266
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Representation of Women in Second-order Elections: The Czech Republic and Slovakia Compared

&

References

  • Parliament of the Czech Republic (1995) Act no. 247/1995 sb., on elections to the parliament of the Czech Republic and on amendments and supplements to further acts, as amended.
  • Parliament of the Czech Republic (2003a) Act no. 63/2003 sb., on elections to the European Parliament and on amendment of some laws.
  • National Council of the Slovak Republic (2003b) Act no. 331/2003 z. Z., of the Slovak republic on European parliamentary elections, as amended.
  • National Council of the Slovak Republic (2004) Act no. 333/2004 z. Z., on the election of the Slovak national council, as amended.
  • Anckar, C. (2008) On the applicability of the most similar systems design and the most different systems design in comparative research, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(5), pp. 389–401. doi: 10.1080/13645570701401552
  • Beichelt, T. (2004) Euro-skepticism in the EU accession countries, Comparative European Politics, 2(1), pp. 29–50. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110024
  • Bitušíková, A. (2005) (In)visible women in political life in Slovakia, Czech Sociological Review, 41(6), pp. 1005–1021.
  • Chiva, C. (2012) Gender, European integration and candidate recruitment: The European Parliament elections in the new EU member states, Parliamentary Affairs, pp. 1-37.
  • Clavero, S. & Galligan, Y. (2005) A job in politics is not for women: Analysing barriers to women's political representation in CEE, Czech Sociological Review, 41(6), pp. 979–1004.
  • Czech Statistical Office (2011) Czso's election server. Available at http://volby.cz/ (accessed 5 January 2011).
  • Dahlerup, D. (2007) Electoral gender quotas: Between equality of opportunity and equality of result, Representation, 43(2), pp. 73–92. doi: 10.1080/00344890701363227
  • De Vreese, C. H. (2009) Second-rate election campaigning? An analysis of campaign styles in European parliamentary elections, Journal of Political Marketing, 8(1), pp. 7–19. doi: 10.1080/15377850802603424
  • De Vreese, C. H., Banducci, S. A., Semetko, H. A. & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2006) The news coverage of the 2004 European parliamentary election campaign in 25 countries, European Union Politics, 7(4), pp. 477–504. doi: 10.1177/1465116506069440
  • European Commission (2010) Eurobarometer 73: Public opinion in the european union. Report for Brussels.
  • Farrell, D. M. & Scully, R. (2007) Representing Europe's Citizens? Electoral institutions and the failure of parliamentary representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Forest, M. (2005, September) Framing quotas in contemporary Czech politics: A new issue in a new arena. Paper presented at the Third ECPR Conference, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Freedman, J. (2002) Women in the European Parliament, Parliamentary Affairs, 55(1), pp. 179–188. doi: 10.1093/parlij/55.1.179
  • Freidenvall, L. (2005, November) Using quotas to increase women's political representation: A global overview. Paper presented at the workshop on the implementation of quotas: Enhancing women's political participation in West Africa, Accra, Ghana.
  • Gallagher, M. & Marsh, M. (1988) Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The secret garden of politics (London: Sage Publications).
  • Harrison, L. (2005) Electoral systems and party strategies in Britain: Women candidates in the 1999 and 2004 European parliamentary elections, Representation, 41(2), pp. 85–95. doi: 10.1080/00344890508523293
  • Harrison, L. (2010) Women candidates and party practice in the UK: Evidence from the 2009 European elections, Parliamentary Affairs, 63(3), pp. 524–533. doi: 10.1093/pa/gsq008
  • Hellová, D. (2010) The parliament election 2010 as a test of women's political leadership, Contemporary European Studies, 5(2), pp. 5–16.
  • Hertner, I. (2011) Are european election campaigns europeanized? The case of the party of European socialists in 2009, Government and Opposition, 46(3), pp. 321–344. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01341.x
  • Hix, S. & Lord, C. (1997) Political parties in the European Union (New York: St Martin's Press).
  • Hix, S. & Marsh, M. (2007) Punishment or protest? Understanding European Parliament elections, The Journal of Politics, 69(2), pp. 495–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00546.x
  • Hobolt, S. B. & Franklin, M. N. (2011) Introduction: Electoral democracy in the european union, Electoral Studies, 30(1), pp. 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.016
  • Hobolt, S. B. & Spoon, J.-J. (2012) Motivating the European voter: Parties, issues and campaigns in european parliament elections, European Journal of Political Research, 51(6), pp. 701–727. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02057.x
  • Inglehart, R. & Norris, P. (2003) Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • Irwin, G. (1995) Second-order or third-rate? Issues in the campaign for the elections for the European Parliament 1994, Electoral Studies, 14(2), pp. 183–199. doi: 10.1016/0261-3794(95)96843-7
  • Kantola, J. (2009) Women's political representation in the European Union, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 15(4), pp. 379–400. doi: 10.1080/13572330903302463
  • Kantola, J. (2010) Gender and the European Union (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Kittilson, M. C. (2006) Challenging parties, changing parliaments: Women and elected office in contemporary Western Europe (Columbus: Ohio State University Press).
  • Klíma, M. (2010) Conceptualising European elections: The case of the Czech Republic, Politics in Central Europe, 6(2), pp. 5–23.
  • Kopecký, P. & Mudde, C. (2002) The two sides of Euroscepticism, European Union Politics, 3(3), pp. 297–326. doi: 10.1177/1465116502003003002
  • Kovář, J. (2010) Second-rate coverage of second-order elections: Czech and Slovak elections to the EP in the media, Central European Political Studies Review, 12(4), pp. 225–254.
  • Krook, M. L. (2010) Why are fewer women than men elected? Gender and the dynamics of candidate selection, Political Studies Review, 8(2), pp. 155–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9302.2009.00185.x
  • Kunovich, S. (2003) The representation of Polish and Czech women in national politics: Predicting electoral list position, Comparative Politics, 35(3), pp. 273–291. doi: 10.2307/4150177
  • Kunovich, S. & Paxton, P. (2005) Pathways to power: The role of political parties in women's national political representation, American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), pp. 505–552. doi: 10.1086/444445
  • Lebeda, T. (2007) Electoral systems and voting behaviour: The case of the house of deputies elections in the Czech Republic, Contemporary European Studies, 2(2), pp. 25–48.
  • Linek, L. & Outlý, J. (2006) Selection of candidates to the European Parliament in the main czech political parties, Contemporary European Studies, 1(1), pp. 5–31.
  • Macrae, H. (2012) Double-speak: The European Union and gender parity, West European Politics, 35(2), pp. 301–318. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2011.648008
  • Macháček, L. (2009) Prvovoliči a vol'by do európskeho parlamentu, Slovenská politologická revue, 9(3), pp. 73–103.
  • Maier, M. & Tenscher, J. (2009) “Struggling for voters”: European campaigning in Germany, Journal of Political Marketing, 8(1), pp. 20–34. doi: 10.1080/15377850802605544
  • Marks, G. & Steenbergen, M. (2002) Understanding political contestation in the European Union, Comparative Political Studies, 35(8), pp. 879–892. doi: 10.1177/001041402236297
  • Marsh, M. (1998) Testing the second-order election model after four European elections, British Journal of Political Science, 28(04), pp. 591–607. doi: 10.1017/S000712349800026X
  • Marsh, M. & Mikhaylov, S. (2010) European Parliament elections and EU governance, Living Reviews in European Governance, 5(4), pp. 1–30.
  • McAllister, I. & Studlar, D. T. (2002) Electoral systems and women's representation: A long-term perspective, Representation, 39(1), pp. 3–14. doi: 10.1080/00344890208523209
  • Meserve, S. A., Pemstein, D. & Bernhard, W. T. (2009, April) Who goes to Europe: Strategic candidate nomination to the European Parliament. Paper presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Mesežnikov, G. & Gyárfášová, O. (2006) Slovakia: Country report based on research and dialogue with political parties. Report for International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm.
  • Norris, P. (1997) Passages to Power: Legislative recruitment in advanced democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Norris, P. & Lovenduski, J. (1995) Political Recruitment: Gender, race, and class in the British Parliament (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Outlý, J. (2007) The electoral systems for elections to the European Parliament: A comparison of the original and the newly admitted countries, Contemporary European Studies, 2(1), pp. 5–20.
  • Paxton, P., Hughes, M. M. & Green, J. L. (2006) The international women's movement and women's political representation, 1893–2003, American Sociological Review, 71(6), pp. 898–920. doi: 10.1177/000312240607100602
  • Paxton, P., Hughes, M. M. & Painter, M. A. (2010) Growth in women's political representation: A longitudinal exploration of democracy, electoral system and gender quotas, European Journal of Political Research, 49(1), pp. 25–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01886.x
  • Przeworski, A. & Teune, H. (1970) The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley).
  • Quota Project (2010) Global Database of Quotas for Women. Available online at http://www.quotaproject.org/uid/search.cfm# (accessed 20 January 2012).
  • Reif, K. (1984) National electoral cycles and European elections 1979 and 1984, Electoral Studies, 3(3), pp. 244–255. doi: 10.1016/0261-3794(84)90005-2
  • Reif, K. (1997) Reflections: European elections as member state second-order elections revisited, European Journal of Political Research, 31(1/2), pp. 115–124. doi: 10.1023/A:1006860919635
  • Reif, K. & Schmitt, H. (1980) Nine second-order national elections – a conceptual framework for the analysis of European elections results, European Journal of Political Research, 8(1), pp. 3–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x
  • Rule, W. (1987) Electoral systems, contextual factors and women's opportunity for election to parliament in twenty-three democracies, West European Politics, 40(3), pp. 477–498. doi: 10.2307/448386
  • Šedo, J. (2007) Volební systémy postkomunistických zemí (Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury).
  • Spáč, P. (2011) Ako (de)stabilizovat' preferenčné hlasovanie, Central European Political Studies Review, 13(4), pp. 325–353.
  • Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2011) Electoral Statistics. Available online at http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=3090 (accessed 5 January 2011).
  • Stockemer, D. (2007) Why are there differences in the political representation of women in the 27 countries of the European Union?, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 8(4), pp. 476–493. doi: 10.1080/15705850701640884
  • Strömbäck, J., Maier, M. & Kaid, L. L. (2011) Political communication and election campaigns for the european parliament, in: M. Maier, J. Strömbäck & L. L. Kaid (Eds.) Political Communication in European Parliamentary Elections, pp. 3–16 (Farnham: Ashgate).
  • Taggart, P. & Szczerbiak, A. (2002) Europeanisation, Euroscepticism and party systems: Party-based euroscepticism in the candidate states of central and eastern europe, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 3(1), pp. 23–41. doi: 10.1080/15705850208438827
  • Taggart, P. & Szczerbiak, A. (Eds.) (2008) Opposing Europe: Comparative party politics of euroscepticism. Volume 1: Case studies and country surveys (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Tremblay, M. (2007) Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral systems, political parties, and sex quotas (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Vallance, E. & Davies, E. (1986) Women of Europe: Women MEPs and equality policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Verzichelli, L. & Edinger, M. (2005) A critical juncture? The 2004 European elections and the making of a supranational elite, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 11(2), pp. 254–274. doi: 10.1080/13572330500166618
  • Weber, T. (2007) Campaign effects and second-order cycles: A top-down approach to European parliament elections, European Union Politics, 8(4), pp. 509–536. doi: 10.1177/1465116507082812

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.