References
- Steyn WJ, Wand SJE, Holcroft DM, Jacobs G. Anthocyanins in vegetative tissues: a proposed unified function in photoprotection. New Phytol. 2002;155:1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00482.x.
- Tanaka Y, Ohmiya A. Seeing is believing: engineering anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008;19:190–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.015.
- Kong JM, Chia LS, Goh NK, Chia TF, Brouillard R. Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins. Phytochemistry. 2003;64:923–933. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00438-2.
- Smeriglio A, Barreca D, Bellocco E, Trombetta D. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins. Phytother Res. 2016;30:1265–1286.
- Otsuki T, Matsufuji H, Takeda M, Toyoda M, Goda Y. Acylated anthocyanins from red radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Phytochemistry. 2002;60:79–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00063-8.
- Zhang ZQ. Role of anthocyanin degradation in litchi pericarp browning. Food Chem. 2001;75:217–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00202-3.
- Tanaka Y, Sasaki N, Ohmiya A. Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids. Plant J. 2008;54:733–749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03447.x.
- Liu Y, Tikunov Y, Schouten RE, Marcelis LFM, Visser RGF, Bovy A, Biosynthesis A. Degradation etables: a review. Front Chem. 2018;6:52. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00052.
- Osterc G. Color and phenolic content changes during flower development in groundcover rose. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 2010;135:195–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.135.3.195.
- Zhang Y, Butelli E, Martin C. Engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2014;19:81–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.011.
- Passeri V, Koes R, Quattrocchio FM. New challenges for the design of high value plant products: stabilization of anthocyanins in plant vacuoles. Front. Plant Sci. 2016;7:153.
- Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T. Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology. Cheminform. 2009;26:884–915.
- Yoshida K, Oyama KI, Kondo T. Chemistry of flavonoids in color development. Recent Adv Polyphenol Res. 2012;3:99–129.
- Oyama K-I, T Y, Ito D, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Metal complex pigment involved in the blue sepal color development of hydrangea. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:7630–7635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02368.
- Shoji K, Miki N, Nakajima N, Momonoi K, Kato C, Yoshida K. Perianth bottom-specific blue color development in tulip cv. Murasakizuisho Requires Ferric Ions, Plant Cell Physiol. 2007;48:243–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcl060.
- Hughes NM, Neufeld HS, Burkey KO. Functional role of anthocyanins in high-light winter leaves of the evergreen herb galax urceolata. New Phytol. 2005;168:575–587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01546.x.
- Li P, Cheng L. The elevated anthocyanin level in the shaded peel of ‘Anjou’ pear enhances its tolerance to high temperature under high light. Plant Sci. 2009;177:418–426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.005.
- Rowan DD, Cao M, Lin-Wang K, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Austin PT, Hunt MB, Norling C, Hellens RP, Schaffer RJ. Environmental regulation of leaf colour in red 35S:PAP1 Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 2009;182:102–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02737.x.
- Vaknin H, Bar-Akiva A, Ovadia R, Nissim-Levi A, Forer I, Weiss D, Oren-Shamir M. Active anthocyanin degradation in Brunfelsia calycina (yesterday–today–tomorrow) flowers. Planta. 2005;222:19–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-1509-5.
- Oren-Shamir M. Does anthocyanin degradation play a significant role in determining pigment concentration in plants? Plant Sci. 2009;177:310–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.06.015.
- Bar-Akiva A, Ovadia R, Rogachev I, Bar-Or C, Bar E, Freiman Z, Nissim-Levi A, Gollop N, Lewinsohn E, Aharoni A. Metabolic networking in Brunfelsia calycina petals after flower opening. J Exp Bot. 2010;61:1393–1403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq008.
- Jonsson LMV, Donker-Koopman WE, Schram AW. Turnover of anthocyanins and tissue compartmentation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of petunia hybrida. J Plant Physiol. 1984;115:29–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(84)80048-6.
- Takahama U. Oxidation of vacuolar and apoplastic phenolic substrates by peroxidase: physiological significance of the oxidation reactions. Phytochem Rev. 2004;3:207–219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHYT.0000047805.08470.e3.
- Agati G, Tattini M. Multiple functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection. New Phytol. 2010;186:786–793. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03269.x.
- Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN, Naydov IA, Hillier W, Badger MR, Krieger-Liszkay A. Production and diffusion of chloroplastic H2O2 and its implication to signalling. J Exp Bot. 2010;61:3577–3587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq171.
- Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Breusegem FV. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2004;9:490–498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009.
- Zipor G, Duarte P, Carqueijeiro I, Shahar L, Ovadia R, Teper-Bamnolker P, Eshel D, Levin Y, Doron-Faigenboim A, Sottomayor M, et al. In planta anthocyanin degradation by a vacuolar class III peroxidase in Brunfelsia calycina flowers. New Phytol. 2015;205:653–665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13038.
- Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci. 2012;196:67–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014.
- Hiraga S, Sasaki K, Ito H, Ohashi Y, Matsui H. A large family of class III plant peroxidases. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001;42:462–468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pce061.
- Mathé C, Barre A, Jourda C, Dunand C. Evolution and expression of class III peroxidases, Arch. Biochem Biophys. 2010;500:58–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.007.
- Barceló AR, Ros LVG, Gabaldón C, López-Serrano M, Pomar F, Carrión JS, Pedreño MA. Basic peroxidases: the gateway for lignin evolution? Phytochem Rev. 2004;3:61–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHYT.0000047803.49815.1a.
- Bindschedler LV, Dewdney J, Blee KA, Stone JM, Asai T, Plotnikov J, Denoux C, Hayes T, Gerrish C, Davies DR, et al. Peroxidase-dependent apoplastic oxidative burst in Arabidopsis required for pathogen resistance. Plant J. 2006;47:851–863. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02837.x.
- Kim YH, Kim CY, Song WK, Park DS, Kwon SY, Lee HS, Bang JW, Kwak SS. Overexpression of sweetpotato swpa4 peroxidase results in increased hydrogen peroxide production and enhances stress tolerance in tobacco. Planta. 2008;227:867–881. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0663-3.
- Passardi F, Penel C, Dunand C. Performing the paradoxical: how plant peroxidases modify the cell wall. Trends Plant Sci. 2004;9:534–540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.09.002.
- Passardi F, Tognolli M, Meyer MD, Penel C, Dunand C. Two cell wall associated peroxidases from Arabidopsis influence root elongation. Planta. 2006;223:965–974. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0153-4.
- Almagro L, Gomez Ros LV, Belchi-Navarro S, Bru R, Ros Barcelo A, Pedreno MA. Class III peroxidases in plant defence reactions. J Exp Bot. 2009;60:377–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern277.
- Passardi F, Cosio C, Penel C, Dunand C. Peroxidases have more functions than a Swiss army knife. Plant Cell Rep. 2005;24:255–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0972-6.
- Sirikantaramas S, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Mechanisms of resistance to self-produced toxic secondary metabolites in plants. Phytochem Rev. 2008;7:467–477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-007-9080-2.
- Tognolli M, Penel C, Greppin H, Simon P. Analysis and expression of the class III peroxidase large gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene. 2002;288:129–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00465-1.
- Nielsen KRL, Indiani C, Henriksen A, Feis A, Becucci M, Gajhede M, Smulevich G, Welinder KG. Differential activity and structure of highly similar peroxidases. Biochemistry. 2001;40:11013–11021.
- Stergaard L, Teilum K, Mirza O, Mattsson O, Henriksen A. Arabidopsis ATP A2 peroxidase. Expression and high-resolution structure of a plant peroxidase with implications for lignification. Plant Mol Biol. 2000;44:231–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006442618860.
- Barceló AR, Muñoz R. Metabolic plasticity of plant peroxidases, Plant Physiol. Bio Plant Mol Biol. 2000;3:71–92.
- Cosio C, Dunand C. Specific functions of individual class III peroxidase genes. J Exp Bot. 2009;60:391–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern318.
- Wang L, Burhenne K, Kristensen BK, Rasmussen SK. Purification and cloning of a Chinese red radish peroxidase that metabolise pelargonidin and forms a gene family in Brassicaceae. Gene. 2004;343:323–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.018.
- Luo H, Deng S, Fu W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Pang X. Characterization of active anthocyanin degradation in the petals of rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina reveals the effect of gallated catechins on pigment maintenance. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:699. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040699.
- Luo H, Li W, Zhang X, Deng S, Xu Q, Hou T, Pang X, Zhang Z, Zhang X. In planta high levels of hydrolysable tannins inhibit peroxidase mediated anthocyanin degradation and maintain abaxially red leaves of Excoecaria Cochinchinensis. BMC Plant Biol. 2019;19:315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1903-y.
- Jiang YM, Wang Y, Song L, Liu H, Lichter A, Kerdchoechuen O, Joyce DC, Shi J. Postharvest characteristics and handling of litchi fruit — an overview. Aust J Exp Agric. 2006;46:1541–1556. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/EA05108.
- Mayer AM. Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: going places? A review. Phytochemistry. 2006;67:2318–2331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.006.
- Jiang Y, Fu J. Inhibition of polyphenol oxidase and the browning control of litchi fruit by glutathione and citric acid. Food Chem. 1998;62:49–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00144-1.
- Sun J, Jiang Y, Wei X, Zhao M, Shi J, You Y, Chun YI. Identification of procyanidin A2 as polyphenol oxidase substrate in pericarp tissues of litchi fruit. J Food Biochem. 2007;31:300–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00114.x.
- Jiang Y. Role of anthocyanins, polyphenol oxidase and phenols in lychee pericarp browning. J Sci Food Agr. 2000;80:305–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200002)80:3<305::AID-JSFA518>3.0.CO;2-H.
- Fang F, Zhang X, Luo H, Zhou J, Gong Y, Li W, Shi Z, He Q, Wu Q, Li L, et al. An intracellular laccase is responsible for epicatechin-mediated anthocyanin degradation in litchi fruit pericarp. Plant Physiol. 2015;169:2391–2408.
- Zhang X, Fang F, He Q, Zhang X, Shi N, Song J, Zhang Z, Pang X. Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection. J Food Process Pres. 2018;42:e13515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13515.
- Jukanti A. Physicochemical properties of polyphenol oxidases. In Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) in plants. Springer, Singapore. 2017;33–56). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5747-2_3
- Oksana S, Marek Z, Klaudia B, Marian B, Irene H, Cornelia R, Ivan S. Shift in accumulation of flavonoids and phenolic acids in lettuce attributable to changes in ultraviolet radiation and temperature. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam). 2018;239:193–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.05.020.
- Calderón AA, García-Florenciano E, Muñoz R, Barceló AR. Gamay grapevine peroxidase: its role in vacuolar anthocyani(di)n degradation. Vardfacket. 1992;31:139–147.
- Movahed N, Pastore C, Cellini A, Allegro G, Valentini G, Zenoni S, Cavallini E, D’Inca E, Tornielli GB, Filippetti I. The grapevine VviPrx31 peroxidase as a candidate gene involved in anthocyanin degradation in ripening berries under high temperature. J Plant Res. 2016;129:513–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-016-0786-3.
- Lecourieux F, Kappel C, Pieri P, Charon J, Pillet J, Hilbert G, Renaud C, Gomès E, Delrot S, Lecourieux D. Dissecting the biochemical and transcriptomic effects of a locally applied heat treatment on developing cabernet sauvignon grape berries. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:53. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00053.
- Gouot JC, Smith JP, Holzapfel BP, Walker AR, Barril C. Grape berry flavonoids: a review of their biochemical responses to high and extreme high temperatures. J Exp Bot. 2019;70:397–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery392.
- Zhang Z, Pang X, Xuewu D, Ji Z, Jiang Y. Role of peroxidase in anthocyanin degradation in litchi fruit pericarp. Food Chem. 2005;90:47–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.023.
- Shigeto J, Tsutsumi Y. Diverse functions and reactions of class III peroxidases. New Phytol. 2016;209:1395–1402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13738.
- Thomas RL, Jen JJ. The cytochemical localization of peroxidase in tomato fruit cells. J Food Biochem. 1980;4:247–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.1980.tb00784.x.
- López-Serrano M, Ferrer MA, Ros Barceló A, Pedreño MA. Effect of fosetyl-A1 on peroxidase from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cells. Eur J Histochem. 1995;39:69–74.
- Ferreres F, Figueiredo R, Bettencourt S, Carqueijeiro I, Oliveira J, Gil-Izquierdo A, Pereira DM, Valentao P, Andrade PB, Duarte P, et al. Identification of phenolic compounds in isolated vacuoles of the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus and their interaction with vacuolar class III peroxidase: an H(2)O(2) affair? J Exp Bot. 2011;62:2841–2854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq458.
- Veitch NC. Horseradish peroxidase: a modern view of a classic enzyme. Phytochemistry. 2004;65:249–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.10.022.
- Hancock J, Desikan R, Harrison J, Bright J, Hooley R, Neill S. Doing the unexpected: proteins involved in hydrogen peroxide perception. J Exp Bot. 2006;57:1711–1718.
- Foyer CH, Noctor G. Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell. 2005;17:1866-1875. doi:https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.033589.
- Apel K, Hirt H. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction, annu. Rev Plant Biol. 2004;55:373–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701.
- Mullineaux P, Karpinski S. Signal transduction in response to excess light: getting out of the chloroplast. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002;5:43–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(01)00226-6.
- Collins M, Machanic M. Molecular cloning and characterization of a vacuolar class III peroxidase involved in the metabolism of anticancer alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiol. 2008;146:403–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.107060.
- Smart RE, Sinclair TR. Solar heating of grape berries and other spherical fruits. Agr Meterol. 1976;17:241–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(76)90029-7.
- Steyn W, Holcroft D, Wand S, Jacobs G. Anthocyanin degradation in detached pome fruit with reference to preharvest red color loss and pigmentation patterns of blushed and fully red pears. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 2004;129:13-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.129.1.0013.
- Mori K, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kitayama M, Hashizume K. Loss of anthocyanins in red-wine grape under high temperature. J Exp Bot. 2007;58:1935–1945. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm055.
- Medina Silva R, Barros MP, Galhardo RS, Netto LES, Colepicolo P, Menck CFM. Heat stress promotes mitochondrial instability and oxidative responses in yeast deficient in thiazole biosynthesis. Res Microbiol. 2006;157:275–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2005.07.004.
- Navrot N, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot J-P. Reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant systems in plant mitochondria. Physiol Plant. 2007;129:185–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00777.x.
- Vicuna Requesens D, Malone R, Dix P. Expression of a barley peroxidase in transgenic apple (Malus domestica L.) results in altered growth, xylem formation and tolerance to heat stress. J Plant Sci. 2014;9:58–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2014.58.66.
- Gulen H, Eris A. Effect of heat stress on peroxidase activity and total protein content in strawberry plants. Plant Sci. 2004;166:739–744. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.014.
- Rehman RNU, You Y, Zhang L, Goudia BD, Khan AR, Li P, Ma F. High temperature induced anthocyanin inhibition and active degradation in Malus profusion. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1401. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01401.
- Nissim-Levi A, Kagan S, Ovadia R, Oren-Shamir M. Effects of temperature, UV-light and magnesium on anthocyanin pigmentation in cocoplum leaves. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol. 2003;78:61–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2003.11511588.
- Shaked-Sachray L, Weiss D, Reuveni M, Nissim-Levi A, Oren-Shamir M. Increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers at elevated temperatures due to magnesium treatment. Physiol Plant. 2002;114:559–565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140408.x.
- Andreev IM. Functions of the vacuole in higher plant cellsruss. J Plant Physiol. 2001;48:672–680.
- Gu KD, Wang CK, Hu DG, Hao YJ. How do anthocyanins paint our horticultural products? Sci Hortic. 2019;249:257–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.034.
- Goodman CD, Casati P, Walbot V. A multidrug resistance-associated protein involved in anthocyanin transport in Zea mays. Plant Cell. 2004;16:1812-1826. doi:https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.022574.
- Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7:405–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9.