281
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Waste stabilization pond performance in Pakistan and its implications for wastewater use in agriculture

, , &
Pages 261-267 | Published online: 25 Jun 2008

References

  • Arthur , J. P. 1983 . Notes on the design and operation of waste stabilization ponds in warm climates of developing countries: World Bank Technical paper 7 , Washington : The World Bank .
  • Ayres , R. M. , Alabaster , G. P. , Mara , D. D. and Lee , D. L. 1992 . A design equation for human intestinal nematode egg removal in waste stabilization ponds . Water Res. , 26 : 863 – 865 .
  • Ayres , R. M. and Mara , D. D. 1996 . Analysis of Wastewater for use in Agriculture; a Laboratory Manual of parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organisation .
  • Ensink , J. H.J. , Mahmood , T. , van der Hoek , W. , Raschid-Sally , L. and Amerasinghe , F. P. 2004 . A nation-wide assessment of wastewater in Pakistan: an obscure activity or a vitally important one? . Water Policy , 6 : 197 – 206 .
  • HACH . 1997 . Water Analysis Handbook , Loveland, Colorado, , U.S.A. : HACH Company .
  • Klutse , A. and Baleux , B. 1995 . Nematode egg and protozoan cyst removal in microphytic waste stabilization ponds in Sudan-Sahel area . Revue des sciences de l'eau , 8 : 563 – 577 .
  • Lakshminaruyana , J. S. and Abdulappa , M. K. 1972 . “ The effect of sewage stabilization ponds on helminths ” . In Low cost Wastewater Treatment , Edited by: Sastry , C. A. Nagpur, , India : Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute .
  • Lloyd , B. J. , Leitner , A. R. , Vorkas , C. A. and Guganesharajah , R. K. 2003 . Under-performance evaluation and rehabilitation strategy for waste stabilization ponds in Mexico . Water Sci. Technol. , 48 : 35 – 43 .
  • Madera , C. A. , Pena , M. R. and Mara , D. D. 2002 . Microbiological quality of a waste stabilization pond effluent used for restricted irrigation in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia . Water Sci. Technol. , 45 : 139 – 143 .
  • Mara , D. 1997 . Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in India , Leeds, , UK : Lagoon Technology International .
  • Mara , D. and Cairncross , S. 1989 . Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Mara , D. D. 2000 . The production of microbiologically safe effluents for wastewater reuse in the Middle East and North Africa . Water, Air Soil Pollution , 123 : 595 – 603 .
  • Mara , D. D. and Silva , S. A. 1986 . Removal of intestinal nematode eggs in tropical waste stabilization ponds . J. Trop. Med. Hyg , 89 : 71 – 74 .
  • Meneses , C. G. , Saraiva , L. B. , Melo , H. N. , de Melo , J. L. and Pearson , H. W. 2005 . Variations in BOD, algal biomass and organic matter biodegradation constants in a wind-mixed tropical facultative waste stabilization pond . Water Sci. Technol. , 51 : 183 – 190 .
  • Oakley , S. M. , Pocasangre , A. , Flores , C. , Monge , J. and Estrada , M. 2000 . Waste stabilization pond use in Central America: The experiences of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua . Water, Sci. Technol. , 42 : 51 – 58 .
  • Pescod , M. D. 1992 . Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture , Rome, , Italy : Food and Agricultural Organization .
  • Rhoades , J. D. , Kandiah , A. and Mashali , A. M. 1992 . The Use of Saline Waters for Crop Production , Rome, , Italy : Food and Agricultural Organization .
  • Scott , C. A. , Faruqui , N. I. and Raschid-Sally , L. 2004 . “ Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: management challenges in developing countries ” . In Wastewater use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities , Edited by: Scott , C. A. , Faruqui , N. I. and Raschid-Slaly , L. 1 – 10 . Wallingford : Cabi Publishing .
  • Stott , R. 2003 . Fate and behaviour of parasites in wastewater treatment systems Unpublished report, Leeds University, Leeds
  • Stott , R. , Ayres , R. M. , Lee , D. and Mara , D. 1994 . “ An experimental evaluation of potential risks to human health from parasitic nematodes in wastewaters treated in waste stabilization ponds and used for crop irrigation ” . Leeds, , UK : Departments of Civil Engineering and Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds .
  • UNESCAP . 2000 . Wastewater management, policies and practices in Asia and the Pacific: Water resources series No. 79 , New York, , U.S.A. : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific .
  • van der Hoek , W. , ul Hassan , M. , Ensink , J. H.J. , Feenstra , S. , Raschid-Sally , L. , Munir , S. , Aslam , R. , Ali , N. , Hussain , R. and Matsuno , Y. 2002 . Urban Wastewater: A Valuable Resource for Agriculture. A Case Study from Haroonabad, Pakistan , Colombo : International Water Management Institute .
  • WASA . 1993 . Faisalabad Environmental Infrastructure Master Plan , Faisalabad, , Pakistan : Faisalabad Development Authority .
  • WHO . 1989 . Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
  • WHO . 2006 . Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.