References
- Blackburn EH. Structure and function of telomeres. Nature. 1991;350(6319):569–573.
- Greider CW. Telomere length regulation. Annu Rev Biochem. 1996;65:337–365.
- di Fagagna F, Reaper PM, Clay-Farrace L, et al. A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence. Nature. 2003;426(6963):194–198.
- Aviv A. Telomeres, sex, reactive oxygen species, and human cardiovascular aging. J Mol Med (Berl). 2002;80(11):689–695.
- Salpea KD, Humphries SE. Telomere length in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2010;209(1):35–38.
- Thomas P, O’ Callaghan NJ, Fenech M. Telomere length in white blood cells, buccal cells and brain tissue and its variation with ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129(4):183–190.
- Blasco MA. Telomeres and human disease: ageing, cancer and beyond. Nat Reviews: Genet. 2005;6(8):611–622.
- Cawthon RM, Smith KR, O’Brien E, et al. Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet. 2003;361(9355):393–395.
- Willeit P, Willeit J, Mayr A, et al. Telomere length and risk of incident cancer and cancer mortality. JAMA. 2010;304(1):69–75.
- Mons U, Muezzinler A, Schottker B, et al. Leukocyte telomere length and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality: results from individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 2 large prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;85(12):1317–1326.
- Mather KA, Jorm AF, Parslow RA, et al. Is telomere length a biomarker of aging? A review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(2):202–213.
- Ladd-Acosta C. Epigenetic signatures as biomarkers of exposure. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2(2):117–125.
- Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, et al. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell. 2013;49(2):359–367.
- Mikeska T, Craig JM. DNA methylation biomarkers: cancer and beyond. Genes. 2014;5(3):821–864.
- Hedman AK, Mendelson MM, Marioni RE, et al. Epigenetic patterns in blood associated with lipid traits predict incident coronary heart disease events and are enriched for results from genome-wide association studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10(1):e001487. 1-13.
- Bollati V, Baccarelli A. Environmental epigenetics. Heredity (Edinb). 2010;105(1):105–112.
- Huang RC, Garratt ES, Pan H, et al. Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies differentially methylated CpG loci associated with severe obesity in childhood. Epigenetics. 2015;10(11):995–1005.
- Endo K, Li J, Nakanishi M, et al. Establishment of the methylight assay for assessing aging, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:451981.
- Gao X, Jia M, Zhang Y, et al. DNA methylation changes of whole blood cells in response to active smoking exposure in adults: a systematic review of DNA methylation studies. Clin Epigenetics. 2015;7(1):113.
- Zhang Y, Schöttker B, Florath I, et al. Smoking-Associated DNA methylation biomarkers and their predictive value for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(1):67–74.
- Zhang Y, Wilson R, Heiss J, et al. DNA methylation signatures in peripheral blood strongly predict all-cause mortality. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14617.
- Wilson SL, Liu Y, Robinson WP. Placental telomere length decline with gestational age differs by sex and TERT, DNMT1, and DNMT3A DNA methylation. Placenta. 2016;48:26–33.
- Dong Y, Huang Y, Gutin B, et al. Associations between global DNA methylation and telomere length in healthy adolescents. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4210.
- Gao X, Mons U, Zhang Y, et al. DNA methylation changes in response to active smoking exposure are associated with leukocyte telomere length among older adults. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(12):1231–1241.
- Steves CJ, Spector TD, Jackson SH. Ageing, genes, environment and epigenetics: what twin studies tell us now, and in the future. Age Ageing. 2012;41(5):581–586.
- Vasto S, Scapagnini G, Bulati M, et al. Biomarkes of aging. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2010;2:392–402.
- Babizhayev MA, Yegorov YE. Smoking and health: association between telomere length and factors impacting on human disease, quality of life and life span in a large population-based cohort under the effect of smoking duration. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011;25(4):425–442.
- Muezzinler A, Mons U, Dieffenbach AK, et al. Smoking habits and leukocyte telomere length dynamics among older adults: results from the ESTHER cohort. Exp Gerontol. 2015;70:18–25.
- Astuti Y, Wardhana A, Watkins J, et al. Cigarette smoking and telomere length: A systematic review of 84 studies and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2017;158:480–489.
- Codd V, Nelson CP, Albrecht E, et al. Identification of seven loci affecting mean telomere length and their association with disease. Nature Genetics. 2013;45(4):422–7, 7e1–2.
- Gao X, Thomsen H, Zhang Y, et al. The impact of methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) on active smoking-related DNA methylation changes. Clin Epigenetics. 2017;9(1):87.
- Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14(10):R115.
- Marioni RE, Harris SE, Shah S, et al. The epigenetic clock and telomere length are independently associated with chronological age and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(2):424–432.
- Breitling LP, Saum KU, Perna L, et al. Frailty is associated with the epigenetic clock but not with telomere length in a German cohort. Clin Epigenetics. 2016;8:21.
- Kim S, Myers L, Wyckoff J, et al. The frailty index outperforms DNA methylation age and its derivatives as an indicator of biological age. Geroscience. 2017;39(1):83–92.
- Schwartz J, Weiss ST. Cigarette smoking and peripheral blood leukocyte differentials. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4(3):236–242.
- Lin J, Cheon J, Brown R, et al. Systematic and cell type-specific telomere length changes in subsets of lymphocytes. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:5371050.
- Houseman EA, Accomando WP, Koestler DC, et al. DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13:86.
- Schottker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(4):782–793.
- Gao X, Gao X, Zhang Y, et al. Associations of self-reported smoking, cotinine levels and epigenetic smoking indicators with oxidative stress among older adults: a population-based study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):443–456.
- Kimura M, Stone RC, Hunt SC, et al. Measurement of telomere length by the Southern blot analysis of terminal restriction fragment lengths. Nat Protoc. 2010;5(9):1596–1607.
- Desquilbet L, Mariotti F. Dose-response analyses using restricted cubic spline functions in public health research. Stat Med. 2010;29(9):1037–1057.