Staging of Bladder Carcinoma: MRI—Pathologic Correlation

References

• Catalona WJ 1992 Urothelial tumors of the urinary tract Walsh PC Retik AB Stamey TA Vaughan ED Campbell's Urology 6th Ed., WB Saunders Philadelphia
   Google Scholar
• Wingo , PA , Tong , T and Bolden , S . 1995 . Cancer statistics C.A. Cancer . J. Clin. , 45 : 8 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Husband , JE . 1992 . Staging bladder cancer . Clin. Radiol. , 46 : 153 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Barentsz , JO , Ruijs , SH and Strijk , SP . 1993 . The role of MR imaging in carcinoma of the urinary bladder . Am. J. Roentgenol. , 160 : 937 – 947 .
   Google Scholar
• Barentsz , JO , Witjes , JA and Ruijs , JHJ . 1997 . What's new in bladder imaging? . Urol. Clin. N. Am. , 24 : 583 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• U.I.C.C. (International Union Against Cancer) 1997 Hermanek P Hutter RVP Sobin LH Wagner G Wittekind C TNM—Atlas 4th Ed. Springer Verlag Berlin 309 314
   Google Scholar
• Hermanek R Sobin LH 1987 TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors/UICC International Union Against Cancer, 4th Ed. Springer–Verlag New York
   Google Scholar
• Jewett , HJ and Strong , GH . 1946 . Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: relation of depth of penetration of the bladder wall to incidence of local extension and metastases . J. Urol. , 55 : 366 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , VF . 1952 . The relation of the preoperative estimate to the pathologic demonstration of the extent of vesical neoplasms . J. Urol. , 68 : 714 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See , WA and Fuller , JR . 1992 . Staging of advanced bladder cancer: current concepts and pitfalls . Urol. Clin. N. Am. , 19 : 663 – 683 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt , JD and Weinstein , SH . 1976 . Pitfalls in clinical staging of bladder tumors . Urol. Clin. N. Am. , 3 : 107 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Wijkstrom , H , Edsmyr , F and Lundh , B . 1984 . The value of preoperative classification according to the TNM system . Eur. Urol. , 10 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr , HW , Whitmore , WF Jr. , Morse , MJ , Sogani , PC , Russo , P and Fair , WR . 1990 . Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: the evolving role of surgery . J. Urol. , 144 : 1083 – 1088 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amendola , MA , Glaser , GM , Grossman , HB , Aisen , AM and Francis , IR . 1990 . Staging of bladder carcinoma: MRI-CT-Surgical correlation . AJR , 146 : 1179 – 1183 .
   Google Scholar
• Denkhaus , H , Crone-Muenzebrock , W and Huland , H . 1985 . Noninvasive ultrasound in detecting and staging bladder carcinoma . Urol. Radiol. , 7 : 121 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , MR , Hricak , H and Crooks , LE . 1985 . Urinary bladder MR imaging. Part 1. Normal and benign conditions . Radiology , 157 : 467 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , MR , Hricak , H and Tanagho , EA . 1985 . Urinary bladder MR imaging. Part II Neoplasm . Radiology , 157 : 471 – 477 .
   Google Scholar
• Rholl , KS , Lee , JKT , Heiken , JP , Ling , D and Glazer , HS . 1987 . Primary bladder carcinoma: evaluation with MR imaging . Radiology , 163 : 117 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Persad , R , Kabala , J , Gillatt , D , Penry , B , Gingell , JC and Smith , PJB . 1993 . Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of bladder cancer . Br. J. Urol. , 71 : 566 – 573 .
   Google Scholar
• Vock , P , Haertel , M , Fuchs , WA , Karrer , P , Bishop , HC and Zingg , EJ . 1982 . Computed tomography in staging carcinoma of the urinary bladder . Br. J. Radiol. , 54 : 158 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Koebel , G , Schmeidl , U , Griebel , J , Hess , CF and Kueper , K . 1988 . MR imaging of urinary bladder neoplasms . J. Comput. Assisted Tomogr. , 12 : 98 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Buy , JN , Moss , AA , Guinet , C , Ghossain , MA , Malbeo , L , Arrive , L and Vadrot , D . 1988 . MR staging of bladder carcinoma: correlation with pathologic findings . Radiology , 169 : 695 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , DP Jr. , Lorig , R , Pontes , JE and Montie , JE . 1988 . The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of bladder carcinoma . J. Urol. , 140 : 741 – 744 .
   Google Scholar
• Husband , JE , Olliff , JF , Williams , MP , Hersn , CW and Cherryman , GR . Bladder cancer: staging with CT and MR imaging . Radiology , 173 435 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Pagano , F , Bassi , P , Galette , TP , Meneghim , A and Milani , C . 1991 . Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes and metastasis classification . J. Urol. , 145 : 45 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss , JC , Arger , PH , Coleman , BG , Mulhern , CB , Pollack , HM and Wein , AJ . 1981 . CT staging of bladder carcinoma . AJR , 137 : 359 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey , RB , Palubinskas , AJ and Federle , MP . 1981 . CT evaluation of invasive lesion of the bladder . J. Comput. Assisted Tomogr. , 5 : 22 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Voges , GE , Taurchke , E , Stockle , N , Alken , P and Hohenfeller , R . 1989 . Computerized tomography an unreliable method for accurate staging of bladder tumors in patients who are candidates for radical cystectomy . J. Urol. , 142 : 972 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , PH , Butler , HE , LiPuma , JP , Resnier , MI and Kursh , ED . 1987 . CT and MR imaging in staging bladder neoplasms . J. Comput. Assisted Tomogr. , 11 : 96 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , JKT and Rholl , KS . 1986 . MRI of the bladder and prostate . AJR , 147 : 732 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock , EE , Brateman , L , Weinreb , JC , Homer , SD and Nunnally , RL . 1985 . Edge artifacts in MR images: chemical shift effect . J. Comput. Assisted Tomogr. , 9 : 252 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Dooms , GL and Hricak , H . 1986 . Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis: prostate and urinary bladder . Urol. Radiol. , 8 : 156 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Doom , GC , Hricak , H , Crooks , LE and Higgins , CB . 1984 . Magnetic resonance imaging of the lymph nodes: comparison with CT . Radiology , 153 : 719 – 728 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , JK , Heiken , JP , Ling , D , Glazer , HS , Balfe , DM , Levitt , RG , Dixon , WT and Murphy , WA Jr. 1984 . Magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal and pelvic lymphadenopathy . Radiology , 153 : 181 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares , NJ , Demas , BE and Hricak , H . 1990 . MR imaging of bladder neoplasms: correlation with pathologic staging . Urol. Radiol. , 12 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar