Crisis intervention team training: when police encounter persons with mental illness

References

• Berman, M. (2015, January 8). The Pennsylvania prison system will stop putting mentally ill inmates in solitary. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/01/08/the-pennsylvania-prison-system-will-stop-putting-mentally-ill-inmates-in-solitary/
   Google Scholar
• Borrelli, A. (2015, May 12). Vestal man’s police brutality lawsuit goes to jury trial. Pressconnects.com. Retrieved from http://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2015/05/12/vestal-mans-police-brutality-lawsuit-goes-jury-trial/27189879/
   Google Scholar
• Borum, R., Deane, M. W., Steadman, H. J., & Morrissey, J. (1998). Police perspectives on responding to mentally ill people in crisis: Perceptions of program effectiveness. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 393–405.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broussard, B., Krishan, S., Hankerson-Dyson, D., Husbands, L., Stewart-Hutto, T., & Compton, M. T. (2011). Development and initial reliability and validity of four self-report measures used in research on interactions between police officers and individuals with mental illnesses. Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 458–462.10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIT International. (2011). Brochure. Retrieved from http://www.citinternational.org/CITINT/PDF/CITIntBrochure20110408.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, D. (2014, May). Millions of Americans changed their racial or ethnic identify from one census to the next. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/05/millions-of-americans-changed-their-racial-or-ethnic-identity-from-one-census-to-the-next/
   Google Scholar
• Compton, M. T., Bahora, M., Watson, A., & Oliva, J. (2008). A comprehensive review of extant research on crisis intervention team (CIT) programs. Journal of American Academic Psychiatry and the Law, 36, 47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M. T., Demir-Neubert, B. N., Broussard, B., McGriff, J. A., Morgan, R., & Oliva, J. R. (2011). Use of force preferences and perceived effectiveness of actions among crisis intervention team (CIT) police officers and non-cit officers in an escalating psychiatric crisis involving a subject with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 737–745.10.1093/schbul/sbp146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M. T., Esterberg, M. L., McGee, R., Kotwicki, R. J., & Oliva, J. R. (2006). Brief reports: Crisis intervention team training: Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and stigma related to schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57(8), 1199–1202.10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowell, A. J., Broner, N., & Dupont, R. (2004). The cost-effectiveness of criminal justice diversion programs for people with serious mental illness co-occurring with substance abuse. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 20(3), 292–314.10.1177/1043986204266892
   Google Scholar
• Cross, A. B., Mulvey, E. P., Schubert, C. A., Griffin, P. A., Filone, S., Winckworth-Prejsnar, K., … Heilbrun, K. (2014). An agenda for advancing research on crisis intervention teams for mental health emergencies. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 530–536.10.1176/appi.ps.201200566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMatteo, D., LaDuke, C., Locklair, B. R., & Heilbrun, K. (2013). Community-based alternatives for justice-involved individuals with severe mental illness: Diversion, problem-solving courts, and reentry. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(2), 64–71.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, R., Cochran, S., & Pillsbury, S. (2007, September). Crisis intervention team core elements. The University of Memphis School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice CIT Center. Retrieved from http://www.cit.memphis.edu/engagement.php?id=2&page=1
   Google Scholar
• Engel, R. S. (2015). Police encounters with people with mental illness. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(2), 247–251.10.1111/capp.2015.14.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennis, S., Rios-Vargas, M., & Albert, N. (2011). The hispanic population: 2010. U. S. census bureau, population division. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Fellner, J. (2015). Callous and cruel: Use of force against inmates with mental disabilities in US prisons and jails. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Florida Crisis Intervention Team. (2015). Florida directory. Retrieved from http://www.floridacit.org/floridaregions.htm
   Google Scholar
• Franz, S., & Borum, R. (2010). Crisis intervention teams may prevent arrests of people with mental illnesses. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 12(3), 265–272.
   Google Scholar
• Gostomski, A. (2012). Vancouver police department: Police officers’ assessment of the effectiveness of the crisis intervention training program and its impact on their attitudes towards their interactions with persons living with serious mental illness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Frasier University.
   Google Scholar
• Hartford, K., Carey, R., & Mendonca, J. (2006). Pre-arrest diversion of people with mental illness: Literature review and international survey. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24, 845–856.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbrun, K., DeMatteo, D., Yasuhara, K., Brooks-Holliday, S., Shah, S., King, C., … Laduke, C. (2012). Community-based alternatives for justice-involved individuals with severe mental illness. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(4), 351–419.10.1177/0093854811432421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association of Chiefs of Police. 2010. Building Safer Communities: Improving police response to persons with mental illness: Recommendations from the IACP National Policy Summit. Retrieved June 30, 2014, from http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/ImprovingPoliceResponsetoPersonsWithMentalIllnessSummit.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kane, E., Evans, E., & Shokraneh, F. (2017). Effectiveness of current policing-related mental health interventions in England and Wales and Crisis Intervention Teams as a future potential model: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 1–7. doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0478-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohrt, B. A., Blasingame, E., Compton, M. T., Dakana, S. F., Dossen, B., Lang, F., … Cooper, J. (2015). Adapting the crisis intervention team (CIT) model of police–mental health collaboration in a low-income, post-conflict country: Curriculum development in Liberia, West Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), e73–e80.10.2105/AJPH.2014.302394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (2014). Decarceration of U.S. jails and prisons: Where will persons with serious mental illness go? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 42(4), 489–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattimore, P. K., Broner, N., Sherman, R., Frisman, L., & Shafer, M. S. (2003). A comparison of prebooking and postbooking diversion programs for mentally ill substance-using individuals with justice involvement. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19(1), 30–64.10.1177/1043986202239741
   Google Scholar
• Lowery, W., Kindy, K., Alexander, K. L., Tate, J., Jenkins, J., & Rich, S. (2015, June 30). Distraught people, deadly results. Washington Post. Available http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/06/30/distraught-people-deadly-results/
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, L. (2016, September 28). Changing the way police respond to mental illness. CNN. Available http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/06/health/police-mental-health-training/index.html
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, E. C. (2015, March 19). Video: Dallas police open fire on schizophrenic man with screwdriver. Cable News Network. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/18/us/dallas-police-fatal-shooting-mentally-ill-man-video/
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. W. (2015, May 25). Mental health in Rhode Island: Treatment of inmates under fire. Providence Journal. Retrieved from http://www.providencejournal.com/article/20150525/NEWS/150529524
   Google Scholar
• Morabito, M. S., & Socia, K. M. (2015). Is dangerousness a myth? Injuries and police encounters with people with mental illnesses. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(2), 253–276.10.1111/capp.2015.14.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2013a). Mental illness: Facts and numbers. Author. Retrieved from http://www2.nami.org/factsheets/mentalillness_factsheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. The Use-of-Force Continuum. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-offorce/Pages/continuum.aspx
   Google Scholar
• New South Wales Government. (2014). NSW police force: Community issues, mental health. NSWPF Mental Health Intervention Team. Retrieved from http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/community_issues/mental_health
   Google Scholar
• Ogloff, J. R., Thomas, S. D., Luebbers, S., Baksheev, G., Elliott, I., Godfredson, J., … Moore, E. (2013). Policing services with mentally ill people: Developing greater understanding and best practice. Australian Psychologist, 48(1), 57–68.10.1111/ap.2013.48.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, V. N. (2014). Police officers on the front line as mental health workers. The Police Chief, 81, 18–19.
   Google Scholar
• Pennsylvania Mental Health & Justice Center for Excellence. (2013, July 25). Specialized police response in Pennsylvania: Moving toward statewide implementation. Philadelphia, PA: Drexel University.
   Google Scholar
• Rios, M., Romero, F., & Ramirez, R. (2014). Race Reporting Among Hispanics: 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzfeld, M., Reuland, M., & Plotkin, M. (2008). Improving responses to people with mental illness: The essential elements of a specialized law enforcement-based program. The Council of State Governments Justice Center.
   Google Scholar
• Slate, R. N., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., & Johnson, W. W. (2013). The criminalization of mental illness: Crisis and opportunity for the justice system. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steadman, H. J., Deane, M. W., Borum, R., & Morrissey, J. P. (2000). Comparing outcomes of major models of police responses to mental health emergencies. Psychiatric Services, 51(5), 645–649.10.1176/appi.ps.51.5.645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, R., Delaney, R., Roberts, S., Fishman, N., & McGarry, P. (2015). Incarceration’s front door: The misuse of jails in America. Washington, DC: The Vera Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014). Population data/NSDUH, Substate/metro, Year data collected – 2010, 2008-2010 NSDUH substate region estimates – Excel tables. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/population-data-nsduh
   Google Scholar
• Taheri, S. A. (2016). Do crisis intervention teams reduce arrests and improve officer safety? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(1), 76–96. doi:10.1177/0887403414556289
   Google Scholar
• Teller, J. L., Munetz, M. R., Gil, K. M., & Ritter, C. (2006). Crisis intervention team training for police officers responding to mental disturbance calls. Psychiatric Services, 57(2), 232–237.10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Florida Hal S. Marchman Alcohol and Other Drug Services Act (“The Marchman Act”), 397 Fla. Stat. § 397.301 to 397.998 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• The Florida Mental Health Act of 1971 (“The Baker Act”), 394 Fla. Stat. § 394.451-394.47891 (2009, Rev.).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, L., & Borum, R. (2006). Crisis intervention teams (CIT): Considerations for knowledge transfer. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 6(3), 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Torrey, E., Kennard, A., Eslinger, E., Lamb, R., & Pavle, J. (2010). More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: A survey of the states. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center.
   Google Scholar
• University of Memphis. (n. d.) CIT center: A resource for CIT programs across the nation. Retrieved from http://www.cit.memphis.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Watson, A. C., Ottati, V. C., Draine, J., & Morabito, M. (2011). CIT in context: The impact of mental health resource availability and district saturation on call dispositions. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(4), 287–294.10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, W., & Schafer, J. A. (2006). Officer perceptions of police responses to persons with a mental illness. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 29(4), 578–601.10.1108/13639510610711556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, P., Leidl, D., Butler, L., Stonechild, J., & Luimes, J. (2017). Police services detention centres: A proposed solution for action. Police Practice and Research, 18(2), 119–131. doi:10.1080/15614263.2016.1230852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar