Advances in display technology: augmented reality, virtual reality, quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes, and organic light-emitting diodes

References

• C.K. Bernard, Optical architectures for augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality headsets, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• H.J. Jang, J.Y. Lee, G.W. Baek, J. Kwak, and J.-H. Park, Progress in the development of the display performance of AR, VR, QLED and OLED devices in recent years, J. Inf. Disp. 23, 1–17 (2022). doi:10.1080/15980316.2022.2035835
   Google Scholar
• J. Xiong, E.L. Hsiang, Z. He, T. Zhan, and S.T. Wu, Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Emerging technologies and future perspectives, Light Sci. Appl. 10, 216 (2021).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Hu, and H. Hua, High-resolution optical see-through multi-focal-plane head-mounted display using freeform optics, Opt. Express 22, 13896–13903 (2014). doi:10.1364/OE.22.013896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.D. Hwang, and E. Peli, An augmented-reality edge enhancement application for Google Glass, Optom. Vis. Sci. 91, 1021–1030 (2014). doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.J. Yeom, H.J. Kim, S.B. Kim, H. Zhang, B. Li, Y.M. Ji, S.H. Kim, and J.H. Park, 3D holographic head-mounted display using holographic optical elements with astigmatism aberration compensation, Opt. Express 23, 32025–32034 (2015). doi:10.1364/OE.23.032025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kress, and W. Cummings, Optical architecture of HoloLens mixed reality headset (SPIE2017).
   Google Scholar
• A. Maimone, A. Georgiou, and J.S. Kollin, Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality, ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 1–16 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Jang, K. Bang, S. Moon, J. Kim, S. Lee, and B. Lee, Retinal 3D: Augmented reality near-eye display via pupil-tracked light field projection on retina, ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 1–13 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Akşit, W. Lopes, J. Kim, P. Shirley, and D. Luebke, Near-eye varifocal augmented reality display using see-through screens, ACM Trans. Graph 36, 1–13 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Palladino, Magic leap one field of view specs finally uncovered, https://magic-leap.reality.news/news/magic-leap-one-field-view-specs-finally-uncovered-0186278/, (2018).
   Google Scholar
• G.Y. Lee, J.Y. Hong, S. Hwang, S. Moon, H. Kang, S. Jeon, H. Kim, J.H. Jeong, and B. Lee, Metasurface eyepiece for augmented reality, Nat. Commun. 9, 4562 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PR newswire, nreal announces nreal light, ready-to-wear mixed reality Smart glasses, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nreal-announces-nreal-light-ready-to-wear-mixed-reality-smart-glasses-300773544.html (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Pimax, Pimax 8 K X, https://pimax.com/pimax-8k-x/.
   Google Scholar
• S. Lee, Y. Jo, D. Yoo, J. Cho, D. Lee, and B. Lee, Tomographic near-eye displays, Nat. Commun. 10, 2497 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Kim, Y. Jeong, M. Stengel, K. Aksit, R. A. Albert, B. Boudaoud, T. Greer, J. Kim, W. Lopes, and Z. Majercik, Foveated AR: Dynamically foveated augmented reality display, ACM Trans. Graph. 38, 91–99 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Microsoft, and Microsoft, HoloLens, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Meta, Get started with Meta Quest 2, https://www.meta.com/quest/products/quest-2/.
   Google Scholar
• S. Lee, M. Wang, G. Li, L. Lu, Y. Sulai, C. Jang, and B. Silverstein, Foveated near-eye display for mixed reality using liquid crystal photonics, Sci. Rep. 10, 16127 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilt Five, Tilt Five, https://www.tiltfive.com.
   Google Scholar
• K. Bang, Y. Jo, M. Chae, and B. Lee, Lenslet VR, Thin, flat and wide-FOV virtual reality display using fresnel lens and lenslet array, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 27, 2545–2554 (2021). doi:10.1109/TVCG.2021.3067758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Cakmakci, Y. Qin, P. Bosel, and G. Wetzstein, Holographic pancake optics for thin and lightweight optical see-through augmented reality, Opt. Express 29, 35206–35215 (2021). doi:10.1364/OE.439585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Yoshikaie, R. Ogawa, T. Imamura, K. Ohki, K. Seno, Y. Ogawa, K. Abe, M. Takada, Y. Mamishin, and A. Yajima, Full-color binocular retinal scan AR display with pupil tracking system, optical architectures for displays and sensing in augmented, virtual, and mixed reality (AR, VR, MR) IV, SPIE, 2023, 243–251.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Qin, W.-Y. Chen, M. O’Toole, and A.C. Sankaranarayanan, Split-Lohmann multifocal displays, ACM Trans. Graph. 42, 1–18 (2023).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Jang, K. Bang, M. Chae, B. Lee, and D. Lanman, Waveguide holography for 3D augmented reality glasses, Nat. Commun. 15, 66 (2024).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kress, Digital optics as key enabling technologies to achieve small form factor AR display systems, Digital optical technologies 2023, SPIE, 108–119 (2023).
   Google Scholar
• E.-L. Hsiang, Z. Yang, Q. Yang, P.-C. Lai, C.-L. Lin, and S.-T. Wu, AR/VR light engines: Perspectives and challenges, Adv. Opt. Photon. 14, 783–861 (2022). doi:10.1364/AOP.468066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Jo, P. Kim, H.-J. Kim, H. Lim, S.-R. Joung, C.-K. Yoo, D.-W. Choi, J.-Y. Yang, Y.-M. Ha, and S. Yoon, 25-1: Invited paper: OLED microdisplays for AR/VR applications: Technical approaches toward realization of over 10,000 nits full-color panels, SID Int. Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 53, 287-290 (2022). doi:10.1002/sdtp.15475
   Google Scholar
• L. Qi, P. Li, X. Zhang, K.M. Wong, and K.M. Lau, Monolithic full-color active-matrix micro-LED micro-display using InGaN/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration, Light Sci. Appl. 12, 258 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Lee, J.H. Jung, S. Hong, and H.J. Choi, Near eye display based on multiplexed retinal projections for robust compensation of eye pupil variance, Opt. Express 32, 2631–2643 (2024). doi:10.1364/OE.510069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Hou, D. Cheng, Y. Li, T. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Huang, H. Chen, Q. Wang, W. Hou, T. Yang, and Y. Wang, Stray light analysis and suppression method of a pancake virtual reality head-mounted display, Opt. Express 30, 44918–44932 (2022). doi:10.1364/OE.476078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.A. LaRussa, and A.T. Gill, The holographic pancake window TM, Visual simulation and Image realism I, 120–129 (1978). doi:10.1117/12.956898
   Google Scholar
• N. Usukura, K. Minoura, and R. Maruyama, Novel pancake-based HMD optics to improve light efficiency, J. Soc. Info. Display 31, 344–354 (2023). doi:10.1002/jsid.1212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Li, and M.J. Escuti, Super achromatic wide-angle quarter-wave plates using multi-twist retarders, Opt. Express 29, 7464–7478 (2021). doi:10.1364/OE.418197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Chen, X. Ye, J. Sun, Y. Chen, C. Huang, X. Xiao, W. Song, S. Zhu, and T. Li, Bifacial-metasurface-enabled pancake metalens with polarized space folding, Optica 9, 1314–1322 (2022). doi:10.1364/OPTICA.474650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.-H. Park, and B. Lee, Holographic techniques for augmented reality and virtual reality near-eye displays, Light. Adv. Manuf. 3, 137–150 (2022).
   Google Scholar
• D. Ni, D. Cheng, Y. Wang, T. Yang, X. Wang, C. Chi, and Y. Wang, Design and fabrication method of holographic waveguide near-eye display with 2D eye box expansion, Opt. Express 31, 11019–11040 (2023). doi:10.1364/OE.481889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Wang, T. Yang, D. Ni, D. Cheng, and Y. Wang, Design of an off-axis near-eye AR display system based on a full-color freeform holographic optical element, Opt. Lett. 48, 1288–1291 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Shu, G. Hu, R. Wu, H. Li, Z. Zhang, and X. Liu, Compact full-color augmented reality near-eye display using freeform optics and a holographic optical combiner, Opt. Express 30, 31714–31727 (2022). doi:10.1364/OE.465842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Cheng, Q. Wang, L. Wei, X. Wang, L. Zhou, Q. Hou, J. Duan, T. Yang, and Y. Wang, Design method of a wide-angle AR display with a single-layer two-dimensional pupil expansion geometrical waveguide, Appl. Opt 61, 5813–5822 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ruan, F. Shi, Y. Tian, P. Xing, W. Zhang, and S. Qiao, Design method of an ultra-thin two-dimensional geometrical waveguide near-eye display based on forward-ray-tracing and maximum FOV analysis, Opt. Express 31, 33799–33814 (2023). doi:10.1364/OE.498011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.H. Choi, K.S. Shin, J. Jang, W. Han, and J.H. Park, Waveguide-type Maxwellian near-eye display using a pin-mirror holographic optical element array, Opt. Lett. 47, 405–408 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zou, Z. Luo, and S.T. Wu, Pupil steerable Maxwellian AR display with gaze matching, J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 30, 373–380 (2022). doi:10.1002/jsid.1119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and J. Liu, Adjustable and continuous eyebox replication for a holographic Maxwellian near-eye display, Opt. Lett. 47, 445–448 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Yoshikaie, K. Ohki, Y. Ogawa, A. Funakiri, K. Seno, K. Abe, M. Ando, S. Nakano, and R. Ogawa, 68-1: Invited paper: A waveguide-type retinal scan AR display with pupil expansion system, SID Symp, Dig. Tech. Pap. 54, 962–965 (2023). doi:10.1002/sdtp.16727
   Google Scholar
• Y. Zhao, D. Lindberg, B. Cleary, O. Mercier, R. Mcclelland, E. Penner, Y.-J. Lin, J. Majors, and D. Lanman, Retinal-resolution varifocal VR, ACM SIGGRAPH 2023 Emerging Technologies, 1–3 (2023).
   Google Scholar
• I. Osmanis, Novel optical architecture of multi focal near-eye display, SPIE, AR, VR, MR Industry Talks 2022, SPIE, 2022, pp. 119321L.
   Google Scholar
• T. Sluka, AR needs display revolution, SPIE, AR, VR, MR Industry Talks 2022, SPIE, 2022, pp. 119321P.
   Google Scholar
• W. Han, J. Han, Y.G. Ju, J. Jang, and J.H. Park, Super multi-view near-eye display with a lightguide combiner, Opt. Express 30, 46383–46403 (2022). doi:10.1364/OE.477517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Yoo, S.-W. Nam, Y. Jo, S. Moon, C.-K. Lee, and B. Lee, Learning-based compensation of spatially varying aberrations for holographic display, JOSA A 39, A86–A92 (2022).
   Google Scholar
• D. Yang, W. Seo, H. Yu, S.I. Kim, B. Shin, C.K. Lee, S. Moon, J. An, J.Y. Hong, G. Sung, and H.S. Lee, Diffraction-engineered holography: Beyond the depth representation limit of holographic displays, Nat. Commun. 13, 6012 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Chen, R. Zhu, and H. Zhang, Speckle-free compact holographic near-eye display using camera-in-the-loop optimization with phase constraint, Opt. Express 30, 46649–46665 (2022). doi:10.1364/OE.475066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Jo, D. Yoo, D. Lee, M. Kim, and B. Lee, Multi-illumination 3D holographic display using a binary mask, Opt. Lett. 47, 2482–2485 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Lee, K. Bang, S.W. Nam, B. Lee, D. Kim, and B. Lee, Expanding energy envelope in holographic display via mutually coherent multi-directional illumination, Sci. Rep. 12, 6649 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.L. Li, N.N. Li, D. Wang, F. Chu, S.D. Lee, Y.W. Zheng, and Q.H. Wang, Tunable liquid crystal grating based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size, Light Sci. Appl. 11, 188 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Yu, Y. Kim, D. Yang, W. Seo, Y. Kim, J.Y. Hong, H. Song, G. Sung, Y. Sung, S.W. Min, and H.S. Lee, Deep learning-based incoherent holographic camera enabling acquisition of real-world holograms for holographic streaming system, Nat. Commun. 14, 3534 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Patney, M. Salvi, J. Kim, A. Kaplanyan, C. Wyman, N. Benty, D. Luebke, and A. Lefohn, Towards foveated rendering for gaze-tracked virtual reality, ACM Trans. Graph. 35, 1–12 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Tan, Y.H. Lee, T. Zhan, J. Yang, S. Liu, D. Zhao, and S.T. Wu, Foveated imaging for near-eye displays, Opt. Express 26, 25076–25085 (2018). doi:10.1364/OE.26.025076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lee, and Y.H. Won, Achromatic doublet electrowetting prism array for beam steering device in foveated display, Opt. Express 30, 2078–2088 (2022). doi:10.1364/OE.448262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Lyu, and H. Hua, Design of a statically foveated display based on a perceptual-driven approach, Opt. Express 31, 2088–2101 (2023). doi:10.1364/OE.480900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Meta, Quest 3, https://www.meta.com/quest/quest-3/.
   Google Scholar
• Apple, Apple vision pro, https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/.
   Google Scholar
• N. Matsuda, B. Wheelwright, J. Hegland, and D. Lanman, Reverse pass-through VR, ACM SIGGRAPH 2021 Emerging technologies, Association for Computing Machinery, Virtual Event, USA, article 13.
   Google Scholar
• J. Kwak, W.K. Bae, D. Lee, I. Park, J. Lim, M. Park, H. Cho, H. Woo, D.Y. Yoon, K. Char, S. Lee, and C. Lee, Bright and efficient full-color colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes using an inverted device structure, Nano Lett. 12, 2362–2366 (2012). doi:10.1021/nl3003254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Dai, Z. Zhang, Y. Jin, Y. Niu, H. Cao, X. Liang, L. Chen, J. Wang, and X. Peng, Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots, Nature 515, 96–99 (2014). doi:10.1038/nature13829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Cao, C. Xiang, Y. Yang, Q. Chen, L. Chen, X. Yan, and L. Qian, Highly stable QLEDs with improved hole injection via quantum dot structure tailoring, Nat. Commun. 9, 2608 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Su, Y. Sun, H. Zhang, and S. Chen, Origin of positive aging in quantum-dot light-emitting diodes, Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 5, 1800549 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H. Moon, and H. Chae, Efficiency enhancement of all-solution-processed inverted-structure green quantum dot light-emitting diodes via partial ligand exchange with thiophenol derivatives having negative dipole moment, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 1901314 (2020). doi:10.1002/adom.201901314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Song, O. Wang, H. Shen, Q. Lin, Z. Li, L. Wang, X. Zhang, and L.S. Li, Over 30% external quantum efficiency light-emitting diodes by engineering quantum dot-assisted energy level match for hole transport layer, Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808377 (2019). doi:10.1002/adfm.201808377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.R. Manders, L. Qian, A. Titov, J. Hyvonen, J. Tokarz-Scott, K.P. Acharya, Y. Yang, W. Cao, Y. Zheng, J. Xue, and P.H. Holloway, High efficiency and ultra-wide color gamut quantum dot LEDs for next generation displays, J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 23, 523–528 (2015). doi:10.1002/jsid.393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Li, Y. Hu, H. Shen, Q. Lin, L. Wang, H. Wang, W. Zhao, and L.S. Li, Efficient and long-life green light-emitting diodes comprising tridentate thiol capped quantum dots, Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600227 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Li, Y.B. Zhao, F. Fan, L. Levina, M. Liu, R.Q. Quintero-Bermudez, X. Gong, L.N. Quan, J.Z. Fan, Z. Yang, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, Z.H. Lu, and E.H. Sargent, Bright colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes enabled by efficient chlorination, Nat. Photonics 12, 159–164 (2018). doi:10.1038/s41566-018-0105-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Yang, Q. Wu, G. Lin, X. Zhou, W. Wu, X. Yang, J. Zhang, and W. Li, All-solution processed inverted green quantum dot light-emitting diodes with concurrent high efficiency and long lifetime, Mater. Horiz. 6, 2009–2015 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Sun, Q. Su, H. Zhang, F. Wang, S. Zhang, and S. Chen, Investigation on thermally induced efficiency Roll-Off: Toward efficient and ultrabright quantum-dot light-emitting diodes, ACS Nano 13, 11433–11442 (2019). doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b04879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Shen, W. Cao, N.T. Shewmon, C. Yang, L.S. Li, and J. Xue, High-efficiency, low turn-on voltage blue-violet quantum-dot-based light-emitting diodes, Nano Lett. 15, 1211–1216 (2015). doi:10.1021/nl504328f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Wang, J. Lin, Y. Hu, X. Guo, Y. Lv, Z. Tang, J. Zhao, Y. Fan, N. Zhang, Y. Wang, and X. Liu, Blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes with high electroluminescent efficiency, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 38755–38760 (2017). doi:10.1021/acsami.7b10785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Lin, L. Wang, Z. Li, H. Shen, L. Guo, Y. Kuang, H. Wang, and L.S. Li, Nonblinking quantum-dot-based blue light-emitting diodes with high efficiency and a balanced charge-injection process, ACS Photonics 5, 939–946 (2018). doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Li, J. Bai, T. Zhang, C. Chang, X. Jin, Z. Huang, B. Xu, and Q. Li, Blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes with high luminance by improving the charge transfer balance, Chem. Commun. (Camb) 55, 3501–3504 (2019). doi:10.1039/C9CC00230H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.H. Kim, G.W. Baek, J. Yoon, S. Seo, D. Hahm, J.H. Chang, D. Seong, H. Seo, S. Oh, K. Kim, H. Jung, Y. Oh, H.W. Baac, B. Alimkhanuly, W.K. Bae, S. Lee, J. Kwak, J.-H. Park, and D. Son, A bioinspired stretchable sensory-neuromorphic system, Adv. Mater. 33, 2104690 (2021).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Liu, J. Zou, X. Zhu, X. Li, H. Ni, Y. Liu, H. Tao, M. Xu, L. Wang, and J. Peng, Boosting the performance of solution-processed quantum dots light-emitting diodes by a hybrid emissive layer via doping small molecule hole transport materials into quantum dots, Org. Electron. 99, 106344 (2021).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang, Z. Li, F. Wang, Q. Lin, and M. Zhao, To improve the performance of green light-emitting devices by enhancing hole injection efficiency, Chem. Eng. J. Adv. 5, 100082 (2021).
   Google Scholar
• G. Ba, Q. Xu, X. Li, Q. Lin, H. Shen, and Z. Du, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes with high efficiency at high brightness via shell engineering, Opt. Express 29, 12169–12178 (2021). doi:10.1364/OE.421029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Zhao, L. Chen, W. Liu, L. Wu, Z. Lu, and W. Cao, High efficiency blue light-emitting devices based on quantum dots with core-shell structure design and surface modification, RSC Adv 11, 14047–14052 (2021). doi:10.1039/D0RA10173G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Lee, B.J. Kim, H. Lee, D. Hahm, W.K. Bae, J. Lim, and J. Kwak, Bright and stable quantum dot light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater. 34, 2106276 (2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Jo, J. H. Kim, K. H. Lee, C. Y. Han, E. P. Jang, Y. R. Do, H. Yang, and H.-E. Red, Electroluminescent device based on multishelled InP quantum dots, Opt. Lett. 41, 3984-3987 (2016). doi:10.1364/OL.41.003984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Cao, S. Wang, F. Wang, Q. Wu, D. Zhao, and X. Yang, A layer-by-layer growth strategy for large-size InP/ZnSe/ZnS Core–shell quantum dots enabling high-efficiency light-emitting diodes, Chem. Mater. 30, 8002–8007 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Lee, D. Hahm, K. Kim, W.K. Bae, C. Lee, and J. Kwak, Highly efficient and bright inverted top-emitting InP quantum dot light-emitting diodes introducing a hole-suppressing interlayer, Small 15, 1905162 (2019). doi:10.1002/smll.201905162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Li, X. Hou, X Dai, Z. Yao, L. Lv, Y. Jin, and X. Peng, Stoichiometry-controlled InP-based quantum Dots: Synthesis, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 6448-6452 (2019). doi:10.1021/jacs.8b12908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.H. Won, O. Cho, T. Kim, D.Y. Chung, T. Kim, H. Chung, H. Jang, J. Lee, D. Kim, and E. Jang, Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes, Nature 575, 634–638 (2019). doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1771-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.C. Wang, H. Zhang, H.Y. Chen, H.C. Yeh, M.R. Tseng, R.J. Chung, S. Chen, and R.S. Liu, Cadmium-free InP/ZnSeS/ZnS heterostructure-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes with a ZnMgO Electron Transport Layer and a Brightness of over 10 000 cd m-2, Small 13, 1603962 (2017). doi:10.1002/smll.201603962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Kim, B. Heyne, A. Geßner, Y. Park, M. Kang, S. Ahn, B. Lee, and A. Wedel, P-110: Efficient InP-based quantum Dot light-emittingdDiodes utilizing a Crosslinkable Hole Transport Layer, SID Int. Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 49, 1625–1628 (2018). doi:10.1002/sdtp.12293
   Google Scholar
• H. Li, S. Zhou, and S. Chen, Highly efficient top-emitting quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with record-breaking external quantum efficiency of over 44.5%, Laser Photonics Rev. 17, 2300371 (2023). doi:10.1002/lpor.202300371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Deng, F. Peng, Y. Lu, X. Zhu, W. Jin, J. Qiu, J. Dong, Y. Hao, D. Di, Y. Gao, T. Sun, M. Zhang, F. Liu, L. Wang, L. Ying, F. Huang, and Y. Jin, Solution-processed green and blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with eliminated charge leakage, Nat. Photonics 16, 505–511 (2022). doi:10.1038/s41566-022-00999-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Shi, and S. Chen, Over 32.5% efficient top-emitting quantum-dot LEDs with angular-independent emission, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 30039–30045 (2022). doi:10.1021/acsami.2c06670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y. Gao, B. Li, X. Liu, H. Shen, Y. Song, J. Song, Z. Yan, X. Yan, Y. Chong, R. Yao, S. Wang, L.S. Li, F. Fan, and Z. Du, Minimizing heat generation in quantum dot light-emitting diodes by increasing quasi-Fermi-level splitting, Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 1168–1174 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.W. Baek, S.G. Seo, D. Hahm, Y.J. Kim, K. Kim, T. Lee, J. Kim, W.K. Bae, S.H. Jin, and J. Kwak, Optimum design configuration of thin-film transistors and quantum-dot light-emitting diodes for active-matrix displays, Adv. Mater. 35, e2304717 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Fan, Z. Mu, Z. Chen, Y. Zhan, F. Meng, Y. Li, G. Xing, and W.-Y. Wong, An efficient green-emitting quantum dot with near-unity quantum yield and suppressed Auger recombination for high-performance light-emitting diodes, Chem. Eng. J. 461, 142027 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.142027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Chen, X. Lin, L. Zhou, X. Sun, R. Li, M. Chen, Y. Yang, W. Hou, L. Wu, W. Cao, X. Zhang, X. Yan, and S. Chen, Blue light-emitting diodes based on colloidal quantum dots with reduced surface-bulk coupling, Nat. Commun. 14, 284 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Li, Y. Bian, W. Zhang, Z. Wu, T.K. Ahn, H. Shen, and Z. Du, High performance InP-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes via the suppression of field-enhanced electron delocalization, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2204529 (2022). doi:10.1002/adfm.202204529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W.-C. Chao, T.-H. Chiang, Y.-C. Liu, Z.-X. Huang, C.-C. Liao, C.-H. Chu, C.-H. Wang, H.-W. Tseng, W.-Y. Hung, and P.-T. Chou, High efficiency green In P quantum dot light-emitting diodes by balancing electron and hole mobility, Commun. Mater. 2, 96 (2021).
   Google Scholar
• Y. Bi, S. Cao, P. Yu, Z. Du, Y. Wang, J. Zheng, B. Zou, and J. Zhao, Reducing emission linewidth of pure-blue ZnSeTe quantum dots through shell engineering toward high color purity light-emitting diodes, Small 19, e2303247 (2023). doi:10.1002/smll.202303247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Dou, L. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Wu, F. Cao, S. Wang, Q. Huang, Y. Ma, and X. Yang, Coordinating solvent synthesis of InP quantum dots with large sizes and suppressed defects for yellow light-emitting diodes, Adv. Opt. Mater. 11, 2300133 (2023). doi:10.1002/adom.202300133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Zhang, P. Liu, F. Zhao, Y. Tan, J. Sun, X. Xiao, Z. Wang, Q. Wang, F. Zheng, X. W. Sun, D. Wu, G. Xing, and K. Wang, Electric dipole modulation for boosting carrier recombination in green InP QLEDs under strong electron injection Nanoscale Adv. 5, 385-392 (2023).
   Google Scholar
• C.-Y. Han, S.-H. Lee, S.-W. Song, S.-Y. Yoon, J.-H. Jo, D.-Y. Jo, H.-M. Kim, B.-J. Lee, H.-S. Kim, H. Yang, and T. More, More Than 9% efficient ZnSeTe quantum dot-based blue electroluminescent devices, ACS Energy Lett. 5, 1568-1576 (2020). doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Kim, K.H. Kim, S. Kim, S.M. Choi, H. Jang, H.K. Seo, H. Lee, D.Y. Chung, and E. Jang, Efficient and stable blue quantum dot light-emitting diode, Nature 586, 385–389 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2791-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Roh, D. Ko, D.Y. Shin, J.H. Chang, D. Hahm, W.K. Bae, C. Lee, J.Y. Kim, and J. Kwak, Enhanced performance of pixelated quantum dot light-emitting diodes by inkjet printing of quantum dot–polymer composites, Adv. Opt. Mater. 9, 2002129 (2021). doi:10.1002/adom.202002129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Yang, L. Zhang, D.J. Kang, R. Strahl, and T. Kraus, High-resolution inkjet printing of quantum dot light-emitting microdiode arrays, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 1901429 (2020). doi:10.1002/adom.201901429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Jiang, Z. Zhong, B. Liu, Z. He, J. Zou, L. Wang, J. Wang, J. Peng, and Y. Cao, Coffee-ring-free quantum dot thin film using inkjet printing from a mixed-solvent system on modified ZnO transport layer for light-emitting devices, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 26162–26168 (2016). doi:10.1021/acsami.6b08679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Jia, H. Tang, J. Ma, S. Ding, X. Qu, B. Xu, Z. Wu, G. Li, P. Liu, K. Wang, and X.W. Sun, High performance inkjet-printed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with high operational stability, Adv. Opt. Mater. 9, 2101069 (2021). doi:10.1002/adom.202101069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Xie, J. Yang, W. Zhao, Y. Yi, Y. Liu, W. Su, Q. Li, W. Lei, and Z. Cui, High-performance inkjet-printed blue QLED enabled by crosslinked and intertwined hole transport layer, Adv. Opt. Mater. 10, 2200935 (2022). doi:10.1002/adom.202200935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Chen, L. Xie, C. Wei, Y.-Q.-Q. Yi, X. Chen, J. Yang, J. Zhuang, F. Li, W. Su, and Z. Cui, High performance inkjet-printed QLEDs with 18.3% EQE: Improving interfacial contact by novel halogen-free binary solvent system, Nano Res. 14, 4125–4131 (2021). doi:10.1007/s12274-021-3352-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Bai, H. Hu, Y. Yu, Y. Zhu, Z. Xu, W. Zheng, H. Zhao, K. Yang, L. Lin, T. Guo, and F. Li, Achieving high performance InP quantum dot light-emitting devices by using inkjet printing, Org. Electron. 113, 10.6705 (2023).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Xie, Q. Li, Y. Yi, G. Qiu, O.E. Fayemi, X. Mu, Z. Ma, P. Tang, Y. Liu, W. Su, W. Lei, and Z. Cui, High-performance inkjet-printed inverted QD-LEDs based on cross-linkable electron regulation layers, Chem. Eng. J. 477, 146789 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.146789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.J. Han, D.Y. Kim, K. An, K.T. Kang, B.K. Ju, and K.H. Cho, Sequential improvement from cosolvents ink formulation to vacuum annealing for ink-jet printed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes, Materials 13, 4754 (2020). doi:10.3390/ma13214754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Yang, M. Lee, S.Y. Park, M. Park, J. Kim, N. Sitapure, D. Hahm, S. Rhee, D. Lee, H. Jo, Y.H. Jo, J. Lim, J. Kim, T.J. Shin, D.C. Lee, K. Kwak, J.S. Kwon, B. Kim, W.K. Bae, and M.S. Kang, Nondestructive photopatterning of heavy-metal-free quantum dots, Adv. Mater. 34, e2205504 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Hahm, J. Lim, H. Kim, J.W. Shin, S. Hwang, S. Rhee, J.H. Chang, J. Yang, C.H. Lim, H. Jo, B. Choi, N.S. Cho, Y.S. Park, D.C. Lee, E. Hwang, S. Chung, C.M. Kang, M.S. Kang, and W.K. Bae, Direct patterning of colloidal quantum dots with adaptable dual-ligand surface, Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 952–958 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Yang, D. Hahm, K. Kim, S. Rhee, M. Lee, S. Kim, J.H. Chang, H.W. Park, J. Lim, M. Lee, H. Kim, J. Bang, H. Ahn, J.H. Cho, J. Kwak, B. Kim, C. Lee, W.K. Bae, and M.S. Kang, High-resolution patterning of colloidal quantum dots via non-destructive, light-driven ligand crosslinking, Nat. Commun. 11, 2874 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Cho, J.A. Pan, H. Wu, X. Lan, I. Coropceanu, Y. Wang, W. Cho, E.A. Hill, J.S. Anderson, and D.V. Talapin, Direct optical patterning of quantum dot light-emitting diodes via in situ ligand exchange, Adv. Mater. 32, e2003805 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Wang, X. Shan, Y. Tang, T. Liu, B. Li, P. Jin, K. Liang, D. Li, Y.M. Yang, H. Shen, B. Zhu, and B. Ji, Direct optical patterning of nanocrystal-based thin-film transistors and light-emitting diodes through native ligand cleavage, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5, 8457–8466 (2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lee, J. Ha, H. Lee, H. Cho, D.C. Lee, D.V. Talapin, and H. Cho, Direct optical lithography of colloidal InP-Based Quantum Dots with Ligand Pair Treatment. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 4210–4217 (2023). doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Wang, J.A. Pan, H. Wu, and D.V. Talapin, Direct wavelength-selective optical and electron-beam lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials, ACS Nano 13, 13917–13931 (2019). doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b05491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Ko, J.H. Chang, B.G. Jeong, H.J. Kim, J.F. Joung, S. Park, D.H. Choi, W.K. Bae, and J. Bang, Direct photolithographic patterning of colloidal quantum dots enabled by UV-crosslinkable and hole-transporting polymer ligands, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 42153–42160 (2020). doi:10.1021/acsami.0c11988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Meng, D. Zhang, J. Wei, Y. Zhang, T. Huang, Z. Liu, C. Yin, X. Hong, X. Wang, X. Zeng, D. Yang, D. Ma, G. Li, and L. Duan, Highly efficient and stable deep-blue OLEDs based on narrowband emitters featuring an orthogonal spiro-configured indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine structure, Chem. Sci. 13, 5622–5630 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Park, K.J. Kim, J. Lim, T. Kim, and J.Y. Lee, High efficiency of over 25% and long device lifetime of over 500 h at 1000 nit in blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater 34, e2108581 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Hyun Lee, M. Young Chae, Y. Hun Jung, J. Hyeog Oh, H. Rin Kim, K.R. Naveen, and J.H. Kwon, Enhanced triplet-triplet fusion for high efficiency and long lifetime of multiresonant pure blue organic light emitting diodes, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 122, 452–458 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Cheng, Y. Zhu, T. Tsuboi, C. Deng, W. Lou, T. Liu, D. Wang, and Q. Zhang, Extremely stable deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes employing diindolophenazine-based fluorophore with narrow-band emission and a shallow LUMO level, Chem. Eng. J 474, 145691 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zou, J. Hu, M. Yu, J. Miao, Z. Xie, Y. Qiu, X. Cao, and C. Yang, High-performance narrowband pure-red OLEDs with external quantum efficiencies up to 36.1% and ultralow efficiency roll-off, Adv. Mater 34, e2201442 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Wang, N. Li, C. Zhong, J. Miao, Z. Huang, M. Yu, Y.X. Hu, S. Luo, Y. Zou, and K. Li, Metal-perturbed multiresonance TADF emitter enables high-efficiency and ultralow efficiency Roll-Off nonsensitized OLEDs with pure green gamut, Adv. Mater 35, 2208378 (2023).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Hu, J. Miao, C. Zhong, Y. Zeng, S. Gong, X. Cao, X. Zhou, Y. Gu, and C. Yang, Peripherally heavy-atom-decorated strategy towards high-performance pure green electroluminescence with external quantum efficiency over 40%, Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 62, e202302478 (2023). doi:10.1002/anie.202302478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Cai, Y. Pu, C. Li, Z. Wang, and Y. Wang, Multi-resonance building-block-based electroluminescent material: Lengthening emission maximum and shortening delayed fluorescence lifetime, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 62, e202304104 (2023). doi:10.1002/anie.202304104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Q. Wang, Y. Xu, T. Huang, Y. Qu, J. Xue, B. Liang, and Y. Wang, Precise regulation of emission maxima and construction of highly efficient electroluminescent materials with high color purity, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 62, e202301930 (2023). doi:10.1002/anie.202301930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X.-C. Fan, K. Wang, Y.-Z. Shi, Y.-C. Cheng, Y.-T. Lee, J. Yu, X.-K. Chen, C. Adachi, and X.-H. Zhang, UltraPure green organic light-emitting diodes based on highly distorted fused π-conjugated molecular design, Nat. Photonics 17, 280–285 (2023). doi:10.1038/s41566-022-01106-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Bian, S. Chen, L. Qiu, R. Tian, Y. Man, Y. Wang, S. Chen, J. Zhang, C. Duan, and C. Han, Ambipolar self-host functionalization accelerates blue multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence with internal quantum efficiency of 100%, Adv. Mater. 34, 2110547 (2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Rayappa Naveen, H. Lee, R. Braveenth, K. Joon Yang, S. Jae Hwang, and J. Hyuk Kwon, Deep blue diboron embedded multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for narrowband organic light emitting diodes, Chem. Eng. J. 432, 134381 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.134381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. R. Naveen, H. Lee, L. H. Seung, Y. H. Jung, C. P. Keshavananda Prabhu, S. Muruganantham, and J. H. Kwon, Modular design for constructing narrowband deep-blue multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters for efficient organic light emitting diodes, Chem. Eng. J. 451, 138498 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.138498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.L. Lee, S.O. Jeon, I. Kim, S.C. Kim, J. Lim, J. Kim, S. Park, J. Chwae, W.J. Son, and H. Choi, Multiple-resonance extension and spin-vibronic-coupling-based narrowband blue organic fluorescence emitters with over 30% quantum efficiency, Adv. Mater 34, 2202464 (2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.L. Lee, J. Kang, J. Lim, S.C. Kim, S.O. Jeon, and J.Y. Lee, Hybridization of short-range and long-range charge transfer excited states in multiple resonance emitter, Nat. Commun 14, 4818 (2023).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Fan, M. Du, X. Jia, L. Wang, Z. Yin, Y. Shu, Y. Zhang, J. Wei, D. Zhang, and L. Duan, High-efficiency narrowband multi-resonance emitter fusing indolocarbazole donors for BT. 2020 red electroluminescence and ultra-long operation lifetime, Adv. Mater 35, 2301018 (2023).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang, G. Li, L. Wang, T. Huang, J. Wei, G. Meng, X. Wang, X. Zeng, D. Zhang, and L. Duan, Fusion of multi-resonance fragment with conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon for nearly BT, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202202380 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Lv, J. Miao, M. Liu, Q. Peng, C. Zhong, Y. Hu, X. Cao, H. Wu, Y. Yang, and C. Zhou, Extending the π-skeleton of multi-resonance TADF materials towards high-efficiency narrowband deep-blue emission, Angew. Chem. 134, e202201588 (2022).
   Google Scholar
• E. Kim, J. Park, M. Jun, H. Shin, J. Baek, T. Kim, S. Kim, J. Lee, H. Ahn, J. Sun, S.B. Ko, S.H. Hwang, J.Y. Lee, C. Chu, and S. Kim, Highly efficient and stable deep-blue organic light-emitting diode using phosphor-sensitized thermally activated delayed fluorescence, Sci. Adv. 8, eabq1641 (2022).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Sun, H. Ahn, S. Kang, S.-B. Ko, D. Song, H.A. Um, S. Kim, Y. Lee, P. Jeon, and S.-H. Hwang, Exceptionally stable blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes, Nat. Photonics 16, 212–218 (2022). doi:10.1038/s41566-022-00958-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.H. Ryu, S.C. Kim, M. Kim, S. Yi, J.Y. Lee, K.M. Lee, and N. Tetradentate, Platinum(II) complexes and their use in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes, Adv. Opt. Mater. 10, 2201799 (2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar