C-reactive protein as a potential biomarker in psychiatric practice: Are we there yet?

References

• Ablij H, Meinders A. 2002. C-reactive protein: history and revival. Eur J Intern Med. 13(7):412–422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abosi O, Lopes S, Schmitz S, Fiedorowicz JG. 2018. Cardiometabolic effects of psychotropic medications. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 36(1). doi:10.1515/hmbci-2017-0065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avan A, Tavakoly Sany SB, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rahimi HR, Tajfard M, Ferns G. 2018. Serum C-reactive protein in the prediction of cardiovascular diseases: overview of the latest clinical studies and public health practice. J Cell Physiol. 233(11):8508–8525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boncler M, Wu Y, Watala C. 2019. The multiple faces of C-reactive protein-physiological and pathophysiological implications in cardiovascular disease. Molecules. 24(11):2062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braig D, Nero TL, Koch H-G, Kaiser B, Wang X, Thiele JR, Morton CJ, Zeller J, Kiefer J, Potempa LA, et al. 2017. Transitional changes in the CRP structure lead to the exposure of proinflammatory binding sites. Nat Commun. 8(1):14188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caprio V, Badimon L, Di Napoli M, Fang WH, Ferris GR, Guo B, Iemma RS, Liu D, Zeinolabediny Y, Slevin M. 2018. pCRP-mCRP dissociation mechanisms as potential targets for the development of small-molecule anti-inflammatory chemotherapeutics. Front Immunol. 9:1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carboni L, Becchi S, Piubelli C, Mallei A, Giambelli R, Razzoli M, Mathé AA, Popoli M, Domenici E. 2010. Early-life stress and antidepressants modulate peripheral biomarkers in a gene-environment rat model of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 34(6):1037–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carboni L, McCarthy DJ, Delafont B, Filosi M, Ivanchenko E, Ratti E, Learned SM, Alexander R, Domenici E. 2019. Biomarkers for response in major depression: comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine from two randomised placebo-controlled clinical studies. Transl Psychiatry. 9(1):182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carney RM, Freedland KE. 2017. Depression and coronary heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 14(3):145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain SR, Cavanagh J, de Boer P, Mondelli V, Jones DNC, Drevets WC, Cowen PJ, Harrison NA, Pointon L, Pariante CM, et al. 2019. Treatment-resistant depression and peripheral C-reactive protein. Br J Psychiatry. 214(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HH, Lee IH, Gean PW, Lee SY, Chi MH, Yang YK, Lu RB, Chen PS. 2012. Treatment response and cognitive impairment in major depression: association with C-reactive protein. Brain Behav Immun. 26(1):90–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Pu J, Liu Y, Tian L, Chen Y, Gui S, Xu S, Song X, Xie P. 2020. Increased C-reactive protein concentrations were associated with suicidal behavior in patients with depressive disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 292:113320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudal R, Brown AS, Gyllenberg D, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Sucksdorff M, Surcel HM, Upadhyaya S, Sourander A. 2020. Maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 29(2):239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colasanto M, Madigan S, Korczak DJ. 2020. Depression and inflammation among children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 277:940–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandekar MP, Saxena A, Scaini G, Shin JH, Migut A, Giridharan VV, Zhou Y, Barichello T, Soares JC, Quevedo J, et al. 2019. Medial forebrain bundle deep brain stimulation reverses anhedonic-like behavior in a chronic model of depression: importance of BDNF and inflammatory cytokines. Mol Neurobiol. 56(6):4364–4380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dargél AA, Godin O, Kapczinski F, Kupfer DJ, Leboyer M. 2015. C-reactive protein alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 76(02):142–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Giudice M, Gangestad SW. 2018. Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters. Brain Behav Immun. 70:61–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl EE, Haines GKI, Radosevich JA, Potempa LA. 2000. Immunohistochemical localization of modified C-reactive protein antigen in normal vascular tissue. Am J Med Sci. 319(2):79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doumatey AP, Zhou J, Adeyemo A, Rotimi C. 2014. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) remains highly stable in long-term archived human serum. Clin Biochem. 47(4–5):315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edberg D, Hoppensteadt D, Walborn A, Fareed J, Sinacore J, Halaris A. 2018. Plasma C-reactive protein levels in bipolar depression during cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor combination treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 102:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt SU, Thiele JR, Bannasch H, Stark GB, Peter K. 2009. C-reactive protein: how conformational changes influence inflammatory properties. Cell Cycle. 8(23):3885–3892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyre HA, Lavretsky H, Kartika J, Qassim A, Baune BT. 2016. Modulatory effects of antidepressant classes on the innate and adaptive immune system in depression. Pharmacopsychiatry. 49(3):85–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang K, Li HR, Chen XX, Gao XR, Huang LL, Du TQ, Jiang C, Li H, Ge JF. 2019. Quercetin alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behavior in rats via regulating BDNF-related imbalance of copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus and PFC. Front Pharmacol. 10:1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felger JC. 2017. The role of dopamine in inflammation-associated depression: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 31:199–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandes BS, Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Dodd S, Pasco JA, Dean OM, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA, Berk M. 2016. C-reactive protein is increased in schizophrenia but is not altered by antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications. Mol Psychiatry. 21(4):554–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes BS, Steiner J, Molendijk ML, Dodd S, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA, Jacka F, Köhler CA, Karmakar C, Carvalho AF, et al. 2016. C-reactive protein concentrations across the mood spectrum in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiat. 3(12):1147–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fond G, Lançon C, Auquier P, Boyer L. 2018. C-reactive protein as a peripheral biomarker in schizophrenia. An updated systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 9:392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapakoski R, Mathieu J, Ebmeier KP, Alenius H, Kivimaki M. 2015. Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 49:206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habersberger J, Strang F, Scheichl A, Htun N, Bassler N, Merivirta RM, Diehl P, Krippner G, Meikle P, Eisenhardt SU, et al. 2012. Circulating microparticles generate and transport monomeric C-reactive protein in patients with myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 96(1):64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaris A. 2017. Inflammation-associated co-morbidity between depression and cardiovascular disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 31:45–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halaris A. 2019. Inflammation and depression but where does the inflammation come from? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 32(5):422–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaris A, Cantos A, Johnson K, Hakimi M, Sinacore J. 2020. Modulation of the inflammatory response benefits treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Affect Disord. 261:145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y-X, Tao C, Gao X-R, Wang L-l, Jiang F-H, Wang C, Fang K, Chen X-X, Chen Z, Ge J-F. 2018. BDNF-related imbalance of copine 6 and synaptic plasticity markers couples with depression-like behavior and immune activation in CUMS rats. Front Neurosci. 12:731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JM, San C, Lagnado G, Chua D, Mihic T. 2019. Incidence and management of clozapine-induced myocarditis in a large tertiary hospital. Can J Psychiatry. 64(8):561–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiles SA, Baker AL, de Malmanche T, Attia J. 2012. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and interleukin-10 after antidepressant treatment in people with depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 42(10):2015–2026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsdal HT, Köhler-Forsberg O, Benros ME, Gasse C. 2017. C-reactive protein and white blood cell levels in schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and depression - associations with mortality and psychiatric outcomes: a population-based study. Eur Psychiatry. 44:164–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. 2009. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 71(2):171–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon SW, Kim Y-K. 2017. Inflammation-induced depression: its pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. J Neuroimmunol. 313:92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha MK, Minhajuddin A, Gadad BS, Greer T, Grannemann B, Soyombo A, Mayes TL, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH. 2017. Can C-reactive protein inform antidepressant medication selection in depressed outpatients? Findings from the CO-MED trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 78:105–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath DY, Xavier D, Sigamani A, Pais P. 2015. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) & cardiovascular disease: an Indian perspective. Indian J Med Res. 142(3):261–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kappelmann N, Lewis G, Dantzer R, Jones PB, Khandaker GM. 2018. Antidepressant activity of anti-cytokine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of chronic inflammatory conditions. Mol Psychiatry. 23(2):335–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandaker GM, Pearson RM, Zammit S, Lewis G, Jones PB. 2014. Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life: a population-based longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 71(10):1121–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoph KN, Morgan RJ, Palmer BA, Schak KM, Owen AC, Leloux MR, Patel M, Leung JG. 2018. Clozapine-induced cardiomyopathy and myocarditis monitoring: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 199:17–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler O, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, Farkouh ME, Iyengar RL, Mors O, Krogh J. 2014. Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on depression, depressive symptoms, and adverse effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 71(12):1381–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler-Forsberg O, Buttenschøn HN, Tansey KE, Maier W, Hauser J, Dernovsek MZ, Henigsberg N, Souery D, Farmer A, Rietschel M, et al. 2017. Association between C-reactive protein (CRP) with depression symptom severity and specific depressive symptoms in major depression. Brain Behav Immun. 62:344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoski SG, Cushman M, Criqui M, Rundek T, Blumenthal RS, D'Agostino RB, Jr., Herrington DM. 2006. Gender and C-reactive protein: data from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Am Heart J. 152(3):593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers F, Milaneschi Y, de Jonge P, Giltay EJ, Penninx BWJH. 2018. Metabolic and inflammatory markers: associations with individual depressive symptoms. Psychol Med. 48(7):1102–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers F, Vogelzangs N, Merikangas KR, de Jonge P, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. 2013. Evidence for a differential role of HPA-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression. Mol Psychiatry. 18(6):692–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang UE, Borgwardt S. 2013. Molecular mechanisms of depression: perspectives on new treatment strategies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 31(6):761–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanquillon S, Krieg JC, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H. 2000. Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 22(4):370–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelubre C, Anselin S, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Biston P, Piagnerelli M. 2013. Interpretation of C-reactive protein concentrations in critically ill patients. Biomed Res Int. 2013:124021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Xu W, Xue X, Wang Q, Han L, Li W, Lv S, Liu D, Richards J, Shen Z, et al. 2016. Presence of multimeric isoforms of human C-reactive protein in tissues and blood. Mol Med Rep. 14(6):5461–5466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zhong X, Cheng G, Zhao C, Zhang L, Hong Y, Wan Q, He R, Wang Z. 2017. Hs-CRP and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 259:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Zhang Z. 2016. Elevated levels of Hs-CRP and IL-6 after delivery are associated with depression during the 6 months post partum. Psychiatry Res. 243:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JJ, Wei YB, Strawbridge R, Bao Y, Chang S, Shi L, Que J, Gadad BS, Trivedi MH, Kelsoe JR, et al. 2020. Peripheral cytokine levels and response to antidepressant treatment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 25(2):339–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luan Y-Y, Yao Y-M. 2018. The clinical significance and potential role of C-reactive protein in chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol. 9:1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadyen JD, Kiefer J, Braig D, Loseff-Silver J, Potempa LA, Eisenhardt SU, Peter K. 2018. Dissociation of C-reactive protein localizes and amplifies inflammation: evidence for a direct biological role of C-reactive protein and its conformational changes. Front Immunol. 9:1351. [
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf SA, Jones PB, Nordstrom T, Timonen M, Mäki P, Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E, Järvelin M-R, Stochl J, Murray GK, et al. 2017. Serum C-reactive protein in adolescence and risk of schizophrenia in adulthood: a prospective birth cohort study. Brain Behav Immun. 59:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michopoulos V, Rothbaum AO, Jovanovic T, Almli LM, Bradley B, Rothbaum BO, Gillespie CF, Ressler KJ. 2015. Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 172(4):353–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller ES, Hoxha D, Pinheiro E, Grobman WA, Wisner KL. 2019. The association of serum C-reactive protein with the occurrence and course of postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 22(1):129–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller K, Driscoll D, Smith LM, Ramaswamy S. 2017. The role of inflammation in late-life post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med. 182(11):e1815–e1818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molins B, Peña E, Vilahur G, Mendieta C, Slevin M, Badimon L. 2008. C-reactive protein isoforms differ in their effects on thrombus growth. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28(12):2239–2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeem R, Hussain T, Sajid H. 2020. C reactive protein elevation among children or among mothers' of children with autism during pregnancy, a review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 20(1):251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donovan A, Ahmadian AJ, Neylan TC, Pacult MA, Edmondson D, Cohen BE. 2017. Current posttraumatic stress disorder and exaggerated threat sensitivity associated with elevated inflammation in the Mind Your Heart Study. Brain Behav Immun. 60:198–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsolini L, Sarchione F, Vellante F, Fornaro M, Matarazzo I, Martinotti G, Valchera A, Di Nicola M, Carano A, Di Giannantonio M, et al. 2018. Protein-C reactive as biomarker predictor of schizophrenia phases of illness? A systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 16(5):583–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osimo EF, Baxter LJ, Lewis G, Jones PB, Khandaker GM. 2019. Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels. Psychol Med. 49(12):1958–1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osimo EF, Pillinger T, Rodriguez IM, Khandaker GM, Pariante CM, Howes OD. 2020. Inflammatory markers in depression: a meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls. Brain Behav Immun. 87:901–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Miller BJ. 2019. Meta-analysis of cytokine and C-reactive protein levels in high-risk psychosis. Schizophr Res. 226:5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasco JA, Nicholson GC, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, Henry MJ, Kotowicz MA, Schneider HG, Leonard BE, Berk M. 2010. Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with de novo major depression. Br J Psychiatry. 197(5):372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG, Kunz M, Brietzke E, Quevedo J, Salum G, Magalhães PV, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant'Anna M. 2015. Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet Psychiat. 2(11):1002–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N. 2003. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 107(3):499–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. 2003. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest. 111(12):1805–1812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piletz JE, Halaris A, Iqbal O, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Zhu H, Sinacore J, Devane CL. 2009. Pro-inflammatory biomakers in depression: treatment with venlafaxine. World J Biol Psychiatry. 10(4):313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Pikalov A, Siu C, Tsai J, Koblan K, Loebel A. 2018. C-reactive protein and response to lurasidone in patients with bipolar depression. Brain Behav Immun. 73:717–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Rutherford RE, Woolwine BJ, Shuo C, Schettler P, Drake DF, Haroon E, Miller AH. 2013. A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers. JAMA Psychiatry. 70(1):31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece AS. 2012. High-sensitivity CRP in opiate addiction: relative and age-dependent elevations. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 12(2):149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, Topliss DJ, McNeil JJ. 2011. A new monitoring protocol for clozapine-induced myocarditis based on an analysis of 75 cases and 94 controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 45(6):458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, Berk M, Kessing LV, Vinberg M, Baune BT, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Goldstein BI, McIntyre RS. 2016. Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord. 18(2):89–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland T, Perry BI, Upthegrove R, Barnes N, Chatterjee J, Gallacher D, Marwaha S. 2018. Neurotrophins, cytokines, oxidative stress mediators and mood state in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry. 213(3):514–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar J, Martínez MS, Chávez-Castillo M, Núñez V, Añez R, Torres Y, Toledo A, Chacín M, Silva C, Pacheco E, et al. 2014. C-reactive protein: an in-depth look into structure, function, and regulation. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014:653045.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. 2018. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 9:754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner J, Frodl T, Schiltz K, Dobrowolny H, Jacobs R, Fernandes BS, Guest PC, Meyer-Lotz G, Borucki K, Bahn S, et al. 2020. Innate immune cells and C-reactive protein in acute first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and treatment. Schizophr Bull. 46(2):363–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strawbridge R, Arnone D, Danese A, Papadopoulos A, Herane Vives A, Cleare AJ. 2015. Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 25(10):1532–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele JR, Habersberger J, Braig D, Schmidt Y, Goerendt K, Maurer V, Bannasch H, Scheichl A, Woollard KJ, von Dobschütz E, et al. 2014. Dissociation of pentameric to monomeric C-reactive protein localizes and aggravates inflammation: in vivo proof of a powerful proinflammatory mechanism and a new anti-inflammatory strategy. Circulation. 130(1):35–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele JR, Zeller J, Bannasch H, Stark GB, Peter K, Eisenhardt SU. 2015. Targeting C-reactive protein in inflammatory disease by preventing conformational changes. Mediators Inflamm. 2015:372432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timpson NJ, Nordestgaard BG, Harbord RM, Zacho J, Frayling TM, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Smith GD. 2011. C-reactive protein levels and body mass index: elucidating direction of causation through reciprocal Mendelian randomization. Int J Obes. 35(2):300–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turna J, Grosman Kaplan K, Anglin R, Patterson B, Soreni N, Bercik P, Surette MG, Van Ameringen M. 2020. The gut microbiome and inflammation in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 142(4):337–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uher R, Tansey KE, Dew T, Maier W, Mors O, Hauser J, Dernovsek MZ, Henigsberg N, Souery D, Farmer A, et al. 2014. An inflammatory biomarker as a differential predictor of outcome of depression treatment with escitalopram and nortriptyline. Am J Psychiatry. 171(12):1278–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vashist SK, Venkatesh AG, Marion Schneider E, Beaudoin C, Luppa PB, Luong JH. 2016. Bioanalytical advances in assays for C-reactive protein. Biotechnol Adv. 34(3):272–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter ML, Wadden TA, Vinnard C, Moore RH, Khan Z, Volger S, Sarwer DB, Faulconbridge LF. 2013. Gender differences in the relationship between symptoms of depression and high-sensitivity CRP. Int J Obes. 37(S1):S38–S43.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel SWN, Bijlenga D, Verduijn J, Bron TI, Beekman ATF, Kooij JJS, Penninx B. 2017. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and stress-related biomarkers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 79:31–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, de Jonge P, Penninx BWJH. 2013. Anxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort. Transl Psychiatry. 3(4):e249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner EY, Wagner JT, Glaus J, Vandeleur CL, Castelao E, Strippoli MP, Vollenweider P, Preisig M, von Känel R. 2015. Evidence for chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in individuals with agoraphobia from a population-based prospective study. PLoS One. 10(4):e0123757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker AJ, Foley BM, Sutor SL, McGillivray JA, Frye MA, Tye SJ. 2015. Peripheral proinflammatory markers associated with ketamine response in a preclinical model of antidepressant-resistance. Behav Brain Res. 293:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Li P, Chi D, Wu T, Mei Z, Cui G. 2017. Association between C-reactive protein and risk of schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 8(43):75445–75454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Więdłocha M, Marcinowicz P, Krupa R, Janoska-Jaździk M, Janus M, Dębowska W, Mosiołek A, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A. 2018. Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers - a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 80(Pt C):217–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wium-Andersen MK, Orsted DD, Nordestgaard BG. 2014. Elevated C-reactive protein, depression, somatic diseases, and all-cause mortality: a mendelian randomization study. Biol Psychiatry. 76(3):249–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Potempa LA, El Kebir D, Filep JG. 2015. C-reactive protein and inflammation: conformational changes affect function. Biol Chem. 396(11):1181–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Wardenaar KJ, Bosker FJ, Li J, Schoevers RA. 2019. Inflammatory markers and treatment outcome in treatment resistant depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 257:640–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X-H, Song S-Q, Xu Y. 2017. Resveratrol ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behavior: involvement of the HPA axis, inflammatory markers, BDNF, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 13:2727–2736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Z, Zhang Y, Wu H. 2019. Regulation of C-reactive protein conformation in inflammation. Inflamm Res. 68(10):815–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. 2010. C-reactive protein and all-cause mortality–the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J. 31(13):1624–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Luo W, Huang P, Peng L, Huang Q. 2018. Maternal C-reactive protein and cytokine levels during pregnancy and the risk of selected neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 105:86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Li HY, Li W, Shen ZY, Wang YD, Ji SR, Wu Y. 2018. An ELISA assay for quantifying monomeric C-reactive protein in plasma. Front Immunol. 9:511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W, Cai DB, Yang XH, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Müller N, Ning YP, Xiang YT. 2017. Adjunctive celecoxib for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 92:139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar