1,190
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Investigations

Childhood emotional neglect and oxytocin receptor variants: Association with limbic brain volumes

ORCID Icon, , , , , , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 513-528 | Received 10 Oct 2018, Accepted 13 Feb 2019, Published online: 02 Apr 2019

References

  • Adhikari A, Topiwala MA, Gordon JA. 2010. Synchronized activity between the ventral hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex during anxiety. Neuron. 65:257–269.
  • Baker SL, Heinrichs N, Kim H-J, Hofmann SG. 2002. The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behav Res Ther. 40:701–715.
  • Bandelow B, Charimo Torrente A, Wedekind D, Broocks A, Hajak G, Rüther E. 2004. Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 254:397–405.
  • Bernstein DP, Fink L. 1998. Manual for the childhood trauma questionnaire: a retrospective self-report. The Psychological Corporation. New York (NY): Harcourt Brace.
  • Bickart KC, Wright CI, Dautoff RJ, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF. 2011. Amygdala volume and social network size in humans. Nat Neurosci. 14:163–164.
  • Brüne M. 2012. Does the oxytocin receptor polymorphism (rs2254298) confer “vulnerability” for psychopathology or “differential susceptibility”? insights from evolution. BMC Med. [Internet] 10. Available from: http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-38.
  • Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ross NS, Khoury L, Anderson GM, Price LH. 2009. Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry. 66:69–75.
  • Carr CP, Martins CMS, Stingel AM, Lemgruber VB, Juruena MF. 2013. The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 201:1007–1020.
  • de Carvalho HW, Pereira R, Frozi J, Bisol LW, Ottoni GL, Lara DR. 2015. Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits. Child Abuse Negl. 44:18–25.
  • Chen FS, Barth ME, Johnson SL, Gotlib IH, Johnson SC. 2011. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) polymorphisms and attachment in human infants. Front Psychol. [Internet] 2. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00200/abstract
  • Chen FS, Johnson SC. 2012. An oxytocin receptor gene variant predicts attachment anxiety in females and autism-spectrum traits in males. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 3:93–99.
  • Dale AM, Fischl B, Sereno MI. 1999. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage. 9:179–194.
  • Dale AM, Sereno MI. 1993. Improved localizadon of cortical activity by combining EEG and MEG with MRI cortical surface reconstruction: a linear approach. J Cogn Neurosci. 5:162–176.
  • Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, Opel N, Dohm K, Zaremba D, Grögler A, Schwieren J, Suslow T, et al. 2016. Disadvantage of social sensitivity: interaction of oxytocin receptor genotype and child maltreatment on brain structure. Biol Psychiatry. 80:398–405.
  • De Bellis MD. 2005. The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreat. 10:150–172.
  • Domschke K, Tidow N, Kuithan H, Schwarte K, Klauke B, Ambrée O, Reif A, Schmidt H, Arolt V, Kersting A, et al. 2012. Monoamine oxidase A gene DNA hypomethylation – a risk factor for panic disorder?. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 15:1217–1228.
  • Domschke K, Tidow N, Schrempf M, Schwarte K, Klauke B, Reif A, Kersting A, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Deckert J, et al. 2013. Epigenetic signature of panic disorder: a role of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) DNA hypomethylation? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 46:189–196.
  • Domschke K, Tidow N, Schwarte K, Deckert J, Lesch K-P, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Baune BT. 2014. Serotonin transporter gene hypomethylation predicts impaired antidepressant treatment response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 17:1167–1176.
  • Domschke K, Tidow N, Schwarte K, Ziegler C, Lesch K-P, Deckert J, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Baune BT. 2015. Pharmacoepigenetics of depression: no major influence of MAO-A DNA methylation on treatment response. J Neural Transm. 122:99–108.
  • Dumais KM, Veenema AH. 2016. Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol. 40:1–23.
  • Feldman R, Monakhov M, Pratt M, Ebstein RP. 2016. Oxytocin pathway genes: evolutionary ancient system impacting on human affiliation, sociality, and psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 79:174–184.
  • Felix-Ortiz AC, Beyeler A, Seo C, Leppla CA, Wildes CP, Tye KM. 2013. BLA to vHPC inputs modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Neuron. 79:658–664.
  • Fischl B, Dale AM. 2000. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:11050–11055.
  • Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, van der Kouwe A, Killiany R, Kennedy D, Klaveness S, et al. 2002. Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron. 33:341–355.
  • Fischl B, Salat DH, van der Kouwe AJW, Makris N, Ségonne F, Quinn BT, Dale AM. 2004. Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images. NeuroImage. 23: S69–S84.
  • Furman DJ, Chen MC, Gotlib IH. 2011. Variant in oxytocin receptor gene is associated with amygdala volume. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36:891–897.
  • Gamble AL, Rapee RM. 2010. The time-course of attention to emotional faces in social phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 41:39–44.
  • Gauthier L, Stollak G, Messé L, Aronoff J. 1996. Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning. Child Abuse Negl. 20:549–559.
  • Gorka SM, Fitzgerald DA, Labuschagne I, Hosanagar A, Wood AG, Nathan PJ, Phan KL. 2015. Oxytocin modulation of amygdala functional connectivity to fearful faces in generalized social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 40:278–286.
  • Gouin JP, Zhou QQ, Booij L, Boivin M, Côté SM, Hébert M, et al. 2017. Associations among oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) DNA methylation in adulthood, exposure to early life adversity, and childhood trajectories of anxiousness. Sci Rep. [Internet] 7. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07950-x
  • Harony-Nicolas H, Mamrut S, Brodsky L, Shahar-Gold H, Barki-Harrington L, Wagner S. 2014. Brain region-specific methylation in the promoter of the murine oxytocin receptor gene is involved in its expression regulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 39:121–131.
  • Hovens JGFM, Giltay EJ, Spinhoven P, van Hemert AM, Penninx BWJH. 2015. Impact of childhood life events and childhood trauma on the onset and recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:931–938.
  • Hunt X, Tomlinson M. 2018. Child developmental trajectories in adversity. In: Understanding uniqueness and diversity in child and adolescent mental health. Elsevier. p. 137–166. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012815310900006X
  • Inoue H, Yamasue H, Tochigi M, Abe O, Liu X, Kawamura Y, Takei K, Suga M, Yamada H, Rogers MA, et al. 2010. Association between the oxytocin receptor gene and amygdalar volume in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry. 68:1066–1072.
  • Jack A, Connelly JJ, Morris JP. 2012. DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene predicts neural response to ambiguous social stimuli. Front Hum Neurosci. [Internet] 6. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00280/abstract
  • Jaffee SR, Price TS. 2008. Genotype-environment correlations: implications for determining the relationship between environmental exposures and psychiatric illness. Psychiatry. 7:496–499.
  • Jiang Y, Langley B, Lubin FD, Renthal W, Wood MA, Yasui DH, Kumar A, Nestler EJ, Akbarian S, Beckel-Mitchener AC, et al. 2008. Epigenetics in the nervous system. J Neurosci. 28:11753–11759.
  • Kim HS, Sherman DK, Sasaki JY, Xu J, Chu TQ, Ryu C, Suh EM, Graham K, Taylor SE. 2010. Culture, distress, and oxytocin receptor polymorphism (OXTR) interact to influence emotional support seeking. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:15717–15721.
  • Klengel T, Pape J, Binder EB, Mehta D. 2014. The role of DNA methylation in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology. 80:115–132.
  • Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E. 2005. Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature. 435:673–676.
  • Krueger F, Parasuraman R, Iyengar V, Thornburg M, Weel J, Lin M, et al. 2012. Oxytocin receptor genetic variation promotes human trust behavior. Front Hum Neurosci. [Internet] 6. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00004/abstract
  • Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Sheikh HI, Singh SM, Hayden EP. 2014. Evidence for evocative gene–environment correlation between child oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genotype and caregiver behavior. Personal Individ Differ. 64:107–110.
  • Kumsta R, Hummel E, Chen FS, Heinrichs M. 2013. Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for behavioral neuroscience. Front Neurosci. [Internet] 7. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2013.00083/abstract
  • Kuo JR, Goldin PR, Werner K, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. 2011. Childhood trauma and current psychological functioning in adults with social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 25:467–473.
  • Kusui C, Kimura T, Ogita K, Nakamura H, Matsumura Y, Koyama M, Azuma C, Murata Y. 2001. DNA methylation of the human oxytocin receptor gene promoter regulates tissue-specific gene suppression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 289:681–686.
  • MacDonald KS. 2013. Sex, receptors, and attachment: a review of individual factors influencing response to oxytocin. Front Neurosci. [Internet] 6. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2012.00194/abstract
  • Machado-de-Sousa JP, Osório F. d L, Jackowski AP, Bressan RA, Chagas MHN, Torro-Alves N, DePaula ALD, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC. 2014. Increased amygdalar and hippocampal volumes in young adults with social anxiety. PLoS ONE. 9:e88523.
  • Mamrut S, Harony H, Sood R, Shahar-Gold H, Gainer H, Shi Y-J, Barki-Harrington L, Wagner S. 2013. DNA methylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter region regulates the transcription of the mouse oxytocin receptor. PLoS ONE. 8:e56869.
  • Maroun M, Wagner S. 2016. Oxytocin and memory of emotional stimuli: some dance to remember, some dance to forget. Biol Psychiatry. 79:203–212.
  • Marusak HA, Furman DJ, Kuruvadi N, Shattuck DW, Joshi SH, Joshi AA, Etkin A, Thomason ME. 2015. Amygdala responses to salient social cues vary with oxytocin receptor genotype in youth. Neuropsychologia. 79:1–9.
  • McCrory E, De Brito SA, Viding E. 2010. Research review: the neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 51:1079–1095.
  • McEwen BS. 2012. Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:17180–17185.
  • Michelini S, Urbanek M, Dean M, Goldman D. 1995. Polymorphism and genetic mapping of the human oxytocin receptor gene on chromosome 3. Am J Med Genet. 60:183–187.
  • Mogg K, Bradley BP. 2002. Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 40:1403–1414.
  • Mogg K, Philippot P, Bradley BP. 2004. Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 113:160–165.
  • Montag C, Sindermann C, Melchers M, Jung S, Luo R, Becker B, Xie J, Xu W, Guastella AJ, Kendrick KM, et al. 2017. A functional polymorphism of the OXTR gene is associated with autistic traits in Caucasian and Asian populations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 174:808–816.
  • Moore LD, Le T, Fan G. 2013. DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 38:23.
  • Müller LE, Bertsch K, Bülau K, Herpertz SC, Buchheim A. 2018. Emotional neglect in childhood shapes social dysfunctioning in adults by influencing the oxytocin and the attachment system: results from a population-based study. Int J Psychophysiol. 136:73–80. [Internet]. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876017307134
  • Myers AJ, Williams L, Gatt JM, McAuley-Clark EZ, Dobson-Stone C, Schofield PR, Nemeroff CB. 2014. Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene is associated with increased risk for anxiety, stress and depression in individuals with a history of exposure to early life stress. J Psychiatr Res. 59:93–100.
  • Neyazi A, Theilmann W, Brandt C, Rantamäki T, Matsui N, Rhein M, et al. 2018. P11 promoter methylation predicts the antidepressant effect of electroconvulsive therapy. Transl. Psychiatry. [Internet] 8. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-017-0077-3
  • Ngui EM, Khasakhala L, Ndetei D, Roberts LW. 2010. Mental disorders, health inequalities and ethics: a global perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry. 22:235–244.
  • Notzon S, Domschke K, Holitschke K, Ziegler C, Arolt V, Pauli P, Reif A, Deckert J, Zwanzger P. 2016. Attachment style and oxytocin receptor gene variation interact in influencing social anxiety. World J Biol Psychiatry. 17:76–83.
  • Olff M, Frijling JL, Kubzansky LD, Bradley B, Ellenbogen MA, Cardoso C, Bartz JA, Yee JR, van Zuiden M. 2013. The role of oxytocin in social bonding, stress regulation and mental health: An update on the moderating effects of context and interindividual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:1883–1894.
  • Opacka-Juffry J, Mohiyeddini C. 2012. Experience of stress in childhood negatively correlates with plasma oxytocin concentration in adult men. Stress. 15:1–10.
  • Paquola C, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J. 2016. Understanding heterogeneity in grey matter research of adults with childhood maltreatment-A meta-analysis and review . Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 69:299–312.
  • Pechtel P, Lyons-Ruth K, Anderson CM, Teicher MH. 2014. Sensitive periods of amygdala development: the role of maltreatment in preadolescence. Neuroimage. 97:236–244.
  • Puglia MH, Lillard TS, Morris JP, Connelly JJ. 2015. Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene influences the perception of anger and fear in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:3308–3313.
  • R Development Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rees C. 2008. The influence of emotional neglect on development. Paediatr Child Health. 18:527–534.
  • Reiner I, Frieling H, Beutel M, Michal M. 2016. Gene–environment interaction of the oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) and unresolved attachment status predict depersonalization symptoms: an exploratory study. Psychol Stud. 61:295–300.
  • Reinius LE, Acevedo N, Joerink M, Pershagen G, Dahlén S-E, Greco D, Söderhäll C, Scheynius A, Kere J. 2012. Differential DNA methylation in purified human blood cells: implications for cell lineage and studies on disease susceptibility. PLoS ONE 7:e41361.
  • Reuter M, Rosas HD, Fischl B. 2010. Highly accurate inverse consistent registration: a robust approach. Neuroimage. 53:1181–1196.
  • Rodrigues SM, Saslow LR, Garcia N, John OP, Keltner D. 2009. Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:21437–21441.
  • Rubin RD, Watson PD, Duff MC, Cohen NJ. 2014. The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior. Front Hum Neurosci. [Internet] 8. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742/abstract [CrossRef]
  • Sapolsky RM. 2000. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 57:925–935.
  • Schiele MA, Domschke K. 2018. Epigenetics at the crossroads between genes, environment and resilience in anxiety disorders. Genes Brain Behav. 17:e12423
  • Schiele MA, Ziegler C, Kollert L, Katzorke A, Schartner C, Busch Y, et al. 2018. Plasticity of functional MAOA gene methylation in acrophobia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. [Internet]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ijnp/pyy050/5026103
  • Schneider-Hassloff H, Straube B, Jansen A, Nuscheler B, Wemken G, Witt SH, Rietschel M, Kircher T. 2016. Oxytocin receptor polymorphism and childhood social experiences shape adult personality, brain structure and neural correlates of mentalizing. Neuroimage. 134:671–684.
  • Schuebel K, Gitik M, Domschke K, Goldman D. 2016. Making sense of epigenetics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 19.
  • Ségonne F, Dale AM, Busa E, Glessner M, Salat D, Hahn HK, Fischl B. 2004. A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. Neuroimage. 22:1060–1075.
  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Abu-Akel A. 2016. The social salience hypothesis of oxytocin. Biol Psychiatry. 79:194–202.
  • Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. 1998. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 59(Suppl. 20):22–33. quiz 34–57.
  • Simon NM, Herlands NN, Marks EH, Mancini C, Letamendi A, Li Z, Pollack MH, Van Ameringen M, Stein MB. 2009. Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 26:1027–1032.
  • Sinwell JP, Schaid DJ. 2016. haplo.stats: Statistical analysis of haplotypes with traits and covariates when linkage phase is ambiguous. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/haplo.stats/
  • Sled JG, Zijdenbos AP, Evans AC. 1998. A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity in MRI data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 17:87–97.
  • Smearman EL, Almli LM, Conneely KN, Brody GH, Sales JM, Bradley B, Ressler KJ, Smith AK. 2016. Oxytocin receptor genetic and epigenetic variations: association with child abuse and adult psychiatric symptoms. Child Dev. 87:122–134.
  • Spielberger CD. 1983. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory STAI (form Y)(“self-evaluation questionnaire”).
  • Spinhoven P, Elzinga BM, Hovens JGFM, Roelofs K, Zitman FG, van Oppen P, Penninx BWJH. 2010. The specificity of childhood adversities and negative life events across the life span to anxiety and depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 126:103–112.
  • Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. 2013. The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 48:345–355.
  • Suzuki MM, Bird A. 2008. DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 9:465–476.
  • Tabak BA. 2013. Oxytocin and social salience: a call for gene-environment interaction research. Front Neurosci. [Internet] 7. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2013.00199/abstract
  • Tadić A, Müller-Engling L, Schlicht KF, Kotsiari A, Dreimüller N, Kleimann A, Bleich S, Lieb K, Frieling H. 2014. Methylation of the promoter of brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon IV and antidepressant response in major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 19:281–283.
  • Taillieu TL, Brownridge DA, Sareen J, Afifi TO. 2016. Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse Negl. 59:1–12.
  • Tamnes CK, Bos MGN, van de Kamp FC, Peters S, Crone EA. 2018. Longitudinal development of hippocampal subregions from childhood to adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 30:212–222.
  • Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Navalta CP, Kim DM. 2003. The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 27:33–44.
  • Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Ohashi K, Khan A, McGreenery CE, Bolger EA, Rohan ML, Vitaliano GD. 2018. Differential effects of childhood neglect and abuse during sensitive exposure periods on male and female hippocampus. Neuroimage. 169:443–452.
  • Teicher MH, Samson JA. 2016. Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 57:241–266.
  • Theodoridou A, Rowe AC, Penton-Voak IS, Rogers PJ. 2009. Oxytocin and social perception: oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness. Horm Behav. 56:128–132.
  • Tost H, Kolachana B, Hakimi S, Lemaitre H, Verchinski BA, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2010. A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:13936–13941.
  • Tottenham N. 2009. A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing. Front Hum Neurosci. [Internet]. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/neuro.09.068.2009/abstract
  • Tottenham N, Hare TA, Quinn BT, McCarry TW, Nurse M, Gilhooly T, Millner A, Galvan A, Davidson MC, Eigsti I-M, et al. 2010. Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation: previous institutionalization. Dev Sci. 13:46–61.
  • Tyborowska A, Volman I, Niermann HCM, Pouwels JL, Smeekens S, Cillessen AHN, et al. 2018. Early-life and pubertal stress differentially modulate grey matter development in human adolescents. Sci Rep. [Internet] 8. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27439-5
  • Unternaehrer E, Luers P, Mill J, Dempster E, Meyer AH, Staehli S, Lieb R, Hellhammer DH, Meinlschmidt G. 2012. Dynamic changes in DNA methylation of stress-associated genes (OXTR, BDNF) after acute psychosocial stress. Transl Psychiatry. 2:e150.
  • Vela RM. 2014. The effect of severe stress on early brain development, attachment, and emotions: a psychoanatomical formulation. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 37:519–534.
  • Verdolini N, Attademo L, Agius M, Ferranti L, Moretti P, Quartesan R. 2015. Traumatic events in childhood and their association with psychiatric illness in the adult. Psychiatr Danub. 27(Suppl 1):S60–S70.
  • Wang J, Qin W, Liu B, Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Yu C. 2014. Neural mechanisms of oxytocin receptor gene mediating anxiety-related temperament. Brain Struct Funct. 219:1543–1554.
  • Weber S, Jud A, Landolt MA. 2016. Quality of life in maltreated children and adult survivors of child maltreatment: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 25:237–255.
  • Wu S, Jia M, Ruan Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Shuang M, Gong X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhang D, et al. 2005. Positive association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) with autism in the chinese han population. Biol Psychiatry. 58:74–77.
  • Young JC, Widom CS. 2014. Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 38:1369–1381.
  • Ziegler C, Dannlowski U, Bräuer D, Stevens S, Laeger I, Wittmann H, Kugel H, Dobel C, Hurlemann R, Reif A, et al. 2015. Oxytocin receptor gene methylation: converging multilevel evidence for a role in social anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. 40:1528–1538.
  • Ziegler C, Richter J, Mahr M, Gajewska A, Schiele MA, Gehrmann A, Schmidt B, Lesch K-P, Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, et al. 2016. MAOA gene hypomethylation in panic disorder-reversibility of an epigenetic risk pattern by psychotherapy. Transl Psychiatry. 6:e773.
  • Ziegler C, Wolf C, Schiele MA, Feric Bojic E, Kucukalic S, Sabic Dzananovic E, et al. 2017. Monoamine oxidase A gene methylation and its role in posttraumatic stress disorder – first evidence from the south eastern europe (SEE)-PTSD study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 21:423–432.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.