References
- Wang YP, Choi HK, Brinckmann JA, Jiang X, Huang LF. Chemical analysis of panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng): a review. J Chromatogr A. 2015;1426:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.012.
- Wu Q, Song JY, Sun YQ, Suo FM, Li CJ, Luo HM, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Yao H, et al. Transcript profiles of Panax quinquefolius from flower, leaf and root bring new insights into genes related to ginsenosides biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation. Physiol Plant. 2010;;138(2):134–149.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01309.x.
- Anderson RC, Fralish JS, Armstrong JE, Benjamin PK. The ecology and biology of panax-quinquefolium-l (Araliaceae) in illinois. Am Midl Nat. 1993;;129(2):357–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2426517.
- Ren G, Chen F. Simultaneous quantification of ginsenosides in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) root powder by visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;;47:2771–2775. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf9812477.
- Jovanovski E, Dascalu A, Jenkins A, Sievenpiper JL, Vuksan V. American ginseng from five different sources has differential effects on postprandial blood glucose. Faseb J. 2006;;20:1019–A1019. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fasebj.20.5.A1019-a
- Kim HY, Kang KS, Yamabe N, Nagai R, Yokozawa T. Protective effect of heat-processed American ginseng against diabetic renal damage in rats. J Agri Food Chem. 2007;;55(21):8491–8497. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071770y.
- Mucalo I, Rahelić D, Jovanovski E, Bozikov V, Romić Z, Vuksan V. Effect of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Coll Antropol. 2012;;36:1435–1440. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235420922
- Yoo KM, Lee C, Lo YM, Moon B. The hypoglycemic effects of American red ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on a diabetic mouse model. J Food Sci. 2012;;77(7):147–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02748.x.
- Durairaj P, Breda M, Miller SC. Quantitative augmentation of immune cells in elderly normal mice by short-term, daily consumption of an extract of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Biomed Res-India. 2013;;24:199–205. https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Biomedical-Research-0970-938X
- Guerrero-Analco JA, Azike CG, Romeh AA, Charpentier PA, Pei H, Lui EMK, Arnason JT. Bioactive Polysaccharides of North American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in modulation of immune function: preliminary chemical and biological characterization. Planta Med. 2013;;79(10):835–836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1348593.
- Yu X, Yang X, Cui B, Wang L, Ren G. Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of alkali-extractable polysaccharides from North American ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;;65:357–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.046.
- Wang LJ, Yao Y, Sang W, Yang XS, Ren GX. Structural features and immunostimulating effects of three acidic polysaccharides isolated from panax quinquefolius. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;;80:77–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.007.
- Wang MQ, Guilbert LJ, Ling L, Li J, Wu YQ, Xu S, Pang P, Shan JJ. Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001;;53(11):1515–1523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011777882.
- Lian XY, Zhang Z, Stringer JL. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in rats. Epilepsy Res. 2006;;70(2–3):244–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.05.010.
- Wang JY, Yang JY, Wang F, Fu SY, Hou Y, Jiang B, Ma J, Song C, Wu CF. Neuroprotective effect of pseudoginsenoside-F11 on a rat model of parkinson’s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. J evidence-based complementary. Altern Med. 2013;2013:152798. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/152798
- Wang CZ, Zhang ZY, Wan JY, Zhang CF, Anderson S, He X, Yu C, He T-C, Qi L-W, Yuan C-S, et al. Protopanaxadiol, an active ginseng metabolite, significantly enhances the effects of fluorouracil on colon cancer. Nutrients. 2015;;7(2):799–814.https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7020799.
- Jung Y, Kim K, Bian Y, Ngo T, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 disrupts actin-cytoskeletal integrity leading to contractile dysfunction and apoptotic cell death in vascular smooth muscle. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;;118:645–652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.015.
- Yang L, Hou A, Zhang J, Wang S, Man W, Yu H, Zheng S, Wang X, Liu S, Jiang H, et al. Panacis quinquefolii radix: a review of the botany, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology, toxicology and industrial applications research progress. Front Pharmacol. 2020;;11:602092. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.602092
- DesRochers N, Walsh JP, Renaud JB, Seifert KA, Yeung KKC, Sumarah MW. Metabolomic profiling of fungal pathogens responsible for root rot in American ginseng. Metabolites. 2020;;10(1):35. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010035.
- Ji XL, Hou CY, Shi MM, Yan YZ, Liu YQ. An insight into the research concerning panax ginseng C. A. Meyer polysaccharides: a review. Food Rev Int. 2020;;5:1–17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/87559129.2020.1771363
- Jiao X, Lu X, Chen AJ, Luo Y, Hao JJ, Gao W. Effects of fusarium solani and F. oxysporum infection on the metabolism of ginsenosides in American ginseng roots. Molecules. 2015;;20(6):10535–10552. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610535.
- Kong W, Wei R, Logrieco AF, Wei J, Wen J, Xiao X, Yang M. Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and determination of mycotoxins by HPLC-FLD in functional foods and spices in China markets. Food Chem. 2014;;146:320–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.005.
- Al-Hindi RR, Aly SE, Hathout AS, Alharbi MG, Al-Masaudi S, Al-Jaouni SK, Harakeh SM. Isolation and molecular characterization of mycotoxigenic fungi in agarwood. Saudi J Bio Sci. 2018;;25(8):1781–1787. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.008.
- Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Polme S, Koljalg U, Yorou NS, Wijesundera R, Ruiz LV, Vasco-Palacios AM, Thu PQ, Suija A, et al. Fungal biogeography. global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science. 2014;;346(6213):1256688.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256688.
- Wei X, Wang X, Cao P, Gao Z, Chen AJ, Han J. Microbial community changes in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and rusty panax ginseng and discovery of pivotal fungal genera associated with rusty roots. BioMed Res Int. 2020;2020:8018525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8018525.
- Bian X, Xiao S, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yang H, Zhang L. Comparative analysis of rhizosphere soil physiochemical characteristics and microbial communities between rusty and healthy ginseng root. Sci Rep. 2020;;10(1):15756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71024-8.
- Wu Z, Hao Z, Sun Y, Guo L, Huang L, Zeng Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Chen B. Comparison on the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial community between healthy and root-rot Panax notoginseng. Appl Soil Ecol. 2016;;107:99–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.05.017.
- Huang LF, Song LX, Xia XJ, Mao WH, Shi K, Zhou YH, Yu JQ. Plant-soil feedbacks and soil sickness: from mechanisms to application in agriculture. J Chem Ecol. 2013;;39(2):232–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0244-9.
- Toju H, Tanabe AS, Yamamoto S, Sato H, Lespinet O. High-coverage ITS primers for the DNA-based identification of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes in environmental samples. PLoS One. 2012;;7(7):e40863. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040863.
- Ankenbrand MJ, Keller A, Wolf M, Schultz J, Forster F. ITS2 database V: twice as much. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2015;;32(11):3030–3032. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv174.
- Krzywinski M, Schein J, Birol I, Connors J, Gascoyne R, Horsman D, Jones SJ, Marra MA. Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res. 2009;;19(9):1639–1645. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.092759.109.
- Caporaso JG QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010; 7: 335–336.https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.f.303
- W C. HW ggplot2: an implementation of the grammar of graphics R package version 0.7. URL: htp:/CRAN.R-project. org/package=ggplot2. 2008.https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html
- Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;;12(6):60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60.
- NH N, Song Z, ST B, Branco S, Tedersoo L, Menke J, JS S, Kennedy PG. FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. Fungal Ecol. 2016;;20:241–248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006.
- Wan W, Tan J, Wang Y, Qin Y, He H, Wu H, Zuo W, He D. Responses of the rhizosphere bacterial community in acidic crop soil to pH: changes in diversity, composition, interaction, and function. Sci Total Environ. 2020;;700:134418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134418.
- Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Shen JL, Han WX, Zhang WF, Christie P, Goulding KWT, Vitousek PM, Zhang FS, et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science. 2010;;327(5968):1008–1010.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570.
- Warren SLJH. Mineral nutrition of crops: fundamental mechanisms and implications. Hort Science. 2004;;39:462.
- Dordas C. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture:a review. Agron Sustainable Dev. 2008;;28(1):33–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007051.
- Zhang H, Zeng Z, Zou Z, Zeng F. Climate, life form and family jointly control variation of leaf traits. Plants (Basel). 2019;;8:8080286. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31416214.
- Sharma S, Duveiller E, Basnet R, Karki CB, Sharma RC. Effect of potash fertilization on helminthosporium leaf blight severity in wheat, and associated increases in grain yield and kernel weight. Field Crop Res. 2005;;93:142–150. htpp:www.elsevier.com/locate/fcr/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.09.016.
- Khosro M. Soil management, microorganisms and organic matter interactions: a review. Afr J Bio Technol. 2011;;10. https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6f06e277-a6d1-39b9-bc29-ce8dfd2cf619/
- Johnston AE, Poulton PR, Coleman K. Soil organic matter: its importance in sustainable agriculture and carbon dioxide fluxes. Adv Agron. 2009:1–57. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211308008018
- Martinez E, Fuentes J, Acevedo E. Soil organic carbon and soil properties. revista de la ciencia del suelo y nutricion. Vegetal. 2008;;8:68–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000100006.
- Meyer F, Bremges A, Belmann P, Janssen S, McHardy AC, Koslicki D. Assessing taxonomic metagenome profilers with OPAL. Genome Biol. 2019;;20(1):51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-019-1646-y.
- Xu L, Ravnskov S, Larsen J, Nilsson RH, Nicolaisen M. Soil fungal community structure along a soil health gradient in pea fields examined using deep amplicon sequencing. Soil Biol Biochem. 2012;;46:26–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.010.
- Garbeva P, van Veen JA, van Elsas JD. Microbial diversity in soil: selection microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2004;;42(1):243–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.012604.135455.
- Wu L, Wang J, Huang W, Wu H, Chen J, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Lin W. Plant-microbe rhizosphere interactions mediated by Rehmannia glutinosa root exudates under consecutive monoculture. Sci Rep. 2015;;5(1):15871. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15871.
- Rahman M, Punja ZK. Factors influencing development of root rot on ginseng caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Phytopathology. 2005;;95:1381–1390. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1381.
- Cabral A, Groenewald JZ, Rego C, Oliveira H, Crous PW. Cylindrocarpon root rot: multi-gene analysis reveals novel species within the Ilyonectria radicicola species complex. Mycol Prog. 2011;;11(3):655–688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0777-7.
- ZG Z, ZH W. First report of root rot of american ginseng (panax quinquefolium) caused by itylenchus destructor in China. Plant Dis. 2007;;91(4):459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0459C.
- Li TSC, Utkhede RS, Wardle DA. Chemical and biological control of leaf blight and root rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum in American ginseng. Can J Plant Pathol. 1997;;19(3):297–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669709500527.
- Farh ME, Kim YJ, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Cylindrocarpon destructans/Ilyonectria radicicola-species complex: causative agent of ginseng root-rot disease and rusty symptoms. J Ginseng Res. 2018;;42(1):9–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.004.
- Jiang Y, Ran C, Chen L, Yin W, Liu Y, Chen C, Gao J. Purification and characterization of a novel antifungal flagellin protein from endophyte bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 against ilyonectria robusta. Microorganisms. 2019;;7(7120605):605. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120605.
- Han L, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Wu L, Ping X, He Y, Peng S, He X, Du Y. First report of Plectosphaerella plurivora causing root rot disease in Panax notoginseng in China. J Phytopathol. 2020;;168:375–379. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jph.12901.
- Kawaradani M, Taguchi K, Okada K, Hirooka Y, Sato T. Seedling rot of garland chrysanthemum caused by gibellulopsis chrysanthemi and ecological characters of the causal fungus. J Gen Plant Pathol. 2013;;79(5):346–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-013-0462-6.
- Kawakami A, Kato N, Sasaya T, Tomioka K, Inoue H, Miyasaka A, Hirayae K. Gibberella ear rot of corn caused by fusarium asiaticum in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol. 2015;;81(4):324–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-015-0593-z.
- Tomioka K, Hirooka Y, Aoki T, Sato T. Fusarium rot of hyacinth caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum). J Gen Plant Pathol. 2008;;74(3):264–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-008-0088-2.
- De Coninck B, Timmermans P, Vos C, Cammue BPA, Kazan K. What lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2015;;20(2):91–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.007.
- Guo M, Jiang W, Luo J, Yang M, Pang X. Analysis of the fungal community in ziziphi spinosae semen through high-throughput sequencing. Toxins (Basel). 2018;;10(10):494. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120494.
- Xia F, Chen X, Guo MY, Bai XH, Liu Y, Shen GR, Li YL, Lin J, Zhou XW. High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps reveals unexpectedly high fungal diversity. Sci Rep. 2016;;6(1):33437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33437.
- Boeva NM, Bocharnikova YI, Belousov PE, Zhigarev VV. Determining the cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite by simultaneous thermal analysis method. Russ J Phys Chem A. 2016;;90(8):1525–1529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024416080057.
- Jiang L, Geng ZC, Li SS, She D, He XS, Zhang Q, Liang C,Liu XD,Jing WM,Wang SL. Soil cation exchange capacity and exchangeable base cation content in the profiles of four typical soils in the xi-shui forest zone of the qilian mountains. Acta Ecologica SinicaSoil. 2012;;32(11):3368–3377.https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201104280563.
- Zhang C, Yin L, Dai S. Diversity of root-associated fungal endophytes in rhododendron fortunei in subtropical forests of China. Mycorrhiza. 2009;;19(6):417–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0246-1.
- Baba T, Hirose D, Sasaki N, Watanabe N, Kobayashi N, Kurashige Y, Karimi F, Ban T. Mycorrhizal formation and diversity of endophytic fungi in hair roots of vaccinium oldhamii miq. in Japan. microbes environ. 186-9. 2016;;31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297892.
- KMS A, Hue SM. Mode of infection of metarhizium spp. fungus and their potential as biological control agents. J Fungi. 2017;3:jof3020030. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29371548.
- Lira AC, Mascarin GM, Delalibera Junior I. Microsclerotia production of metarhizium spp. for dual role as plant biostimulant and control of spodoptera frugiperda through corn seed coating. Fungal Biol. 2020;124(8):689–699. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.03.011.