Analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in water and wastewater treatment, as cost components: Case study of Oslo, Norway

References

• Balmer , P. 2000 . Operation costs and consumption of resources at Nordic nutrient removal plants . Water Science and Technology , 41 ( 9 ) : 273 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEVAS – Bekkelaget Vann, AS, Oslo, Norway . 2007 . Årsrapport Bekkelaget Renseanlegg , Annual report of the Bekkalaget wastewater treatment plant, in Norwegian .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , R. and Wang , X. C. 2009 . Cost-benefit evaluation of a decentralised water system for wastewater reuse and environmental protection . Water Science and Technology , 59 ( 8 ) : 1515 – 1522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran , E. , Nellemann , C. , Baker , E. , Bos , R. , Osborn , D. and Savelli , H. 2010 . Sick water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development , A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nationals Environment Programme, UN Habitat, GRID-Arendal . www.grida.no. ISBN: 978-82-7701-075-5
   Google Scholar
• Cornel , P. and Schaum , C. 2009 . Phosphorus recovery from wastewater: Needs, technologies and costs . Water Science and Technology , 59 ( 6 ) : 1069 – 1075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastern Research Group, Inc. & Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. 2007 . “ Opportunities for and benefits of combined heat and power at wastewater treatment facilities ” . In Prepared for the United States Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/chp
   Google Scholar
• Grau , P. 1996 . Low cost wastewater treatment . Water Science and Technology , 33 ( 8 ) : 39 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harremoes , P. 1998 . Upgrading our inherited urban water systems . Water Science and Technology , 37 ( 9 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen-Tanski , H. , Juntunen , P. , Rajala , R. , Haume , E. and Niemelae , , A. 2003 . Costs of tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater by rapid sand filter with coagulants and UV . Water Science and Technology: Water Supply , 3 ( 4 ) : 145 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , T. 2009 . Prosperity without growth: Transition to a sustainable economy , Abingdon, , Oxford, UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , J. and Hartley , K. 2003 . Greenhouse gas production in wastewater treatment: Process selection is the major factor . Water Science and Technology , 47 ( 12 ) : 43 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , S. 2010 . A look at the challenges – and opportunities – in the world water market . Journal of American Water Works Association , 102 ( 2 ) : 104 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Nistor , I. 2008 . Benchmarking brings attention to Moldova's struggling water sector . Water Utility Management International , 3 ( 3 ) : 30 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Norges Bank, Norway . www.norges-bank.no/templates/article____200.aspx - Årsgjennomsnitt av daglige kurser (fra 1960). Accessed 2009–2010
   Google Scholar
• Rebitzer , G. , Hunkeler , D. and Jolliet , O. 2003 . LCC – The economic pillar of sustainability: Methodology and application to wastewater treatment . Environmental Progress , 22 ( 4 ) : 241 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Sahely , H. R. and Kennedy , C. A. 2007 . Water use model for quantifying environmental and economic sustainability indicators . Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management , 133 ( 6 ) : 550 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway . ( http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=1&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=ppi. Accessed in November 2009
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway . (http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=1&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=kpi. Accessed in November 2009
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway . ( http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=1&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=indenergi. Accessed in April 2010
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway . ( http://www.ssb.no/en/table/04689 (Water system costs and income) http://www.ssb.no/en/table/05457 (Wastewater system costs and income)
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway . (www.ssb.no) http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/01/03/10/energiregn_en/fig-2009-04-24-02-en.gif. Accessed in September 2009
   Google Scholar
• The Economist . May 22 2010 . A special report on water: A glass half-empty , May 22 , 19 – 20 . London, , UK : Economist Group .
   Google Scholar
• Tsagarakis , K. P. , Mara , D. D. and Angelakis , A. N. 2003 . Applications of cost criteria for selection of municipal wastewater treatment systems . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 142 : 187 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugarelli , R. , Venkatesh , G. , Brattebø , H. and Saegrov , S. 2008 . Importance of investment decisions and rehabilitation approaches in an ageing wastewater pipeline network: A case study of Oslo (Norway) . Water Science and Technology , 58 ( 12 ) : 2279 – 2293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Meene , J. , Brown , R. R. and Farrelly , M. A. 2009 . Exploring sustainable urban water governance: a case study of institutional capacity . Water Science and Technology , 59 ( 10 ) : 1921 – 1928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEAS – Vestfjorden Avløpselskap, Oslo, Norway . 2001–2007 . Årsmeldinger annual reports in Norwegian
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesh , G. and Brattebø , H. 2011a . Environmental impact analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants: Case study of Oslo, Norway . Water Science and Technology-Water Supply , Forthcoming
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh , G. and Brattebø , H. 2011b . Environmental impact analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in water treatment plants: Case study of Oslo, Norway . Water Science and Technology-Water Supply , Forthcoming
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh , G. and Brattebø , H. 2011c . Energy consumption, costs and environmental impacts for urban water cycle services: Case study of Oslo (Norway) . Energy , 36 ( 2 ) : 792 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerah , M.-H. 2007 . Urban water and wastewater. India Infrastructure Report 2006
   Google Scholar