Bridge durability design after EN standards: present and future

References

• ACI 318-11. (2011). Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI Committee 318. 10.1617/s11527-007-9295-0
   Google Scholar
• ACI 329R-14. (2014). Report on performance-based requirements for concrete, ACI Committee 329, 46.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. G., Ballim, Y., & Stanish, K. (2008). A framework for use of durability indexes in performance-based design and specifications for reinforced concrete structures. Materials & Structures, 41(5), 921–936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alp Transit. (2012). Alp Transit Gotthard – New traffic route through the heart of Switzerland. Brochure, 48. Retrieved from: https://www.alptransit.ch/fileadmin/dateien/media/publikationen/atg_broschuere_e_2012_lq.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Altmann, F., & Mechtcherine, V. (2013). Durability design strategies for new cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 54, 114–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altmann, F., & Mechtcherine, V. (2012). A fuzzy probabilistic durability concept for strain-hardening cement-based composites. In J. Barros (Ed.), RILEM Proc. Pro 088 (pp. 660–670). https://www.rilem.net/publication/publication/419?id_papier=8699
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, C. (2014, September 3–5). Prediction of service life by considering the initiation and propagation periods. Keynote lecture, XIII DBCM, São Paulo. Retrieved from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=NruQiViNU4c
   Google Scholar
• AS3600, Australian Standard. (2001). Concrete structures. AS3600-2001. Sydney: Standards Australia.
   Google Scholar
• BRIME. (2001, March). Deliverable 14, Contract No. RO-97-SC.2220. In R. J. Woodward Coordinator, 227.
   Google Scholar
• Brühwiler, E. (2007). A structural engineer’s view: More attractive value-added solutions for concrete structures. Zürich: Holcim Workshop on VAS.
   Google Scholar
• BS 1881-128, British standard. (1997). Testing concrete. Methods for analysis of fresh concrete, 32.
   Google Scholar
• CEB/FIP. (1991). CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 (CEB Bulletin d’Information No. 203).
   Google Scholar
• Charron, J.-P., Denarié, E., & Brühwiler, E. (2007). Permeability of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes (UHPFRC) under high stresses. Materials and Structures, 40, 269–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, A. (2012, July 18). Dramatic Digs Mark Panama Canal Expansion Progress. Engineering News-Record.
   Google Scholar
• CR 13902. (2000, May). CEN Report Test methods for determining the water/cement ratio of fresh concrete. European Committee for Standardization, 7.
   Google Scholar
• CSA, Canadian Standard A23.1/A23.2. (2004). Concrete materials and methods of concrete construction/Methods of test and standard practices for concrete. Canadian Standards Association.
   Google Scholar
• Denarié, E. (2005, November 21–23). Structural rehabilitations with Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concretes (UHPFRC). ICCRRR, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Duracrete (2000). Probabilistic performance based durability design of concrete structures. The European Union–Brite EuRam III, BE95-1347/R17, CUR, Gouda.
   Google Scholar
• EN 12390-8. (2009). Testing hardened concrete - Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure.
   Google Scholar
• EN 13670. (2009). Execution of concrete structures.
   Google Scholar
• EN 13791. (2007). Assessment of in situ compressive strength in structures and precast concrete components.
   Google Scholar
• EN 1992-1-1. (2004). Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
   Google Scholar
• EN 1992-2. (2005). Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures – Concrete bridges – Design and detailing rules.
   Google Scholar
• EN 206. (2013). Concrete – Specification, performance, production and conformity.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández Luco, L. (2005). Recommendation of RILEM TC 189-NEC: ‘Non-destructive evaluation of the concrete cover’ – Comparative test – Part II – Comparative test of ‘Covermeters’. Materials and Structures, 38, 907–911.
   Google Scholar
• fib. (2006, February). Model code for service life design, fib Bulletin, 34, 112.
   Google Scholar
• fib. (2008, February). Concrete structure management – Guide to ownership and good practice: Guide to ownership and good practice. fib Bulletin, 44, 50–54.
   Google Scholar
• fib. (2010, March). Model Code 2010, 1st Complete Draft, Vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Gateway. (2009, February). A second Gateway Bridge. Gateway Upgrade Project, Fact Sheet 4.
   Google Scholar
• Gulikers, J. (2006). Considerations on the reliability of service life predictions using a probabilistic approach. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 136, 233–241.
   Google Scholar
• Gulikers, J. J. W., & Groeneweg, T. W. (2017, June 12–14). Residual service life of existing concrete structures – is it useful in practice? fib Symposium, The Netherlands: Maastricht, paper 211.
   Google Scholar
• Hunkeler, F. (2000). Corrosion in reinforced concrete: Processes and mechanisms. In: H. Böhni (Ed.), Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures (pp. 1–45). Cambridge: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Imamoto, K., Neves, R., & Torrent, R. (2016, June 26–30). Carbonation rate in old structures assessed with air-permeability site NDT (IABMAS 2016, Paper 426), Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 2394. (2015). General principles on reliability for structures, 111.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, F., & Leemann, A. (2007). Betoneigenschaften nach SN EN 206-1 (ASTRA Report VSS Nr. 615). Bern. http://www.tfb.ch/Htdocs/Files/v/5899.pdf/Publikationsliste/08BetoneigenschaftennachSNEN2061BerichtVSSNr615.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, F., Denariè, E., Leemann, A., & Teruzzi T. (2009). Empfehlungen zur Qualitätskontrolle von Beton mit Luftpermeabilitätsmessungen (Office Fédéral des Routes, VSS Report 641). Bern. Retrieved from http://www.tfb.ch/Htdocs/Files/v/5893.pdf/Publikationsliste/02ASTRAAGB2007008.pdf Partial English translation in: http://www.m-a-s.com.ar/pdf/Swiss%20Recommendations%20for%20site%20measurement%20Ch%201%20and%202%20and%20Annex%20D.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Li, K. F., & Torrent, R. (2016, June 27–29). Analytical and experimental service life assessment of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Link. IABMAS, Foz do Iguaçú.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., Li, K. F., Zhou, X., Zhang, Q., & Fan, Z. (2015). Model-based durability design of concrete structures in Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau sea link project. Structural Safety, 53, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro, F., & Torrent, R. (2017, September 3–8). Durability performance of concretes made with different cement types. ICACMS 2017 Conference, Chennai.
   Google Scholar
• Neville, A. M. (1995). Properties of concrete (4th ed.), Longman Group.
   Google Scholar
• Neville, A. (1998). Concrete cover to reinforcement - Or cover up? Concrete International, 20(11), 25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, K. (1987). Labcrete, Realcrete and Hypocrete. Where we can expect the next major durability problems. ACI SP-100, v2, 1259–1283.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, L., Ngo, M. H., & Gjørv, O. E. (1998, June 21–24). High performance repair materials for concrete structures in the port of Gothenburg. CONSEC. Tromsø, 2, 1193–1198.
   Google Scholar
• Parrott, L. (1994). Design for avoiding damage due to carbonation-induced corrosion. ACI SP-145, Part I, 283–298.
   Google Scholar
• RILEM Report 12. (1995). Performance criteria for concrete durability. In J. Kropp & H. K. Hilsdorf [Eds.], London: F & N Spon.
   Google Scholar
• RILEM Report 40. (2007). Non-destructive evaluation of the penetrability and thickness of the concrete cover. In R. Torrent & L. Fernandez Luco (Eds.), State-of-the-art Report of RILEM TC 189-NEC.
   Google Scholar
• RILEM STAR 18. (2016). Performance-based specifications and control of concrete durability. In H. Beushausen & L. Fernandez Luco (Eds.), State-of-the-Art Report (Vol. 18). RILEM TC 230-PSC.
   Google Scholar
• SANS 10100-2. (2003). The structural use of concrete. Part 2: Materials and execution of work. South African Standard.
   Google Scholar
• SIA 262. (2013). Betonbau.
   Google Scholar
• SIA 262/1. (2013). Betonbau – Ergänzende Festlegungen.
   Google Scholar
• SN EN 206. (2013). Beton – Teil 1: Festlegung, Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformität. Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., Ausgabe Juli. pp. 206-1.
   Google Scholar
• Stipanovic Oslakovic, I., Bjegovic, D., & Mikulic, D. (2010). Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment. Materials and Structures, 43(10), 1397–1412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taffese, W. Z., & Sistonen, E. (2017). Significance of chloride penetration controlling parameters in concrete: Ensemble methods. Construction and Building Materials, 139, 9–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, L., & Nilsson, L.-O. (1992). Rapid determination of the chloride diffusivity in concrete by applying an electrical field. ACI Materials Journal, 89(1), 49–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrent, R. (1992). A two-chamber vacuum cell for measuring the coefficient of permeability to air of the concrete cover on site. Materials and Structures, 25(6), 358–365.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R. (2013, August 18–21). Service life prediction: Theorecrete, labcrete and realcrete approaches. (Keynote Paper, SCTM3 Conference), Kyoto.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R. (2017, October 11–13). Robust, engineer’s friendly service life design. (Keynote Paper, EASEC-15). Xi’an.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R., & Fernández Luco, L. (2014, September 1–5), Service life assessment of concrete structures based on site testing. DBMC 2014 Conference, São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R, & Jacobs, F. (2014, May 12–16). Swiss Standards 2013: World’s most advanced durability performance specifications, 3rd All-Russian Conference on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, Moscow.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R., Denarié, E., Jacobs, F., Leemann, A., & Teruzzi, T. (2012a). Specification and site control of the permeability of the cover concrete: The Swiss approach. Materials and Corrosion, 63(12), 1127–1133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrent, R., Griesser, A., Moro, F., & Jacobs, F. (2012b, September 2–5). Technical-economical consequences of the use of controlled permeable formwork. M.G. Alexander, H.-D. Beushausen, F. Dehn & P. Moyo (Eds.), Proc. ICCRRR, 1330–1335. Cape Town: ICCRRR.
   Google Scholar
• Torrent, R., Armaghani, J., & Taibi, Y. (2013, May). Evaluation of Port of Miami tunnel segments: Carbonation and service life assessment made using on-site air permeability tests. Concrete International, 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, M. A., & Márquez, M. A. (2014, June 4–6). Consideraciones para la Inspección y Mantenimiento del Puente Chacao. Santiago: CINPAR; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wallbank, E. J. (April 1989). The performance of concrete in bridges. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Wassermann, R., Katz, A., & Bentur, A. (2009). Minimum cement content requirements: A must or a myth? Materials and Structures, 42, 973–982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierig, H. J. (1984, March 26–29). Longtime studies on the carbonation of concrete under normal outdoor exposure. Proceedings of RILEM Seminar on the Durability of Concrete Structures under Normal Outdoor Exposure (pp. 239–249). Germany: Hannover.
   Google Scholar