1,023
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Effects of climate change on river-ice processes and ice jams

, &
Pages 421-441 | Received 11 Jan 2021, Accepted 14 Nov 2021, Published online: 20 Feb 2022

References

  • Agafonova, S. A., Frolova, N. L., & Surkova, G. V. (2017). Modern characteristics of the ice regime of Russian Arctic Rivers and their possible changes in the 21st century. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 10(4), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2017-10-4-4-15
  • Agafonova, S. A., & Vasilenko, A. N. (2020). Hazardous ice phenomena in: Rivers of the Russian Arctic zone under current climate conditions and the safety of water use. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-12
  • Andrishak, R., & Hicks, F. (2008). Simulating the effects of climate change on the ice regime of the Peace River. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(5), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1139/L07-129
  • Andrishak, R., & Hicks, F. (2011, September 18–22). Pipeline rupture under ice conditions: An assessment of available techniques to mitigate environmental impacts. In Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on River Ice. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • Arp, C. D., Cherry, J. E., Brown, D. R. N., Bondurant, A. C., & Endres, K. L. (2020). Observation-derived ice growth curves show patterns and trends in maximum ice thickness and safe travel duration of Alaskan lakes and rivers. The Cryosphere Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-125
  • Ashton, G. D. (1986). River and lake ice engineering. Water Resources Publications.
  • Ashton, G. D. (2013). Chapter 2 thermal processes. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 19–76). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union, Hydrology Section.
  • Barnhart, K. R., Overeem, I., & Anderson, R. S. (2014). The effect of changing sea ice on the physical vulnerability of Arctic coasts. The Cryosphere, 8(5), 1777–1799. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1777-2014
  • Barrette, P. D. (2018). The Canadian winter road infrastructure and climate change adaptation: Prospective solutions through R&D (Technical Report OCRE-TR-2018-004). Prepared by The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs (CIRNA)). Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering, National Research Council of Canada. https://doi.org/10.4224/40000402
  • Belore, H., Burrell, B. C., & Beltaos, S. (1990). Ice jam mitigation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 17(5), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1139/l90-081
  • Beltaos, S. (1982). Notes on ice hydraulics. National Water Research Institute report. Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute.
  • Beltaos, S. (Ed.). (1995). River ice jams. Water Resources Publications, LLC.
  • Beltaos, S. (1997, September 24–26). Effects of climate on river ice jams. In Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on River Ice (pp. 225–244). CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • Beltaos, S. (1998). Longitudinal dispersion in ice-covered rivers. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 12(4), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1998)12:4(184)
  • Beltaos, S. (2002a). Collapse of floating ice covers under vertical loads: Test data vs. theory. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 34(3), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00004-6
  • Beltaos, S. (2002b). Effects of climate on mid-winter ice jams. Hydrological Processes, 16(4), 789–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.370
  • Beltaos, S. (2003). Threshold between mechanical and thermal breakup of river ice cover. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 37(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00010-7
  • Beltaos, S. (2004). Climate impacts on the ice regime of an Atlantic river. Hydrology Research, 35(2), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2004.0007
  • Beltaos, S. (Ed.). (2008). River ice breakup. Water Resources Publications, LLC.
  • Beltaos, S. (Ed.). (2013). River ice formation. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union.
  • Beltaos, S. (2019). Ice-jam flood regime of the Peace-Athabasca delta: Update in light of the 2014 event. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 165, Article 102791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102791
  • Beltaos, S., & Bonsal, B. (2021). Climate change impacts on Peace River ice thickness and implications to ice-jam flooding of Peace-Athabasca delta, Canada. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 186, Article 103279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103279
  • Beltaos, S., Boyle, P., & Hryciw, K. (2007a, June 19–22). 2005–06 ice-jam flooding, Kaministiquia River near Fort William Historical Park. In Proceedings of 14th River Ice Workshop. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Paper No. a1.
  • Beltaos, S., Hulley, M., Keene, B., & Watt, E. (2007b, June 19–22). Frazil-ice flooding and potential mitigation: Moira River at Belleville. In Proceedings of 14th River Ice Workshop. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Paper No. a29.
  • Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (1992, June 15–19). Ice breakup and jamming in the Restigouche River, New Brunswick. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ice (Vol. 1, pp. 437–449). University of Alberta.
  • Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2003). Climatic change and river ice breakup. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 30(1), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1139/l02-042
  • Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2015a). Hydroclimatic aspects of ice jam flooding near Perth-Andover, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 42(9), 686–695. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0372
  • Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2015b). Hydrotechnical advances in Canadian river ice science and engineering during the past 35 years. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 42(9), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0540
  • Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2016). Transport of suspended sediment during the breakup of the ice cover, Saint John River, Canada. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 129, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.05.006
  • Beltaos, S., Ismail, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2003). Midwinter breakup and jamming on the upper Saint John River: A case study. Special issue on river ice engineering. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 30(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1139/l02-062
  • Beltaos S., Prowse T., Bonsal B., MacKay R., Romolo L., Pietroniro A., Toth B. (2006). Climatic effects on ice-jam flooding of the Peace-Athabasca delta. Hydrological Processes, 20(19), 4031–4050. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6418
  • Beltaos, S., & Prowse, T. D. (2001). Climate impacts on extreme ice-jam events in Canadian rivers. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(1), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660109492807
  • Beltaos, S., & Prowse, T. D. (2009). River-ice hydrology in a shrinking cryosphere. Hydrological Processes, 23(1), 122–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7165
  • Bonsal, B. R., Prowse, T. D., Duguay, C. R., & Lacroix, M. P. (2006). Impacts of large-scale teleconnections on freshwater-ice break/freeze-up dates over Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 330(1–2), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.022
  • Brown, L., & Duguay, C. R. (2010). The response and role of ice cover in lake-climate interactions. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 34(5), 671–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310375653
  • Brown, L., & Duguay, C. R. (2011). The fate of lake ice in the North American Arctic. Cryosphere, 5(4), 1775–1834. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-869-2011
  • Burrell, B. C. (1995). Chapter 7: Mitigation. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice jams (pp. 205–252). Water Resources Publications.
  • Burrell, B. C., & Beltaos, S. (2019, May 14–16). Effects and implications of river ice breakup on suspended-sediment concentrations: A synthesis. In Proceedings of the 20th. Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/20/Burrell-Beltaos-2019.pdf.
  • Bush, E., & Lemmen, D. S. (Eds.). (2019). Canada’s changing climate report. Government of Canada.
  • Carey, K. L. (1973). Icings development from surface and ground water. Monograph III-D3. Cold Regions Research and Hydrology Laboratory, United States Army Corps of Engineers.
  • Carr, M. L., & Vuyovich, C. M. (2014). Investigating the effects of long-term hydro-climatic trends on Midwest ice jam events. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 106–107, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06.003
  • Carson, R., Beltaos, S., Groeneveld, J., Healy, D., She, Y., Malenchak, J., Morris, M., Saucet, J.-P., Kolerski, T., & Shen, H. T. (2011). Comparative testing of numerical models of River Ice jams. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(6), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1139/l11-036
  • Chen, Y., & She, Y. (2020). Long-term variations of river ice breakup timing across Canada and its response to climate change. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 176, Article 103091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103091
  • Christensen, J. H., K. Krishna Kumar, E. Aldrian, S.-I. An, I. F. A. Cavalcanti, M. de Castro, W. Dong, P. Goswami, A. Hall, J. K. Kanyanga, A. Kitoh, J. Kossin, N.-C. Lau, J. Renwick, D. B. Stephenson, S.-P. Xie, & T. Zhou. (2013). Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, S. (2013). Border and skim ice. Chapter 3. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 77–106). CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • Collins, M., Knutti, R., Arblaster, J., Dufresne, J.-L., Fichefet, t., Friedlingstein, P., Gao, X., Gutowski, W. J., Johns, T., Krinner, G., Shongwe, M., Tebaldi, C., Weaver, A. J., & Wehner, M. (2013). Long-term climate change: Projections, commitments and irreversibility. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Comfort, G., & Abdelnour, R. (2013, July 21–24). Ice thickness prediction: A comparison of various practical approaches. In Proceedings of 17th Workshop on River Ice. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/17/Comfort-Abdelnour-2013.pdf
  • Curi, F., Boyd, D., Carson, R., & Rungis, G. (2019, May 14–16). Brantford 2018 ice jam. In Proceedings of 20th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/20/Curi-et-al-2019.pdf.
  • Daly, S. F. (1991). Frazil ice blockage of intake trash racks (Cold Regions Technical Digest, 91-1). Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
  • Daly, S. F. (2013a). Frazil Ice. Chapter 4. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 107–134). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union.
  • Daly, S. F. (2013b). Aufeis. Chapter 6. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 159–179). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union.
  • Das, A., Rokaya, P., & Lindenschmidt, K.-E. (2017, July 9–12). Assessing the impacts of climate change on ice jams along the Athabasca River at Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. In Proceedings of 19th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/19/Das-et-al-2017.pdf.
  • de Rham, L., Dibike, Y., Beltaos, S., Peters, D., Bonsal, B., & Prowse, T. (2020). A Canadian river ice database from the national hydrometric program archives, Earth System Science Data, 12(3), 1835–1860. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1835-2020
  • de Rham, L., Dibike, Y., Prowse, T., & Beltaos, S. (2019, May 14–16). Overview of a Canadian river ice database derived from water survey of Canada hydrometric archives. In Proceedings of 20th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/20/deRham-et-al-2019.pdf.
  • de Rham, L., Prowse, T. D., & Bonsal, B. R. (2008). Temporal variations in river-ice break-up over the Mackenzie River basin, Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 349(3–4), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.018
  • Derksen, C., Smith, S. L., Sharp, M., Brown, L., Howell, S., Copland, L., Mueller, D. R., Gauthier, Y., Fletcher, C. G., Tivy, A., Bernier, M., Bourgeois, J., Brown, R., Burn, C. R., Duguay, C., Kushner, P., Langlois, A., Lewkowicz, A. G., Royer, A., & Walker, A. (2012). Variability and change in the Canadian cryosphere. Climatic Change, 115(1), 55–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0470-0
  • Desplanque, C., & Bray, D. (1986). Winter ice regime in the tidal estuaries of the northeastern portion of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1139/l86-021
  • Dibike, Y., Prowse, T., Saloranta, T., & Ahmed, R. (2011). Response of northern Hemisphere lake-ice cover and lake-water thermal structure patterns to a changing climate. Hydrologic Processes, 25(19), 2942–2953. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8068
  • Dubé, M., Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2014). Inner structure of anchor ice and ice dams in steep channels. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 106–107, 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06.013
  • Dubé, M., Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2015). Steep channel freezeup processes: Understanding the complexity with statistical and physical models. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 42(9), 622–633. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0412
  • Dyer, J. L., & Mote, T. L. (2006). Spatial variability and trends in observed snow depth over North America. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(16), L16503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027258
  • Eichelberger, S., McCaa, J., Nijssen, B., & Wood, A. (2008). Climate change effects on wind speed. North American Windpower, 7, 68–72.
  • Emmer, S., Nafziger, J., Kovachis Watson, N., & Trevor, B. (2019, May 14–16). Freeze-up on the lower Peace River 2015–2017: Processes, events, and implications for breakup. In Proceedings of 20th Workshop on Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/20/Emmer-et-al-2019.pdf
  • Ettema, R., Kirkil, G., & Daly, S. (2009). Frazil ice concerns for channels, pump-lines, penstocks, siphons, and tunnels in mountainous regions. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 55(2), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.04.008
  • Eum, H.-I., Dibike, Y., & Prowse, T. (2017). Climate-induced alteration of hydrologic indicators in the Athabasca River basin, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 544, 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.034
  • Frederking, R. M. W., & Gold, L. W. (1976). The bearing capacity of ice covers under static loads. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 3(2), 288–293. https://doi.org/10.1139/l76-028
  • Fu, C., & Yao, H. (2015). Trends of ice breakup date in south-central Ontario. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, 120(18), 9220–9236. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023370
  • Gebre, S. B., & Alfredsen, K. T. (2011, September 18–22). Investigation of river ice regimes in some Norwegian water courses. In Proceedings of 16th Workshop on River Ice. CGU-HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/16/Gebre-Alfredsen-2011.pdf
  • Gebre, S., Timalsina, N., & Alfredsen, K. (2014). Some aspects of ice-hydropower interaction in a changing climate. Energies, 7(3), 1641–1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7031641
  • Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., & Coppola, E. (2019). The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections. Earth System Dynamics, 10(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-73-2019. https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/10/73/2019/
  • Gold, L. W. (1977). Engineering properties of fresh-water ice. Journal of Glaciology, 19(81), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000215608
  • Goulding, H., Prowse, T., & Beltaos, S. (2009). Spatial and temporal patterns of break-up and ice jam flooding in the Mackenzie delta, NWT. Hydrological Processes, 23(18), 2555–2704. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7251
  • Gribanov, I. (2020). Numerical investigation of fracture of polycrystalline ice under dynamic loading [PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland]. Memorial University Research Repository, https://research.library.mun.ca/14324/
  • Haehnel, R. (1998). Nonstructural ice control (Special Report 98-14). Cold Regions Engineering and Research Laboratory.
  • Han, H., Jia, Q., Huang, W., & Li, Z. (2016). Flexural strength and effective modulus of large columnar-grained freshwater ice. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000098
  • Hartmann, D. L., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V., Brönnimann, S., Charabi, Y. A. R., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Wild, M., & Zhai, P. (2013). Observations: Atmosphere and surface. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis (Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (pp. 159–254). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.008
  • Hicks, F. (2016). An introduction to river ice engineering for civil engineers and geoscientists. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 170 pages.
  • Hicks, F., Cui, W., & Ashton, G. (2008). Heat transfer and ice cover decay. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice breakup (pp. 67–124). Water Resources Publications.
  • Hicks, F. E., Cui, W., & Andres, D. (1995). Forecasting breakup on the McKenzie River at Ft. Providence ferry crossing (University of Alberta Water Resources Engineering Report 95-H2). University of Alberta.
  • Huokuna, M., Morris, M., Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2020). Ice in reservoirs and regulated rivers. International Journal of River Basin Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2020.1719120
  • IAHR. (1980). Multilingual ice terminology. International Association for Hydraulic Research Association (IAHR)/Research Centre for Water Resources.
  • IPCC. (2001). Climate change 2001: Synthesis report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (R. T. Watson & the Core Writing Team, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, R. K Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, Eds.).
  • IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri, and L.A. Meyer, Eds.).
  • IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, & T. Waterfield (Eds.)].
  • IPCC. (2019). Technical summary. In H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. 34 pp.
  • James, T. S., Henton, J. A., Leonard, L., Darlington, A., Forbes, D. L., & Craymer, M. (2014). Relative sea-level projections in Canada and the adjacent mainland United States. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7737, 72 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/295574
  • Janowicz, J. R. (2010). Observed trends in the river ice regimes of northwest Canada. Hydrology Research, 41(6), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2010.145
  • Jasek, M., & Beltaos, S. (2008). Chapter 8. Ice-jam release: Javes, ice runs and breaking fronts. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice breakup (pp. 247–303). Water Resources Publications.
  • Jasek, M., & Pryse-Phillips, A. (2015). Influence of the proposed site C hydroelectric project on the ice regime of the Peace River. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 42(9), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0425
  • Jeong, D. I., & Sushama, L. (2019). Projected changes to mean and extreme surface wind speeds for North America based on regional climate model simulations. Atmosphere, 10(9), 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090497
  • Jeong, D. I., Sushama, L., Diro, G. T., & Khaliq, M. N. (2016). Projected changes to winter temperature characteristics over Canada based on an RCM ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 47(5–6), 1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2906-5
  • Kempema, E. W., & Ettema, R. (2015, August 18–20). Ice blockage of submerged water intakes? In Proceedings of18th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Canada: CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, 14 pages. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/18/32_Kempema_Ettema_2015.pdf
  • Kempema, E. W., Ettema, R., & Bunte, K. (2020, July 6–10). Anchor-ice rafting, an important mechanism for bed-sediment transport in cold-regions rivers. In P. Uijttewaal, et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, IAHR River Flow 2020. Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Kharik, E., Roubtsova, V., Morse, B., Fafard, M., Côté, A., & Taras, A. (2015, August 18–20). Impact of ice type on predicted ice load for dams. In Proceedings of 18th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Canada: CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, 16 pages. http://cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/18/07_Kharik_et_al_2015.pdf.
  • Klavins, M., Briede, A., & Rodinov, V. (2009). Long term changes in ice and discharge regime of rivers in the Baltic region in relation to climatic variability. Climatic Change, 95(3–4), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9567-5
  • Knoll, L. B., Sharma, S., Denfeld, B. A., Flaim, G., Hori, Y., Magnuson, J. J., Straile, D., & Weyhenmeyer, G. A. (2019). Consequences of lake and river ice loss on cultural ecosystem services. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 4(5), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10116
  • Kovachis N., Burrell B.C., Huokuna M., Beltaos S., Turcotte B., Jasek M., (2017). Ice-jam flood delineation: Challenges and research needs. Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques, 42(3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2017.1294998
  • Krasting, J. P., Broccoli, A. J., Dixon, K. W., & Lanzante, J. R. (2013). Future changes in Northern Hemisphere snowfall. Journal of Climate, 26(20), 7813–7828. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00832.1
  • Lambert, F. H., & Webb, M. J. (2008). Dependency of global mean precipitation on surface temperature. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(16), L16706. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034838
  • Latkovska, I., Apsīte, E., & Elferts, D. (2016). Long-term changes of the ice regime of rivers in Latvia. Hydrology Research, 47(4), 782–798. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.012
  • Lemmen, D. S., Warren, F. J., & Lacroix, J. (2008). Synthesis. In D. S. Lemmen, F. J. Warren, J. Lacroix, & E. Bush (Eds.), From impacts to adaptation: Canada in a changing climate (pp. 1–20). Government of Canada.
  • Lewis, W. M., Jr. (2011). Global primary production of lakes: 19th Baldi Memorial lecture. Inland Waters, 1(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-1.1.384
  • Lindenschmidt, K.-E., Baulch, H. M., & Cavaliere, E. (2018). River and lake ice processes – impacts of freshwater Ice on aquatic ecosystems in a changing globe. Water, 10(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111586
  • Lindenschmidt, K.-E., Huokuna, M., Burrell, B. C., & Beltaos, S. (2018). Lessons learned from past ice-jam floods concerning the challenges of flood mapping. International Journal of River Basin Management, 16(4), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2018.1439496
  • Lotsari, E., Lind, L., & Kämäri, M. (2019). Impacts of hydro-climatically varying years on Ice growth and decay in a subarctic river. Water, 11(10), 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102058
  • Magnuson, J. J., Robertson, D. M., Benson, B. J., Wynne, R. H., Livingstone, D. M., Arai, T., Assel, R. A., Barry, R. G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N. G., Prowse, T. D., Stewart, K. M., & Vuglinski, V. S. (2000). Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the northern hemisphere. Science, 289(5485), 1743–1746. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1743
  • Malenchak, J., & Clark, S. (2013). Chapter 5. Anchor ice. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 135–157). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union.
  • Masterson, D. M. (2009). State of the art of ice bearing capacity and ice construction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58(3), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.04.002
  • Matte, D., Thériault, J. M., & Laprise, R. (2018). Mixed precipitation occurrences over southern Québec, Canada, under warmer climate conditions using a regional climate model. Climate Dynamics, 53(1–2), 1125–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4231-2
  • McFarlane, V., Loewen, M., & Hicks, F. (2015). Measurements of the evolution of frazil ice particle size distributions. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 120, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.09.001
  • Michel, B. (1971). Winter regime of rivers and lakes. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
  • Michel, B. (1978, August 7–9). Ice accumulations at freeze-up or breakup. In Proceedings of IAHR International Ice Symposium, Part 2 (pp. 301–317).
  • Michel, B., & Drouin, M. (1975). Equilibrium of an underhanging dam at the La Grande River (Report GCS-75-03-01). Dép. Genié Civil, Université Laval.
  • Millerd, F. (2005). The economic impact of climate change on Canadian commercial navigation on the great lakes. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 30(4), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj3004269
  • Mimura, N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences, 89(7), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.281
  • Mladjic, B., Sushama, L., Khaliq, M. N., Laprise, R., Caya, D., & Roy, R. (2011). Canadian RCM projected changes to extreme precipitation characteristics over Canada. Journal of Climate, 24(10), 2565–2584. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3937.1
  • Morse, B., Messier, D., Stander, E., & Quach-Thanh, T. (2001, May 14–16). Le savoir écologique local de la dynamique des glaces dans l'estuaire Portneuf. In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/11/Morse-et-al-2001.pdf.
  • Morse, B., Messier, D., Stander, E., & Quach, T-T. (2002, December 2–6). Winter processes in an estuarine environment. In Ice in the Environment: Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice (Vol. 1, pp. 108–115). International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research.
  • Morse, B. (2013). Chapter 10: Ice formation in estuaries. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 339–384). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Canadian Geophysical Union, Hydrology Section.
  • Morse, B., & Hicks, F. (2005). Advances in river ice hydrology 1999–2003. Hydrological Processes, 19(1), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5768
  • Mullan, D., Swindles, G., Patterson, T., Galloway, J., Macumber, A., Falck, H., Crossley, L., Chen, J., & Pisaric, M. (2017). Climate change and the long-term viability of the world’s busiest heavy haul ice road. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(3–4), 1089–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1830-x
  • Newbury, R. (1968). The Nelson River: A study of subarctic river processes [PhD dissertation, John Hopkins University]. Baltimore, MD: Milton S Eisenhower Library.
  • Newton, A. M. W., & Mullan, D. (2020). Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology. The Cryosphere Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-172
  • Newton, B. W., Prowse, T. D., & de Rham, L. P. (2017). Hydro-climatic drivers of mid-winter break-up of river ice in western Canada and Alaska. Hydrology Research, 48(4), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.358
  • Nezhikhovskiy, R. A. (1964). Coefficients of roughness of bottom surface of slush-ice cover (pp. 127–150). Soviet hydrology: Selected Papers 2. American Geophysical Union.
  • Park, H., Yoshikawa, Y., Oshima, K., Kim, Y., Ngo-Duc, T., Kimball, J. S., & Yang, D. (2016). Quantification of warming climate-induced changes in terrestrial Arctic River ice thickness and phenology. Journal of Climate, 29(5), 1733–1754. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0569.1
  • Perrin, A., Dion, J., Eng, S., Sawyer, D., Nodelman, J. R., Comer, N., Auld, H., Sparling, M., Harris, M., Nodelman, J. Y. H., & Kinnear, L. (2015). Economic implications of climate change adaptations for mine access roads in northern Canada. Northern Climate ExChange, Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College. 93 pp.
  • Petrovic, J. (2003). Review mechanical properties of ice and snow. Journal of Materials Science, 38(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021134128038
  • Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B., Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Warwick, F. V., Vuglinsky, V. & Weyhenmeyer, G. (2011a). Chapter 6. Changing lake and river ice regimes: Trends, effects and implications, 2011. In C. Symon, H. Thing, J. Pawlak, & T. Larson (Eds.), Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate change and the cryosphere (pp. 6-1–6-52). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B. R., Bowden, W. B., Duguay, C. R., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Vincent, W. F., Vuglinsky, V., Walter Anthony, K. M., & Weyhenmeyer, G. A. (2011b). Effects of changes in Arctic lake and river Ice. AMBIO, 40(S1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0217-6
  • Prowse, T. D. (1995). Chapter 2 river ice processes. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice jams (pp. 29–70). Water Resources Publications.
  • Prowse, T. D. (2001a). River-ice ecology I.: hydrologic, geomorphic, and water-quality aspects. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 15(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2001)15:1(1)
  • Prowse, T. D. (2001b). River-ice ecology II. Biological aspects. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 15(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2001)15:1(17)
  • Prowse, T. D., & Beltaos, S. (2002). Climatic control of river-ice hydrology: A review. Hydrological Processes, 16(4), 805–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.369
  • Prowse, T. D., Bonsal, B. R., Duguay, C. R., & Lacroix, M. P. (2007). River-ice break-up/freeze-up: A review of climatic drivers, historical trends and future predictions. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 443–451. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871431
  • Prowse, T. D., Bonsal, B. R., & Lacroix, M. P. (2002, December 2–6). Trends in river-ice breakup and related temperature controls. In Proceedings of Ice in the Environment 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice (Vol. 3, pp. 64–71).
  • Prowse, T. D., & Conly, M. (1998). Impacts of climatic variability and flow regulation on ice jam flooding of a northern delta. Hydrological Processes, 12(10–11), 1589–1610. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199808/09)12:10/11<1589::AID-HYP683>3.0.CO;2-G
  • Prowse, T. D., & Culp, J. M. (2008). Ice breakup: A neglected factor in river ecology. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice breakup (pp. 349–376). Water Resources Publications.
  • Richard, M., & Morse, B. (2008). Multiple frazil ice blockages at a water intake in the St. Lawrence River. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 53(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.10.003
  • Rokaya, P., Budhathoki, S., & Lindenschmidt, K. (2018). Ice-jam flood research: A scoping review. Natural Hazards, 94(3), 1439–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3455-0
  • Rokaya, P., Morales-Marín, L., Bonsal, B., Wheater, H., & Lindenschmidt, K.-E. (2019). Climatic effects on ice phenology and ice-jam flooding of the Athabasca River in western Canada. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 64(11), 1265–1278. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1638927
  • Scrimgeour, G. J., Prowse, T. D., Culp, J. M., & Chambers, P. A. (1994). Ecological effects of river ice break-up – a review and perspective. Freshwater Biology, 32(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb01125.x
  • Shabbar, A., & Bonsal, B. (2003). An Assessment of changes in winter cold and warm spells over Canada. Natural Hazards, 29(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023639209987
  • Shepherd, T. G. (2014). Atmospheric circulation as a source of uncertainty in climate change projections. Nature Geoscience, 7(10), 703–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2253
  • Shiklomanov, A. I., & Lammers, R. B. (2014). River ice responses to a warming Arctic – recent evidence from Russian rivers. Environmental Research Letters, 9(3), Article 035008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035008
  • Simard-Robitaille, T. (2021). Mesures d’affaiblissement préventif du couvert de glace. Mémoire de maîtrise, Univeristé Laval.
  • Thackeray, C. W., Derksen, C., Fletcher, C. G., & Hall, A. (2019). Snow and climate: Feedbacks, drivers, and indices of change. Current Climate Change Reports, 5(4), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00143-w
  • Thériault, I., & Taha, W. (2013, July 21–24). Level increase due to the presence of a hanging dam during early spring floods. In Proceedings of 17th Workshop on River Ice. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/17/Theriault-Taha-2013.pdf
  • Timalsina, N. P., Gebre, S. B., & Alfredsen, K. T. (2013, July 21–24). Climate change impact on the river ice regime in a Norwegian regulated river. In Proceedings of 17th Workshop on River Ice Edmonton. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/17/Timalsina-et-al-2013.pdf
  • Traetteberg, A., Gold, L. W., & Frederking, R. (1975, August 18–21). The strain rate and temperature dependence of Young's Modulus of ice. In Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Ice Problems (pp. 479–486). International Association for Hydraulic Research.
  • Turcotte, B., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., & Burrell, B. C. (2017a, July 9–12). Ice-related floods and flood delineation along streams and small rivers. In Proceedings of 19th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://cripe.ca/publications/proceedings.php?workshop=19
  • Turcotte, B., Nafziger, J., Clark, S., Beltaos, S., Jasek, M., Alfredsen, K., Lind, L., & Stander, E. J. (2017b, July 9–12). Monitoring river ice processes: Sharing experience to improve successful research programs. In Proceedings of 19th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/19/Turcotte-et-al-2017b.pdf
  • Turcotte, B. (2020, November 23–25). Will there be an ice bridge this winter? Predicting spatio-temporal freeze-up patterns along the Yukon River, Canada. In Proceedings of 25th International Symposium on Ice.
  • Turcotte, B., Burrell, B. C., & Beltaos, S. (2019, May 14–16). The impact of climate change on breakup ice jams in Canada: State of knowledge and research approaches. In Proceedings of 20th Workshop on Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/20/Turcotte-et-al-2019.pdf
  • Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2013). A global river ice classification model. Journal of Hydrology, 507, 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.032
  • Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2015, August 18–20). Ice-induced flooding mitigation at St. Raymond, QC, Canada. In Proceedings of 18th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2016, May 31–June 3). A simple 1-D river ice model to simulate frazil jam formation and mitigation strategies. Proceedings, 23rd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • Turcotte, B., & Morse, B. (2017). The winter environmental continuum of two watersheds. Water, 9(5), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050337
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., & Anctil, F. (2011b, September 18–22). Steep channels freezeup processes. In Proceedings of 16th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/16/Turcotte-et-al-2011.pdf
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., & Anctil, F. (2012a). Impacts of precipitation on the cryologic regime of stream channels. Hydrological Processes, 26(17), 2653–2662. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9438
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., & Anctil, F. (2012b). Cryologic continuum of a steep watershed. Hydrological Processes, 28(3), 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9629
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., Bergeron, N. E., & Roy, A. G. (2011a). Sediment transport in ice-affected rivers. Journal of Hydrology, 409(1–2), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.009
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., Dubé, M., & Anctil, F. (2013). Quantifying steep channel freezeup processes. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 94, 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.06.003
  • Turcotte, B., Morse, B., & Pelchat, G. (2020). Climate change impacts on the frequency of dynamic breakup events and on the risk of ice jam floods in Quebec, Canada. Water, 12(10), 2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102891
  • Tuthill, A. M. (1995). Structural Ice control, review of existing methods (Special Report 95-18). U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
  • Tuthill, A. M. (2013). River ice control. In S. Beltaos (Ed.), River ice formation (pp. 433–471). Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • UN. (2019). UN climate action summit 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-summit-2019.shtml
  • Vergeynst, J., Morse, B., & Turcotte, B. (2015, August 18–20). The nature and structure of a hanging dam in a gravel-bed river. In Proceedings of the 18th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/18/02_Vergeynst_et_al_2015.pdf
  • Vergeynst, J., Morse, B., & Turcotte, B. (2017). Quantifying frazil production, transport and deposition in a gravel-bed river: Case study of the St. Raymond hanging dam. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 141, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.06.003
  • Vincent, L. A., & Mekis, E. (2006). Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices for Canada over the twentieth century. Atmosphere-Ocean, 44(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.440205
  • Voigt, T., Füssel, H-M., Gärtner-Roer, I., Huggel, C., Marty, C., & Zemp, M. (2010). Impacts of climate change on snow, ice, and permafrost in Europe: Observed trends, future projections, and socioeconomic relevance (ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2010/13). European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change.
  • Voitkovskii, K. F. (1960). Mekhanicheskie svoistva I'da [The Mechanical Properties of Ice]. Izd. Aka'1emii Nauk SRI, 100 pages, Translated by The American Meteorological Society, Boston, for the Terrestrial Sciences Laboratories, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA.
  • Von De Wall, S. J., De Rham, L. P., & Prowse, T. D. (2010, June 8–10). The river ice break-up season in Canada: Variations in water levels and timing. In Proceedings of 67th Eastern Snow Conference (pp. 5–15). Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort.
  • Vuglinsky, V. S. (2006, August 28–September 1). Ice regime in the rivers of Russia, its dynamics during last decades and possible future changes. In Proceedings of 18th IAHR International Symposium on Ice (pp. 93–98). Nakanishi Publishing Co., Ltd.
  • Vuglinsky, V., & Valatin, D. (2018). Changes in ice cover duration and maximum ice thickness for rivers and lakes in the Asian part of Russia. Natural Resources, 9(3), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2018.93006
  • Wang, R., McCullough, G. K., Gunn, G. G., Hochheim, K. P., Dorostkar, A., Sydor, K., & Barber, D. G. (2012). An observational study of ice effects on Nelson River estuarine variability, Hudson Bay, Canada. Continental Shelf Research, 47, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.06.014
  • Wazney, L., Clark, S. P., & Wall, A. (2017, July 9–12). Freeze-up jam observations on the Dauphin River. In Proceedings, 19th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/19/Wazney-et-al-2017.pdf.
  • White, K. D., Tuthill, A. M., Vuyovich, C. M., & Weyrick, P. B. (2007, June 20–22). Observed climate variability impacts and river ice in the United States. In Proceedings of 14th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. http://cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/14/White-et-al-2007b.pdf
  • White, K. D., & Kay, R. L. (1996). Ice jam flooding and mitigation, lower Platte River basin, Nebraska (Special Report 96-1). US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL).
  • Whitfield, P. W., & Shook, K. R. (2020). Changes to rainfall, snowfall, and runoff events during the autumn–winter transition in the Rocky Mountains of North America. Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques, 45(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2019.1685910
  • Woo, M. (2019). Cryohydrology in Canada: A brief history. Hydrological Processes, 33(26), 3407–3411. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13581
  • Xiao, X., Liang, S., He, T., Wu, D., Pei, C., & Gong, J. (2019). Estimating fractional snow cover from passive microwave brightness temperature data using MODIS snow cover product over North America. The Cryosphere. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-280
  • Yang, D., Park, H., Prowse, T., Shiklomanov, A., & McLeod, E. (2020). River ice processes and changes across the northern regions. In D. Yang & D. L. Kane (Eds.), Arctic hydrology, permafrost and ecosystems. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50930-9
  • Yang, X., Pavelsky, T., & Allen, G. (2020). The past and future of global river ice. Nature, 577(7788), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1848-1
  • Yapa, P. D., Dasanayaka, L. K., Shen, H. T., & Shen, H. H. (2006). Modeling oil transport and spreading in icy waters. Report Submitted to CRRC, December 2006. Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 119 p.
  • Yukon River Breakup. (2020). Yukon River Breakup. Retrieved February 18, 2020, from https://yukonriverbreakup.com/
  • Zeng, Z., Ziegler, A. D., Searchinger, T., Yang, L., Chen, A., Ju, K., Piao, S., Li, L. Z. X., Ciais, P., Chen, D., Liu, J., Azorin-Molina, C., Chappell, A., Medvigy, D., & Wood, E. F. (2019). A reversal in global terrestrial stilling and its implications for wind energy production. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 979–985. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0622-6. www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.