153
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Quality assessment of drinking water sources in the upper Jhelum basin of Kashmir Himalaya, J&K, India

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 513-524 | Received 15 Oct 2021, Accepted 02 Jan 2022, Published online: 24 Feb 2022

References

  • Abbas, S., Mashiatullah, A., Javed, A., Khan, M. S., & Saleem, S. (2014). Physicochemical and chemical quality of Mailsi city groundwater. The Nucleus, 51(2), 199–205.
  • Adimalla, N., & Qian, H. (2021). Geospatial distribution and potential noncarcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate contaminated groundwater in Southern India: A case study. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00762-7
  • Adimalla, N., Qian, H., & Nandan, M. J. (2020). Groundwater chemistry integrating the pollution index of groundwater and evaluation of potential human health risk: A case study from hard rock terrain of south India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 206, 111217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111217
  • Agarkar, S. V., & Thombre, B. S. (2006). Evaluation of drinking water quality of schools in Buldana district. Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring, 16(2), 175–178.
  • Ahmed, A., Ghosh, P. K., Hasan, M., & Rahman, A. (2020). Surface and groundwater quality assessment and identification of hydrochemical characteristics of a south-western coastal area of Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8227-0
  • Ahsan, S., Bhat, M. S., Alam, A., Ahmed, N., Farooq, H., & Ahmad, B. (2021). Assessment of trends in climatic extremes from observational data in the Kashmir basin, NW Himalaya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(10), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09439-7
  • Akter, T., Jhohura, F. T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T. R., Mistry, S. K., Dey, D., Barua, M. K., Islam, M. A., & Rahman, M. (2016). Water quality index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 35(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0041-5
  • Ali, I., & Jain, C. K. (2001). Pollution potential of pesticides in the Hindon river, India. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 9.
  • Archer, D. R., & Fowler, H. J. (2008). Using meteorological data to forecast seasonal runoff on the River Jhelum, Pakistan. Journal of Hydrology, 361, 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.017
  • Arroita, M., Causapé, J., Comín, F. A., Díez, J., Jimenez, J. J., Lacarta, J., Lorente, C., Merchán, D., Muñiz, S., Navarro, E., Val, J., & Elosegi, A. (2013). Irrigation agriculture affects organic matter decomposition in semi-arid terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 263, 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.049
  • Bancessi, A., Catarino, L., José Silva, M., Ferreira, A., Duarte, E., & Nazareth, T. (2020). Quality assessment of three types of drinking water sources in Guinea-Bissau. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197254
  • Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., Rais, J., Aghezzaf, B., & Slassi, M. (2016). Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of OumErRbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(4), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002
  • Barakat, A., Meddah, R., Afdali, M., & Touhami, F. (2018). Physicochemical and microbial assessment of spring water quality for drinking supply in Piedmont of Béni-Mellal Atlas (Morocco). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 104, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.01.006
  • Bashir, S., Aslam, Z., Niazi, N. K., Khan, M. I., & Chen, Z. (2021). Impacts of water quality on human health in Pakistan. Water Resources of Pakistan: Issues and Impacts, 9, 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65679-9_12
  • Bhagowati, B., & Ahamad, K. U. (2019). A review on lake eutrophication dynamics and recent developments in lake modeling. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 19(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.03.002
  • Bhat, N. A., & Jeelani, G. (2018). Quantification of groundwater–surface water interactions using environmental isotopes: A case study of Bringi watershed, Kashmir Himalayas, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 127(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-018-0964-x
  • Bhat, S. A., Meraj, G., & Pandit, A. K. (2016). Assessing the influence of stream flow and precipitation regimes on water quality of the major inflow stream of Wular Lake in Kashmir himalaya. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2083-1
  • Bhat, S. A., & Pandit, A. K. (2014). Surface water quality assessment of Wular Lake, a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalaya, using discriminant analysis and WQI. Journal of Ecosystems, 2014, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724728
  • Bhat, S. U., & Pandit, A. K. (2018). Hydrochemical characteristics of some typical freshwater springs-a case study of Kashmir Valley springs. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments, 7(1), 90–100.
  • Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare. Water and Sewage Works, 117(10).
  • Catroll, D. (1962). Rain water as a chemical agent of geological process: A view. USGS Water Supply, 1533, 18–20.
  • Chakraborty, B., Roy, S., Bera, A., Adhikary, P. P., Bera, B., Sengupta, D., … Shit, P. K. (2021). Cleaning the river Damodar (India): impact of COVID-19 lockdown on water quality and future rejuvenation strategies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01152-8
  • Chauhan, A., & Singh, S. (2010). Evaluation of Ganga water for drinking purpose by water quality index at Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. Report and Opinion, 2(9), 53–61.
  • Chaurasia, A. K., Pandey, H. K., Tiwari, S. K., Pandey, P., & Ram, A. (2021). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using water quality index (WQI) under geographic information system (GIS) framework in parts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 7(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00513-z
  • Census of India. (2011). https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdata2011.html
  • Chowdhury, R. M., Muntasir, S. Y., & Hossain, M. M. (2012). Water quality index of water bodies along Faridpur-Barisal road in Bangladesh. Glob Eng Tech Rev, 2(3), 1–8.
  • Cohn, P. D. (1992). An epidemiological report on drinking water fluoridation and osteosarcoma in young males. New Jersey Department of Health. Environmental Health Service, Trenton, NJ.
  • Dahiya, S., Singh, B., Gaur, S., Garg, V. K., & Kushwaha, H. S. (2007). Analysis of groundwater quality using fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147(3), 938–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.119
  • Davis, S. N., & Dewiest, R. J. M. (1966). Hydrogeology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
  • El-Serehy, H. A., Abdallah, H. S., Al-Misned, F. A., Irshad, R., Al-Farraj, S. A., & Almalki, E. S. (2018). Aquatic ecosystem health and trophic status classification of the Bitter lakes along the main connecting link between the Red Sea and the mediterranean. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(2), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.12.004
  • Fang, X., & Stefan, H. G. (2009). Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous US under past and future climate scenarios. Limnology and Oceanography, 54(6part2), 2359–2370. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2359
  • Horton, R. K. (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300–306.
  • Hossain, M., & Patra, P. K. (2020). Water pollution index–A new integrated approach to rank water quality. Ecological Indicators, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106668
  • Hurley, T., Sadiq, R., & Mazumder, A. (2012). Adaptation and evaluation of the Canadian council of ministers of the environment water quality index (CCME WQI) for use as an effective tool to characterize drinking source water quality. Water Research, 46(11), 3544–3552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.061
  • Ichwana, I., Syahrul, S., & Nelly, W. (2016, July). Water quality index by using national sanitation foundation-water quality index (NSF-WQI) method at kruengtamiangaceh. In International Conference on Technology, Innovation, UniversitasSyiah Kuala, Indonesia.
  • Imran, M., Wani, M. A., Mayer, I. A., Ibraheem, M., & Rashid, S. (2018). Evaluation of water quality assessment and its bearings on the residents of Sindh river along Great Himalayan region, J&K-India. International journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5, j110–j115, 2348–1269.
  • Jeelani, G., Kumar, U. S., & Kumar, B. (2013). Variation of δ18O and δD in precipitation and stream waters across the Kashmir Himalaya (India) to distinguish and estimate the seasonal sources of stream flow. Journal of Hydrology, 481, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.035
  • Jiang, H. H., Zhu, J. P., Liang, D. H., & Wu, Z. L. (1999). The relationship between comprehensive pollution index assessment and water quality type distinguishing. Environmental Monitoring in China, 15(6), 46–48.
  • Kanadhia, K. C., Ramavataram, D. V. S. S., Nilakhe, S. P. D., & Patel, S. (2014). A study of water hardness and the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in healthy subjects of Surat district (gujarat). Magnesium Research, 27(4), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2014.0373
  • Karbassi, A. R., Monavari, S. M., Bidhendi, G. R. N., Nouri, J., & Nematpour, K. (2008). Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the Shur river. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0102-8
  • Kate, S., Kumbhar, S., & Jamale, P. (2020). Water quality analysis of Urun-Islampur city, Maharashtra, India. Applied Water Science, 10(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-1178-3
  • Khalid, S., Murtaza, B., Shaheen, I., Ahmad, I., Ullah, M. I., Abbas, T., Rehman, F., Ashraf, M. R., & Imran, M. (2018). Assessment and public perception of drinking water quality and safety in district Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 181, 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.178
  • Khan, S., Shahnaz, M., Jehan, N., Rehman, S., Shah, M. T., & Din, I. (2013). Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016
  • Khanna, D. R., Bhutiani, R., Matta, G., Singh, V., & Ishaq, F. (2012). Physico-chemical and microbiological status of River Asan in Dehradun Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 13(1-2), 145–150.
  • Kharake, A. C., & Raut, V. S. (2021). An assessment of water quality index of Godavari river water in Nashik city, Maharashtra. Applied Water Science, 11(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01432-2
  • Kumar, S. K., Chandrasekar, N., Seralathan, P., Godson, P. S., & Magesh, N. S. (2012). Hydrogeochemical study of shallow carbonate aquifers, Rameswaram island, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(7), 4127–4138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2249-6
  • Kumari, M., Tripathi, S., Pathak, V., & Tripathi, B. D. (2013). Chemometric characterization of river water quality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(4), 3081–3092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2774-y
  • Laluraj, C. M., & Gopinath, G. (2006). Assessment on seasonal variation of groundwater quality of phreatic aquifers–a river basin system. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 117(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-7675-5
  • Liu, X. Y., Wan, R. R., & Zhou, B. G. (2010). Analysis on the water quality changes in Guajinggang river. Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy, 16, 173–175.
  • Loh, Y. S. A., Addai, M. O., Fynn, O. F., & Manu, E. (2021). Characterisation and quality assessment of surface and groundwater in and around Lake Bosumtwi impact craton (Ghana). Sustainable Water Resources Management, 7(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00563-3
  • Lone, S. A., Bhat, S. U., Hamid, A., Bhat, F. A., & Kumar, A. (2021). Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(2), 2279–2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10513-9
  • Lone, S. A., Pandit, A. K., & Bhat, S. U. (2012). Dynamics of periphytic algae in some crenic habitats of district Anantnag, Kashmir. J Himalayan Ecol Sustain Dev, 7, 28–34.
  • Lyons, W. B., Fitzgibbon, T. O., Welch, K. A., & Carey, A. E. (2006). Mercury geochemistry of the Scioto river, Ohio: Impact of agriculture and urbanization. Applied Geochemistry, 21(11), 1880–1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.005
  • Machdar, E., Van Der Steen, N. P., Raschid-Sally, L., & Lens, P. N. L. (2013). Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, 449, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.048
  • Mahvi, A. H., Nouri, J., Babaei, A. A., & Nabizadeh, R. (2005). Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325856
  • Maurer, J. K., Cheng, M. C., Boysen, B. G., & Anderson, R. L. (1990). Two-year carcinogenicity study of sodium fluoride in rats. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82(13), 1118–1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.13.1118
  • Mir, R. A., & Jeelani, G. (2015). Hydrogeochemical assessment of river Jhelum and its tributaries for domestic and irrigation purposes, Kashmir valley, India. Current Science, 311–322.
  • Mir, S. A., Qadri, H., Beigh, B. A., Dar, Z. A., & Bashir, I. (2019). Assessment of nutrient status and water quality index of Rambiara stream, Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 172–180.
  • Moussa, A. B., Chandoul, S., Mzali, H., Salem, S. B. H., Elmejri, H., Zouari, K., Ben Moussa, A., Bel Haj Salem, S., Hafiane, A., & Mrabet, H. (2021). Hydrogeochemistry and evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation purpose in the Mornag region, northeastern Tunisia. Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, 23(2), 2698–2718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00696-z
  • Mushtaq, F., & Pandey, A. C. (2014). Assessment of land use/land cover dynamics vis-à-vis hydrometeorological variability in Wular Lake environs Kashmir valley. India Using Multitemporal Satellite Data. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(11), 4707–4715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1092-1
  • Nouri, J., Karbassi, A. R., & Mirkia, S. (2008). Environmental management of coastal regions in the Caspian Sea. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 5(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325996
  • Null, S. E., Mouzon, N. R., & Elmore, L. R. (2017). Dissolved oxygen, stream temperature, and fish habitat response to environmental water purchases. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.016
  • Odonkor, S. T., & Ampofo, J. K. (2013). Escherichia coli as an indicator of bacteriological quality of water: An overview. Microbiology Research, 4(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.4081/mr.2013.e2
  • Olowe, B. M., Oluyege, J. O., & Famurewa, O. (2016). An assessment of drinking water quality using water quality index in Ado-Ekiti and environs, Nigeria. American Chemical Science Journal, 12(2), 22445. https://doi.org/10.9734/ACSJ/2016/22445
  • Ott, W. R. (1978). Water quality indices: A survey of indices used in the United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Monitoring and Technical Support.
  • Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., & Huang, C. H. (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water Research, 40(20), 3800–3810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.030
  • Oyelakin, J. F., Ahmad, S. M., Aiyelokun, O. O., Odetoyinbo, A. O., & Layi-Adigun, B. O. (2021). Water quality assessment of groundwater in selected potable water sources for household use in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 5(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00090-5
  • Pal, C. B., Pant, R. R., Rimal, B., & Mishra, A. D. (2021). Comparative assessment of water quality in the Bagmati River basin, Nepal. ZOO-Journal, 5, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.3126/zooj.v5i0.34919
  • Parmar, K., & Parmar, V. (2010). Evaluation of water quality index for drinking purposes of river subernarekha in singhbhum district. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(1), 77–81.
  • Qadir, A., Malik, R. N., & Husain, S. Z. (2008). Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 140(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9846-4
  • Rafiq, M., Gull, M. S., Mishra, A., & Rawat, K. S. (2018). Hydrochemical characterization and ground water quality assessment over Southern Kashmir using geographic information system (GIS). Journal of Geomatics, 12(2), 101–108.
  • Rao, C. S., Rao, B. S., Hariharan, A. V. L. N. S. H., & Bharathi, N. M. (2010). Determination of water quality index of some areas in Guntur District Andhra Pradesh.
  • Rapant, S., & Krčmová, K. (2007). Health risk assessment maps for arsenic groundwater content: Application of national geochemical databases. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 29(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-006-9072-y
  • Rashid, I., & Romshoo, S. A. (2013). Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality of Lidder River in Kashmir Himalayas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(6), 4705–4719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2898-0
  • Rashid, M., Lone, M. A., & Romshoo, S. A. (2011). Geospatial tools for assessing land degradation in Budgam district, Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 120(3), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0085-2
  • Rasool, R., Fayaz, A., ul Shafiq, M., Singh, H., & Ahmed, P. (2021). Land use land cover change in Kashmir Himalaya: Linking remote sensing with an indicator based DPSIR approach. Ecological Indicators, 125, 107447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107447
  • Rather, M. I., Rashid, I., Shahi, N., Murtaza, K. O., Hassan, K., Yousuf, A. R., Romshoo, S. A., & Shah, I. Y. (2016). Massive land system changes impact water quality of the Jhelum River in Kashmir Himalaya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5190-x
  • Ravikumar, P., Mehmood, M. A., & Somashekar, R. K. (2013). Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli lake, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India. Applied Water Science, 3(1), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0077-2
  • Romshoo, S. A., Ali, N., & Rashid, I. (2011). Geoinformatics for characterizing and understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics (1969 to 2008) of Hokersar wetland in Kashmir Himalayas. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(5), 1026–1038. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS10.378
  • Romshoo, S. A., & Rashid, I. (2014). Assessing the impacts of changing land cover and climate on Hokersar wetland in Indian Himalayas. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(1), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0761-9
  • Romshoo, S. A., Rashid, I., Altaf, S., & Dar, G. H. (2020). Jammu and Kashmir state: An overview. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 129–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_6
  • Rosen, V. V., Garber, O. G., & Chen, Y. (2018). Magnesium deficiency in tap water in Israel: The desalination era. Desalination, 426, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.027
  • Sahu, P., & Sikdar, P. K. (2008). Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata wetlands, West Bengal, India. Environmental Geology, 55(4), 823–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1034-x
  • Sajjad, H., & Iqbal, M. (2012). Impact of urbanization on land use/land cover of Dudhganga watershed of Kashmir Valley, India. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 16(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2012.743749
  • Sapkota, M., Pant, R. R., Pathak, L., Khanal, B., Shrestha, S., Poudel, B., Thapa, L. B., Pal, K. B., Bishwakarma, K., & Durdiev, K. (2021). Assessment of water quality using multivariate statistical approaches in Jagadishpur reservoir, Lumbini Province, Nepal. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 7(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00559-z
  • Sánchez, E., Colmenarejo, M. F., Vicente, J., Rubio, A., García, M. G., Travieso, L., & Borja, R. (2007). Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution. Ecological Indicators, 7(2), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.02.005
  • Sánchez, E. R. S., Hoyos, S. E. G., Esteller, M. V., Morales, M. M., & Astudillo, A. O. (2017). Hydrogeochemistry and water-rock interactions in the urban area of Puebla Valley aquifer (Mexico). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 181, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.07.016
  • Scheili, A., Delpla, I., & Rodriguez, M. J. (2020). Development of a drinking water quality index based on a participatory procedure using mixed multicriteria methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08516-7
  • Shahid, N., Zia, Z., Shahid, M., FaiqBakhat, H., Anwar, S., Mustafa Shah, G., & Rizwan Ashraf, M. (2015). Assessing drinking water quality in punjab, Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24, 6.
  • Sheykhi, V., & Samani, N. (2020). Assessment of water quality compartments in Kor river, IRAN. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08464-2
  • Simeonov, V., Stratis, J. A., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofoniou, M., & Kouimtzis, T. (2003). Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Research, 37(17), 4119–4124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1
  • Singh, R. B., & Sen Roy, S. (2002). Climate variability and hydrological extremes in a Himalayan catchment. In ERB and Northern European FRIEND Project 5 Conf., Slovakia.
  • Singh, S., Patil, P., Dadhwal, V. K., Banday, J. R., & Pant, D. N. (2012). Assessment of aboveground phytomass in temperate forests of Kashmir Valley, J&K, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 38(2-3), 47–58.
  • Sirajudeen, J., & Mubashir, M. M. (2013). Statistical approach and assessment of physico-chemical status of ground water in near proximity of South Bank Canal, Tamil Nadu, India. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5(2), 25–32.
  • Smith, L. A. (1995). Remedial options for metals-contaminated sites. Lewis Publ.
  • Veni, T., & Mohanraj, J. (2013). Analysis of water quality in relation to physico–chemical parameters of groundwater in selected areas of Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu. Zoology, 2(10).
  • Wadia, D. N. (1975). Geology of India (p 560). Tata McGraw Hill.
  • Waldbott George, L. (1998). The preskeletal phase of chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride, 31, 1.
  • WHO & UNICEF. (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Update and SDG Baselines. Licence, Geneva. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Yang, Y. H., Zhou, F., Guo, H. C., Sheng, H., Liu, H., Dao, X., & He, C. J. (2010). Analysis of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Lake Dianchi using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1242-9
  • Yiamouyiannis, J. (1993). Fluoride, the aging factor: How to recognize and avoid the devastating effects of fluoride. Health Action Press.
  • Zaz, S. N., & Romshoo, S. A. (2012). Assessing the geoindicators of land degradation in the Kashmir Himalayan region, India. Natural Hazards, 64(2), 1219–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0293-3
  • Zhang, B., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Tang, C., Yu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2012). Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water Research, 46(8), 2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.033
  • Zhao, Y., Xia, X. H., Yang, Z. F., & Wang, F. (2012). Assessment of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake using multivariate statistical techniques. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13, 1213–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.115

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.