361
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

‘Top 10’ policing as an alternative place-based strategy: responding to the overcomplication and underestimation of the law of crime concentration

ORCID Icon &
Pages 71-89 | Received 17 Aug 2022, Accepted 14 Feb 2023, Published online: 28 Feb 2023

References

  • Adepeju, M., Rosser, G., & Cheng, T. (2016). Novel evaluation metrics for sparse spatio-temporal point process hotspot predictions-a crime case study. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 30(11), 2133–2154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2016.1159684
  • Andresen, M., & Linning, S. (2017). The (in)appropriateness of aggregating across crime types. Applied Geography, 35(2012), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.07.007
  • Bernasco, W. (2010). Modeling micro-level crime location choice: Application of the discrete choice framework to crime at places. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 113–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9086-6
  • Bernasco, W., & Steenbeek, W. (2017). More places than crimes; Implications for evaluating the law of crime concentration at place. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(3), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9324-7
  • Block, R., & Block, C. (1995). Space, place, and crime: Hot spot areas and hot places of liquor related crime. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime places in crime theory (pp. 145–183). Willow Tree Press.
  • Bowers, K., Johnson, S., Guerette, R., Summers, L., & Ponyton, S. (2011). Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 3(1), 1–144. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2011.3
  • Bowers, K., Johnson, S., & Pease, K. (2004). Prospective hot-spotting: The future of crime mapping? The British Journal of Criminology, 44(5), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh036
  • Braga, A., Andresen, M., & Lawton, B. (2017). The law of crime concentration at places: Editors’ introduction. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(3), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9342-0
  • Braga, A., & Bond, B. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46(3), 577–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00124.x
  • Braga, A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. (2010). The concentration and stability of gun violence at micro places in Boston, 1980–2008. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9082-x
  • Braga, A., Turchan, B., Papachristos, A., & Hureau, D. (2019). Hot spots policing and crime reduction: An update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(3), 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3
  • Braga, A., & Weisburd, D. (2020). Does hot spots policing have meaningful impacts on crime? Findings from an alternative approach to estimating effect sizes from place-based program evaluations. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-020-09481-7
  • Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1995). Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. European Journal of Criminal Policy, 3(3), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02242925
  • Camaco Doyle, M., Gerell, M., & Andershed, H. (2022). Perceived unsafety and fear of crime: The role of violent and property crime, neighborhood characteristics, and prior perceived unsafety and fear of crime. Deviant Behavior, 43(11), 1347–1365. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1982657
  • Caplan, J. (2011). Mapping the spatial influence of crime correlates: A comparison of operationalization schemes and implications for crime analysis and criminal justice practice. Cityscape, 13(3), 57–83.
  • Caplan, J., Kennedy, L., Barnum, J., Piza, E., & Rennsion, C. (2017). Crime in context: Utilizing risk terrain modeling and conjunctive analysis of case configurations to explore the dynamics of criminogenic behavior settings. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33(2), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986216688814
  • Chainey, S., Tompson, L., & Uhlig, S. (2008). The utility of hotspot mapping for predicting spatial patterns of crime. Security Journal, 21, 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350066
  • Chalfin, A., Kaplan, J., & Cuellar, M. (2021). Measuring marginal crime concentration: A new solution to an old problem. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 58(4), 467–504.
  • Connealy, N. (2021). Understanding the predictors of street robbery hot spots: A matched pairs analysis and systematic social observation. Crime and Delinquency, 67(9), 1319–1352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720926116
  • Connealy, N. (2022). The influence, saliency, and consistency of environmental crime predictors: A probability score matching approach to test what makes a hot spot hot. Justice Quarterly, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2106292
  • Connealy, N., & Piza, E. (2019). Risk factor and high-risk place variations across robbery targets in Denver, Colorado. Journal of Criminal Justice, 60, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.11.003
  • Curman, A., Andresen, M. A., & Brantingham, P. J. (2015). Crime and place: A longitudinal examination of street segment patterns in Vancouver, BC. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9228-3
  • Drawve, G. (2016). A metric comparison of predictive hot spot techniques and RTM. Justice Quarterly, 33(3), 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2014.904393
  • Eck, J., & Weisburd, D. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. In J. E. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place: Crime prevention studies (Vol. 4, pp. 1–33). Willow Tree Press.
  • Gill, C., Wooditch, A., & Weisburd, D. (2016). Testing the “Law of crime concentration at place” in a suburban setting: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(3), 519–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9304-y
  • Groff, E., & Lockwood, B. (2014). Criminogenic facilities and crime across street segments in Philadelphia: Uncovering evidence about the spatial extent of facility influence. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(3), 277–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427813512494
  • Groff, E., Weisburd, D., & Yang, S. -M. (2010). Is it important to examine crime trends at a local “micro” level? A longitudinal analysis of street to street variability in crime trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9081-y
  • Haberman, C. (2017). Overlapping hot spots? Examination of the spatial heterogeneity of hot spots of different crime types. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(2), 633–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12303
  • Haberman, C., & Stiver, W. (2019). The Dayton foot patrol program: An evaluation of hot spots foot patrols in a central business district. Police Quarterly, 22(3), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118813531
  • Hart, T. (2020). Identifying situational clustering and quantifying its magnitude in dominant case configurations: New methods for conjunctive analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 66(1), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719866123
  • Hart, T. (2021). Investigating crime pattern stability at micro-temporal intervals: Implications for crime analysis and hotspot policing strategies. Criminal Justice Review, 46(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016821996785
  • Hart, T. C., & Miethe, T. D. (2015). Configural behavior settings of crime event locations: Toward an alternative conceptualization of criminogenic microenvironments. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(3), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427814566639
  • Hatten, D., & Piza, E. (2022). When crime moves where does it go? Analyzing the spatial correlates of robbery incidents displaced by a place-based policing intervention. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 59(1), 128–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278211016030
  • Hu, Y., Wang, F., Guin, C., & Zhu, H. (2018). A spatio-temporal kernel density estimation framework for predictive crime hotspot mapping and evaluation. Applied Geography, 99, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.08.001
  • Kinney, B., Brantingham, P. L., Wuschke, K., Kirk, M. G., & Brantingham, P. J. (2008). Crime attractors, generators, and detractors: Land use and urban crime opportunities. Built Environment, 34(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.34.1.62
  • Koper, C. (1995). Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 649–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096231
  • Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Telep, C. W. (2011). The evidence-based policing matrix. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9108-2
  • Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Wu, X., Johnson, W., & Stoltz, M. (2018). The proactive policing lab. Final report to the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. George Mason University.
  • Malleson, N., & Andresen, M. (2016). Exploring the impact of ambient population measures on London crime hotspots. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.03.002
  • Mastrofksi, S., & Fridell, L. (2011). Police Departments' Adoption of Innovative Practice. National Police Research Platform.
  • Piza, E., Chauhan, P., & Travis, J. 2018. The effect of various police enforcement actions on violent crime: Evidence from a saturation foot-patrol intervention. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 29 6–7611–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417725370
  • Piza, E., Feng, S., Kennedy, L., & Caplan, J. (2017). Place-based correlates of motor vehicle theft and recovery: Measuring spatial influence across neighborhood context. Urban Studies, 54(13), 2998–3021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016664299
  • Ratcliffe, J., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E. R., & Wood, J. D. (2011). The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots. Criminology, 49(3), 795–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00240.x
  • Rinehart-Kochel, T., & Gau, J. (2021). Examining police presence: Tactics, and engagement as facilitators of informal social control in high-crime areas. Justice Quarterly, 38(2), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2019.1632917
  • Schnell, C., Grossman, L., & Braga, A. (2019). The routine activities of violent crime places: A retrospective case-control study of crime opportunities on street segments. Journal of Criminal Justice, 60, 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.10.002
  • Schnell, C., & McManus, H. (2020). The influence of temporal specification on the identification of crime hot spots for program evaluations: A test of longitudinal stability in crime patterns. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-020-09483-5
  • Sherman, L., Gartin, P., & Buerger, M. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27–56.
  • Sherman, L., & Weisburd, D. (1995). General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime “hot spots”: A randomized, controlled trial. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 625–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096221
  • Skogan, W., & Frydl, K. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. The National Academies Press.
  • Steenbeek, W., & Weisburd, D. (2015). Where the action is in crime? An examination of variability of crime across different spatial units in the Hague, 2001–2009. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-015-9276-3
  • Sytsma, V., Connealy, N., & Piza, E. (2021). Environmental predictors of a drug offender crime script: A systematic social observation of Google street view images and CCTV footage. Crime and Delinquency, 67(1), 27–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720910961
  • Weisburd, D. (2015). The law of crime concentration and the criminology of place. Criminology, 53(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12070
  • Weisburd, D. (2018). Hot spots of crime and place-based prevention. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12350
  • Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., & Bruinsma, G. (2009). Putting Crime in its Place: units of analysis in geographic criminology. Springer-Verlag.
  • Weisburd, D., Braga, A. A., Groff, E. R., & Wooditch, A. (2017). Can hot spots policing reduce crime in urban areas? An agent-based simulation: Hot spots policing and urban area crime reduction. Criminology, 55(1), 137–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12131
  • Weisburd, D., Groff, E., & Yang, S. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
  • Weisburd, D. L., & Majimundar, M. K. (2017). Proactive policing: Effects on crime and communities. National Academy of Sciences.
  • Weisburd, D., Petrosino, A., & Mason, G. (1993). Design sensitivity in criminal justice experiments. Crime and Justice, 17, 337–379. https://doi.org/10.1086/449216
  • Weisburd, D., & White, C. (2019). Hot spots of crime are not just hot spots of crime: Examining health outcomes at street segments. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 35(2), 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986219832132
  • Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L., Ready, J., Eck, J., Hinkle, J., & Gajewski, F. (2006). Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology, 44(3), 549–592.
  • Wheeler, A. (2021). Clumpy hotspots. https://andrewpwheeler.com/2021/03/09/clumpy-hotspots/.
  • Zhou, H., Liu, L., Lan, M., Zhu, W., Song, G., Jing, F., Zhong, Y., Su, Z., & Gu, X. (2021). Using Google street view imagery to capture micro built environment characteristics in drug places, compared with street robbery. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 88, 101631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101631

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.