Urban water and nutrient flows in Kumasi, Ghana

References

• Ackon , S. 2006 . Performance evaluation of Dompoase faecal sludge treatment plant , Edited by: (MSc) , Thesis and Kumasi . Ghana : Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) .
   Google Scholar
• Agodzo , S. 2003 . Use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia , Ghana, Wageningen : WUR .
   Google Scholar
• Ahn , C. H. and Tateishi , R. 1994 . Monthly potential and actual evapotranspiration and water balance [online] United Nations Environment Programme/Global Resource Information Database, Dataset GNV183. Available from: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_ GNVd00183_104.html [Accessed 14 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Amoah , P. 2002 . Household survey in Kumasi , Ghana : IWMI Accra . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• ASCE . 1969 . Design and construction of sanitary and storm sewers , New York, NY : American Society of Civil Engineers and the Water Pollution Control Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Baccini , P. and Bader , H.-P. 1996 . Regionaler Stoffhaushalt, Erfassung, Bewertung und Steuerung , Heidelberg : Spektrum Akademischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Baccini , P. and Brunner , P. H. 1991 . Metabolism of the anthroposphere , Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bader , H.-P. and Scheidegger , R. 1995 . “ SIMBOX ” . In Benutzeranleitung zum Programm SIMBOX. Dübendorf , Switzerland : EAWAG .
   Google Scholar
• Baresel , C. and Destouni , G. 2005 . Novel quantification of coupled natural and cross-sectoral water and nutrient/pollutant flows for environmental management . Environmental Science & Technology , 39 : 6182 – 6190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belevi , H. and Baccini , P. 1996 . “ Verfahrenstechnik in Entsorgungssystemen ” . In Lecture notes , Switzerland, Zurich : ETH .
   Google Scholar
• Belevi , H. Material flow analysis: a planning tool for organic waste management in Kumasi, Ghana . Proceedings of Healthy Cities Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Boateng , M. Y. 1999 . Studies to investigate the presence of heavy metals and other pollutants in the Owabi raw water reservoir , Edited by: Kumasi , Thesis MSc . Ghana : Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) .
   Google Scholar
• Buor , D. 2004 . Water needs and women's health in the Kumasi metropolitan area, Ghana . Health and Place , 10 : 85 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEDAR . 2002 . “ Final technical report ” . In Peri-urban natural resources management at the watershed level, Kumasi, Ghana , Egham Hill : Royal Holloway University of London . R7330
   Google Scholar
• Cornish , G. , Mensah , E. and Ghesquire , P. 1999 . Water quality and peri-urban irrigation: An assessment of surface water quality for irrigation and its implication for human health in the peri-urban zone of Kumasi, Ghana Report OD/TN 95 September 1999. DFID's Water KAR (Knowledge and Research) Project R7132, HR Wallingford, UK
   Google Scholar
• CWSA . 2005 . Pumping, recovery and water test reports. Kwabre District, Ashanti Region. Technical report. Kumasi , Ghana : Community Water and Sanitation Agency .
   Google Scholar
• DEC . 2006 . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation The simple method to calculate urban stormwater loads [online]. Available from: http://www.dec. state.ny.us/website/dow/toolbox/simple.pdf [Accessed 19 July 2007]
   Google Scholar
• Drechsel , P. , Giordano , M. and Gyiele , L. 2004 . Valuing nutrients in soil and water: concepts and techniques with examples from IWMI studies in the developing world [online]. Research Report 82 International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Available from: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_ Reports/PDF/pub082/RR82.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Eawag . 2007 . Tracking material flows in foreign lands , Zurich, , Switzerland : Eawag News 62e. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) . [online] Available from: http://www.eawag.ch/services/publikationen/eanews/news_62/index_EN [Accessed 8 November 2008]
   Google Scholar
• EEA . 2003 . “ Environmental assessment report no 10 ” . In Europe's environment: the third assessment , Copenhagen, , Denmark : European Environment Agency . [online] Available from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental_assessment_report_2003_10/kiev_chapt_08. pdf [Accessed 14 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Erni , M. 2007 . Modelling urban water flows: an insight into current and future water availability and pollution of a fast growing city. Case Study of Kumasi, Ghana , Zurich, , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) . [online]. Thesis (MSc) Available from: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:29522/eth-29522-01. pdf [Accessed 14 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Færge , J. , Magid , J. and de Penning , Vries F.W.T. 2001 . Urban nutrient balance for Bangkok . Ecological Modelling , 139 : 63 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway , J. N. 1995 . Nitrogen fixation: Anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 9 ( 2 ) : 235 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleick , P. 1996 . Basic water requirements for human activities: meeting basic needs . Water International , 21 ( 2 ) : 83 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , S. and Becker , N. 2002 . Contaminant flows in urban residential water systems . Urban Water , 4 : 331 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• GSS . 2005 . 2000 population and housing census. Ashanti Region. Analysis of district data and implications for planning , Kumasi, Ghana : Ghana Statistical Service .
   Google Scholar
• GSS . 2002 . “ Summary report of final results ” . In 2000 population and housing census , Accra, Ghana : Ghana Statistical Service .
   Google Scholar
• GWCL . 2006 . Yearly piped water production in Kumasi , Kumasi, Ghana : Ghana Water Company Limited, Regional Office . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Heinss , U. , Larmie , S. A. and Strauss , M. 1998 . “ SANDEC Report No. 5/98 ” . In Solids separation and pond systems for the treatment of faecal sludges in the tropics , Dübendorf, , Switzerland : EAWAG/SANDEC .
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra , A. Y. and Chapagain , A. K. 2007 . Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern . Water Resources Management , 21 : 35 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HSC . 2006 . Records of gauging stations and streams in the Ashanti region , Kumasi, Ghana : Hydrological Service Department . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Huang , D. 2007 . Confronting limitations: new solutions required for urban water management in Kunming City . Journal of Environmental Management , 84 : 49 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppson , U. and Hellstrom , D. 2002 . System analysis for environmental assessment of urban water and wastewater systems . Water Science and Technology , 46 ( 6–7 ) : 121 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson , H. and Vinnerås , B. Adapting the nutrient content of urine and faeces in different countries using FAO and Swedish data . Ecosan – closing the loop. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation . April 2003 . pp. 623 – 626 .
   Google Scholar
• Keraita , B. 2002 . Wastewater use in urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana , The Netherlands : Wageningen University . Thesis (MSc)
   Google Scholar
• Kindness , H. 1999 . “ Kumasi Natural Resources Management Project (KNRP) ” . In Supply and demand for soil amelioration in peri-urban Kumasi , Chatham, , UK : Natural Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• KMA . 2006a . Medium-term developing plan 2006–2009 , Kumasi, Ghana : Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly .
   Google Scholar
• KMA . 2006b . Monthly records of faecal sludge and solid waste collection at Dompoase landfill, Kumasi , Kumasi, Ghana : KMA Waste Management Department . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Lacaux , C. G. 2003 . Dry and wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Africa . Geophysical Research Abstracts , 5 09644
   Google Scholar
• Langergraber , G. and Muellegger , E. 2005 . Ecological sanitation – a way to solve global sanitation problems? . Environment International , 31 ( 3 ) : 433 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitzinger , CH., . 2000 . Ist eine Co-Kompostierung aus stofflicher Sicht in Kumasi/Ghana sinnvoll? , Zurich, , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) . Thesis (MSc)
   Google Scholar
• Metropolis , N. and Ulam , S. 1949 . The Monte Carlo method . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 44 ( 247 ) : 335 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montangero , A. and Belevi , H. 2007 . Assessing nutrient flows in septic tanks by eliciting expert judgment: a promising method in the context of developing countries . Water Research , 41 : 1052 – 1064 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montangero , A. 2007 . Optimising water and phosphorus management in the urban environmental sanitation system of Hanoi, Vietnam . Science of the Total Environment , 384 : 55 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteith , J. L. 1965 . Evaporation and environment . Symposium of the Society of Experimental Biologists , 19 : 205 – 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MSD . 2006 . Climate data of Kumasi from 1961–2006 , Kumasi, Ghana : Meteorological Service Department .
   Google Scholar
• Obuobie , E. 2006 . Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks , Accra, Ghana : IWMI-RUAF-CPWF .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2006 . African economic outlook 2005–2006 , Ghana : Country studies . [online]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/10/36740417.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Pillay , M. 1994 . Detergent phosphorus in South Africa: impact on eutrophication with specific reference to the Umgeni catchment , Durban, , South Africa : Department of Chemical Engineering .
   Google Scholar
• Polprasert , C. 1996 . Organic waste recycling: technology and management , Chichester, , UK : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Quansah , C. 2000 . Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security Country case study, Ghana Accra: FAO, 33–75
   Google Scholar
• Sam , A. and Asare , K. 2007 . Government secures funds to improve water in Ksi . Daily Graphics , 27 July, p. 29
   Google Scholar
• Schaffner , M. , Bader , H.-P. and Scheidegger , R. 2009 . Modelling the contribution of point sources and non point sources to Thachin River water pollution . Science of the Total Environment , 407 : 4902 – 4915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlak , R. I. Phosphorus and nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater: principles and practice , New York : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , D. , Poku , O. and Gyabaah , K. N. 2001 . “ CEDAR-IRNR Kumasi Paper 6 ” . In Survey of large industries in Kumasi: water use and environmental impacts , Egham Hill : Royal Holloway University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , M. 1995 . Characteristics of faecal sludges from on-site sanitation systems collected from published and unpublished literature , Duebendorf, , Switzerland : SANDEC/EAWAG .
   Google Scholar
• Tangsubkul , N. , Moore , S. and Waite , T. D. 2005 . Incorporating phosphorus management considerations into wastewater management practice . Environmental Science & Policy , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tdukuda , S. 2006 . Atmospheric phosphorus deposition in Ashiu, Central Japan – source apportionment for the estimation of true input to a terrestrial ecosystem . Biogeochemistry , 77 : 117 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umweltbundesamt . 2003 . Umweltdaten Deutschland Online. Inhaltsstoffe in Wasch- und Reinigungsmitteln [online] Available from: http://www.env-it.de/umweltdaten/public/theme.do? nodeIdent=2292. [Accessed 19 July 2007]
   Google Scholar
• UN population division . 2008 . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision [online] Available from: http://esa.un.org/unup [Accessed 27 September 2010]
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2003 . Indicators for monitoring the millennium development goals. Definitions, rationale, concepts and sources New York [online] Available from: http://devdata.worldbank.org/gmis/mdg/UNDG%20document_ final.pdf [Accessed 28 September 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Van Rooijen , D. 2010 . Urban growth, wastewater production and use: A comparative study on Accra, Addis Ababa and Hyderabad . Irrigation and Drainage Systems , 24 ( 1–2 ) : 53 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Rooijen , D. , Turral , H. and Biggs , T. 2005 . Sponge city: water balance of mega-city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India . Irrig. and Drain , 54 : 81 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers , A. 2001 . Handbook of water use and conservation , Amherst, Massachusetts : WaterPlow Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vodounhessi , A. 2006 . Financial and institutional challenges to make faecal sludge management integrated part of ecosan approach in West Africa. Case study of Kumasi, Ghana , Delft, , The Netherlands : UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education . Thesis (MSc)
   Google Scholar
• Zango , M. S. 2005 . Assessment of groundwater recharge potential of the basement complex of Ghana: A case study of Ejisu-Juaben district of Ashanti region , Kumasi, Ghana : Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) .
   Google Scholar