702 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1981 . Kinetics and Thermodynamic Aspects of Emulsion Copolymerization Acrylonitrile-Styrene Copolymerization . Acta Polymerica , 32 : 593 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1990 . Modelling and Simulation of Emulsion Copolymerization of Monomers of Different Polarities—Relationship Polymerization Process—Micro-structure—Properties . Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. , 35 : 269 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1993 . Modelling/Simulation of Elaboration and Properties of Emulsion Copolymers . Comp. Chem. Eng. , 17(S) : S189 – SI94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada , J. and Asúa , J. M. 1985 . Modelling the Microstructure of Emulsion Copolymers . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 23 : 1955 – 1962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urretabizkaia , A. , Arzamendi , G. and Asúa , J. M. 1992 . Modelling Semicontinuous Emulsion Terpolymerization . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 47 ( 9 ) : 2579 – 2584 . –11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel , L. F. J. , Van Zon , J. M. A. M. , Maxwell , I. A. and German , A. L. 1994 . Prediction of Polymer Composition in Batch Emulsion Copolymerization . J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. , 32 : 1009 – 1026 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriola , D. J. 1989 . Modeling of Addition Polymerization Systems , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D., thesis
   Google Scholar
• Storti , G. , Carrà , S. , Morbidelli , M. and Vita , G. 1989 . Kinetics of Multimonomer Emulsion Polymerization. The Pseudo-Homopolymerization Approach . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 37 : 2443 – 2467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita , H. and Hamielec , A. E. 1991 . Kinetics of Free-Radical Copolymerization: The Pseudo-Kinetic Rate Constant Method . Polymer , 32 : 2641 – 2647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. C. , Ku , H. C. and Chiu , W. Y. 1981 . Simulation Model for the Emulsion Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile and Styrene in Azeotropic Composition . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 26 : 1327 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. and Fujita , K. 1985 . On the Prediction of the Rate of Emulsion Copolymerization and Copolymer Composition . Makromol. Chem., Suppl. , 10 : 25 – 42 . 11
   Google Scholar
• Omi , S. , Kushibiki , K. and Iso , M. 1987 . The Computer Modeling of Multicomponent, Semibatch Emulsion Copolymerization . Polym. Eng. Sci. , 27 ( 6 ) : 470 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannetti , E. , Storti , G. and Morbidelli , M. 1988 . Emulsion Polymerizations. II. Kinetics, Molecular Weight Distributions, and Polymer Microstructure of Emulsion Copolymers . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 26 : 2307 – 2343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cociani , M. , Canu , P. , Storti , G. , Carrà , S. and Morbidelli , M. 1989 . “ Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization ” . In Polymer Reaction Engineering , Edited by: Reichter , K. H. and Geiseler , W. 199 – 206 . Berlin : VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Storti , G. , Polotti , G. , Canu , P. and Morbidelli , M. 1992 . Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization. II. The Copolymer Case . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 30 : 751 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doremaele , G. H. J. , van Herk , A. M. and German , A. L. 1992 . Modelling of Emulsion Copolymer Microstructure . Polym. Int. , 27 ( 2 ) : 95 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doremaele , G. H. J. , Geerts , F. H. J. M. , aan de Meulen , L. J. and German , A. L. 1992 . Molar-Mass Chemical-Composition Distributions of Styrene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers Prepared by Solution or Emulsion Polymerization . Polymer , 33 ( 7 ) : 1512 – 1518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada , J. and Asúa , J. M. 1990 . Modelling of Unseeded Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. Ed. , 28 : 987 – 1009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada , J. and Asúa , J. M. 1991 . Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate. II. Molecular Weights . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. Ed. , 29 : 1231 – 1242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villermaux , J. and Blavier , L. 1984 . Free Radical Polymerization Engineering. I. A New Method for Modeling Free Radical Homogeneous Polymerization Reactions . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 39 ( 1 ) : 87 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , S. and Wu , K. 1988 . Emulsion Polymerization: Theory of Particle Size Distribution in Copolymerization System . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. Ed. , 26 : 1487 – 1506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannetti , E. 1989 . Emulsion Polymerizations. 3. Theory of Emulsion Copolymerization Kinetics . Macromolecules , 22 : 2094 – 2102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storti , G. , Morbidelli , M. and Carrà , S. 1989 . “ Detailed Modeling of Multicomponent Emulsion Polymerization Systems ” . In Computer Applications in Applied Polymer Science II: Automation, Modeling and Simulation , Edited by: Provder , T. 379 – 402 . Washington, DC : ACS . ACS Symposium Series No. 404
   Google Scholar
• Mead , R. N. and Poehlein , G. W. 1988 . Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene-Methyl Acrylate in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 27 : 2283 – 2293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange , D. M. and Poehlein , G. W. 1992 . Modeling of Styrene-Carboxilic Acid Monomer Emulsion Copolymerization in a Series of Seed-Fed Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors . Polym. Reac. Eng. , 1 ( 1 ) : 41 – 73 . –1993
   Google Scholar
• Hamielec , A. E. , MacGregor , J. F. and Penlidis , A. 1983 . “ Modelling Copolymerizations—Control of Composition, Chain Microstructure, Molecular Weight Distribution, Long Chain Branching and Crosslinking ” . In Polymer Reaction Engineering , Edited by: Reichter , K. H. and Geiseler , W. 21 – 71 . Munich : Hanser .
   Google Scholar
• Broadhead , T. O. , Hamielec , A. E. and MacGregor , J. F. 1985 . Dynamic Modelling of the Batch, Semibatch and Continuous Production of Styrene/Butadiene Copolymers by Emulsion Polymerization . Makromol. Chem., Suppl. , 10 : 105 – 128 . /11
   Google Scholar
• Penlidis , A. , MacGregor , J. F. and Hamielec , A. E. 1986 . “ Mathematical Modeling of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors ” . In Computer Applications in the Polymer Laboratory , 219 – 240 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hamielec , A. E. , MacGregor , J. F. and Penlidis , A. 1987 . Multicomponent Free Radical Polymerization in Batch, Semibatch and Continuous Reactors . Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. , 10 : 521 – 570 . /11
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty , E. 1986 . The SCOPE Dynamic Model for Emulsion Polymerization. I. Theory . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 32 : 3051 – 3078 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty , E. 1986 . The SCOPE Dynamic Model for Emulsion Polymerization. II. Comparison with Experiment and Applications . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 32 : 3079 – 3095 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch , R. M. and Tsai , C. H. 1971 . “ Particle Formation in Polymer Colloids. III. Prediction of the Number of Particles by a Homogeneous Nucleation Theory ” . In Polymer Colloids I , Edited by: Fitch , R. M. 73 – 102 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , R. M. and Tsai , C. H. 1971 . “ Homogeneous Nucleation of Polymer Colloids. IV. The Role of Soluble Oligomeric Radicals ” . In Polymer Colloids I , Edited by: Fitch , R. M. 103 – 116 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , F. K. and Ugelstad , J. 1982 . “ Particle Formation Mechanisms ” . In Emulsion Polymerization , Edited by: Piirma , I. 51 – 92 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. R. , Congalidis , J. P. and Gilbert , R. G. 1989 . Mathematical Modeling of Emulsion Copolymerization Reactors . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 37 : 2727 – 2756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , B. R. , Maxwell , I. A. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1992 . “ Testing Nucleation Models for Emulsion Polymerization Systems ” . In ACS Symposium Series , Vol. 492 , 28 – 44 . Washington, DC : ACS .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , R. G. , Morrison , B. R. and Napper , D. H. 1991 . “ Status of Nucleation Models in Emulsion Polymerization ” . In Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, Spring Meeting , 308 – 309 . Atlanta, GA : ACS Books and Journals Div. .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , F. K. 1992 . The Function of Surfactant Micelles in Latex Particle Nucleation . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 48 ( 2 ) : 437 – 444 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen F. K. , Is There Life Beyond Micelles? Mechanisms of Latex Particle Nucleation . In Daniels E. S. , Ed., Polymer Latexes , ACS Symposium Series No. 492, E. Sudol, M. El-Aasser, coeds. , ACS , 1992 , pp. 12 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Quarderer , G. J. and Katti , S. S. 1993 . Emulsion Copolymerization: Kinetics Model and Reactor Performance . Polym. Eng. Sci. , 33 ( 9 ) : 564 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min , K. W. 1976 . The Modelling and Simulation of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors , Buffalo : State University of New York . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Goto , S. , Yamamoto , K. , Furui , S. and Sugimoto , M. 1981 . Computer Model for Commercial High-Pressure Polyethylene Reactor Based on Elementary Reaction Rates Obtained Experimentally . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. , 36 : 21 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Napper , D. H. and Gilbert , R. G. 1989 . “ Polymerizations in Emulsions ” . In Comprehensive Polymer Science , Edited by: Allen , G. and Bevington , J. C. Vol. 4 , 171 – 218 . Oxford, England : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brandrup , J. and Immergut , E. H. 1989 . Polymer Handbook, , 3rd ed. , New York : John Wiley, Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , F. K. and Ugelstad , J. 1978 . Particle Nucleation in Emulsion Polymerization. I. A Theory for Homogeneous Nucleation . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 16 : 1953 – 1979 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafniotis P. Saldivar E. , Modeling Emulsion Copolymerization Reactors. Kinetics and Monomer Partition , Term Project: Che 730 Chemical Reactor Principles , University of Wisconsin—Madison , Department of Chemical Engineering , May 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillot , J. 1986 . “ Computer Simulation of Emulsion Copolymerization Processes for Monomers of Different Water Solubility ” . In Polymer Reaction Engineering , Edited by: Reichter , K. H. 147 – 164 . Heidelberg : Hunthig and Wepf Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Saldivar , E. 1996 . Modeling and Control of Emulsion Copolymerization Reactors , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Flory , P. J. 1953 . Principles of Polymer Chemistry , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ugelstad , J. , Mork , P. C. , Nordhuus , I. , Mfutakamba , H. and Soleimany , E. 1985 . Thermodynamics of Swelling. Preparation and Application of Some Composite, Monosized Polymer Particles . Makromol. Chem. Suppl. , 10 : 215 – 234 . /11
   Google Scholar
• Morbidelli , M. , Storti , G. and Carrà , S. 1983 . Role of Micellar Equilibria on Modelling of Batch Emulsion Polymerization Reactors . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 28 : 901 – 919 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prindle , J. C. 1989 . Dynamics and Stability of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Ray , W. H. 1972 . On the Mathematical Modelling of Polymerization Reactors . J. Macromol. Sci.—Rev. Macromol. Chem. , C8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Delgado , J. , El-Aasser , M. S. , Silebi , C. A. , Vanderhoff , J. W. and Guillot , J. 1988 . Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate. II. Mathematical Model for the Monomer Transport . J. Polym. Sci., B: Polym. Phys. , 26 : 1495 – 1517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackley , D. C. 1975 . Emulsion Polymerisation , New York : John Wiley and Sons/Halsted Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Toole , J. T. 1965 . Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 9 : 1291 – 1297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , W. H. 1989 . Advanced Process Control , Boston : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Hulburt , H. M. and Katz , S. 1964 . Some Problems in Particle Technology . Chem. Eng. Sci , 19 : 555 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldivar , E. and Ray , W. H. 1997 . Mathematical Modeling of Emulsion Copolymerization Reactors: Experimental Validation and Application to Complex Systems . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 ( 4 ) : 1322 – 1336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , W. H. 1996 . POLYRED. User's Manual Version 4.0 , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Polymer Reaction Engineering Laboratory
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , A. D. and Ray , W. H. 1981 . The Dynamic Behavior of Continuous Polymerization Reactors. I. Isothermal Solution Polymerization in a CSTR . Chem. Eng. Sci , 36 : 1401 – 1410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlings , J. B. and Ray , W. H. 1987 . Emulsion Polymerization Reactor Stability: Simplified Model Analysis . AIChE J. , 33 : 1663 – 1677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlings , J. B. and Ray , W. H. 1988 . The Modelling of Batch and Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Reactors. Part II: Comparison with Experimental Data from Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors . Polym. Eng. Sci. , 28 ( 5 ) : 257 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez , F. S. 1990 . “ Síntesis y Caracterización de Copolímeros de Estireno y Alfa-metilestireno ” . In Master in Chemical Engineering thesis (in Spanish) , Mexico City : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México .
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , G. G. 1960 . The Effect of Depropagation on Copolymer Composition. I. General Theory for One Depropagating Monomer . J. Polym. Sci. , 42 : 463 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'DriscoIl , K. F. and Gasparro , F. P. 1967 . Copolymerization with Depropagation . J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. , A1 ( 4 ) : 643 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• Kozub , D. J. 1989 . “ Multivariate Control ” . In Design, Robustness, and Nonlinear Inferential Control for Semi-Batch Polymerization Reactors , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada : Mc-Master University . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Friis , N. and Nyhagen , L. 1973 . A Kinetic Study of the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 17 : 2311 – 2327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , M. 1982 . “ Desorption and Reabsorption of Free Radicals in Emulsion Polymerization ” . In Emulsion Polymerization , Edited by: Piirma , I. 191 – 219 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Asúa , J. M. , Sudol , E. D. and El-Aasser , M. S. 1989 . Radical Desorption in Emulsion Copolymerization . J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. Ed. , 27 : 3903 – 3913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , B. S. , Morrison , B. R. , Maxwell , I. A. , Gilbert , R. G. and Napper , D. H. 1994 . Free Radical Exit in Emulsion Polymerization. I. Theoretical Model . J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. , 32 : 605 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacca , J. J. 1995 . Distributed Parameter Modelling of the Polymerization of Olefins in Chemical Reactors , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar