Flexible vegetation behaviour and effects on flow conveyance: experimental observations

References

• Ackerman, J.D. and Okumbo, A., 1993. Reduced mixing in a marine macrophyte canopy. Functional Ecology, 7 (3), 305–309. doi: 10.2307/2390209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V., and Termini, D., 2002. Flow velocity measurement in vegetated channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering – ASCE, 128 (7), 664–673. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:7(664)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V., and Termini, D., 2005. Flow resistance law in channels with flexible submerged vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering – ASCE, 131 (7), 554–564. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:7(554)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V., and Termini, D., 2006. Experimental investigation of flow characteristics in vegetated channels. In: International Congress Riverflow 2006, 6–8 September, Lisbon, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V., and Termini, D., 2007. Analysing longitudinal turbulence intensity in vegetated channels. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 38 (4), 25–35. doi: 10.4081/jae.2007.4.25
   Google Scholar
• Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V., and Termini, D., 2008. Determinazione del profilo di velocità e di intensità della turbolenza in canali vegetati. In: 31° Convegno Nazionale di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, 9–12 September, Perugia, Italy (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Corenblint, D., et al., 2009. Control of sediment dynamics by vegetation as a key function driving biogeomorphic succession within fluvial corridors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34 (13), 1790–1810. doi: 10.1002/esp.1876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastgate, W.I. 1969. Vegetated stabilization of grassed waterways and dam bywashes. Kingsford: Water Research Foundation of Australia, 16.
   Google Scholar
• Ferro, V. and Giordano, G., 1993. Velocity profile and flow resistance in gravel bed rivers. Excerpta, 7, 99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Finelli, C.M., 2000. Velocity and concentration distributions in turbulent odor plumes in the presence of vegetation mimics: a flume study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 207, 297–309. doi: 10.3354/meps207297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnigan, J.J., 2000. Turbulence in plant canopies. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 32, 519–571. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.32.1.519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard, A.M., 2011. Vegetated flows in their environmental context: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering and Computational Mechanics, 164 (1), 3–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ghisalberti, M. and Nepf, H.M., 2002. Mixing layer and coherent structures in vegetated acquatic flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (2), 3-1–3-11.
   Google Scholar
• Ghisalberti, M. and Nepf, H., 2006. The structure of the shear layer in flows over rigid and flexible canopies. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 6 (3), 277–301. doi: 10.1007/s10652-006-0002-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay, M.R., 1970. Discussion of flow resistance in vegetated channels. In: N. Kouwen, T. E. Unny, and H. M. Hill, eds. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 96 (3), 351–357.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, D.D. and Finelli, C.M., 1999. Physical-biological coupling in streams: the pervasive effects of flow on benthic organisms. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 363–395. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.363
   Google Scholar
• Ho, C.M. and Huerre, P., 1984. Perturbed free shear layers. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 16, 365–422. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.002053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, S. and Kanazawa, M., 1996. Three dimensional organized vortices above flexible water plants. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 122 (11), 634–640. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:11(634)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, C.L. and Shimizu, Y., 2007. Vegetation effects on the morphological behavior of alluvial channels. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 45 (6), 763–772. doi: 10.1080/00221686.2007.9521814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kironoto, B.A. and Graf, W.H., 1995. Turbulence characteristics in rough uniform open-channel flow. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering 112 (4), 336–348.
   Google Scholar
• Kouwen, N., Unny, T.E., and Hill, H.M., 1969. Flow retardance in vegetated channels. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 95 (2), 329–342.
   Google Scholar
• Nepf, H.M., 1999. Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resources Research, 35 (2), 479–489. doi: 10.1029/1998WR900069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepf, H.M., 2012. Hydrodynamics of vegetated channels. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50 (3), 262–279. doi: 10.1080/00221686.2012.696559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepf, H.M. and Vivoni, E., 2000. Flow structure in depth-limited, vegetated flow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (C12), 28547–28557. doi: 10.1029/2000JC900145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikora, V., 2010. Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: an interface between ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics. River Research and Applications, 26 (4), 367–384. doi: 10.1002/rra.1291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikora, V., et al., 2001. Spatially-averaged open-channel flow over a rough bed. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering – ASCE, 127 (2), 123–133. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:2(123)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggi, D., Katul, G.G., and Albertson, J.D., 2004. Momentum transfer and turbulent kinetic energy budgets within a dense canopy. Boundary-Layer Metereology, 111 (3), 589–614. doi: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016502.52590.af
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, S.B., 2000. Turbulent flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raupach, M.R., Finnigan, J.J., and Brunet, Y., 1996. Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing layer analogy. Boundary-Layer Metereology, 78 (3–4), 351–382. doi: 10.1007/BF00120941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statzner, B., 2008. How views about flow adaptations of benthic stream invertebrates changed over the last century. International Review of Hydrobiology, 93 (4–5), 593–605. doi: 10.1002/iroh.200711018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple, D.M., et al., 1987. Stability design of grass-lined open channels: Issue 667 of Agriculture handbook. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculure Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Termini, D., 2012. Experimental investigation on the tole of vegetation on sediment transport mechanism: review of recent results. In: Proceedings 9th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics (ISE), 17–21 September, Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Termini, D., 2014. River-bed erosion due to changing boundary conditions: performance of a protective measure. IAHS Publ. N. 364 – Evolving water resources systems: understanding, predicting and managing water–society interactions, Proceedings of ICWRS2014, June 2014, Bologna (Italy).
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C.A.M.E., 2007. Flow resistance models for flexible submerged vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 342 (3–4), 213–222. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F.C., Shen, H.W., and Chou, Y.J., 1999. Variation of roughness coefficients for unsubmerged and submerged vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125 (9), 934–942. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:9(934)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, K., Cos, S., and Knight, D.W., 2007. Flow patterns in compound channels with vegetated floodplains. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133 (2), 148–159. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:2(148)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar