2,408
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A ‘warm path’ for Gulf Stream–troposphere interactions

, , , , , & show all
Article: 1299397 | Received 22 Dec 2016, Accepted 12 Jan 2017, Published online: 24 Mar 2017

References

  • Bauer, M. and Del Genio, A. D. 2006. Composite analysis of winter cyclones in a GCM: Influence on climatological humidity. J. Clim. 19, 1652–1672.
  • Bennetts, D. A. and Hoskins, B. J. 1979. Conditional symmetric instability, a possible explanation for frontal rain bands. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 105, 945–962.
  • Berry, G. B., Reeder, M. J. and Jakob, C. 2011. A global climatology of atmospheric fronts. Geopys. Res. Lett. 38(4), L04809.
  • Booth, J. F., Thompson, L., Patoux, J. and Kelly, K. A. 2012. Sensitivity of midlatitude storm intensification to perturbations in the sea surface temperature near the Gulf Stream. Mon. Weather Rev. 140, 1241–1256.
  • Boutle, I., Belcher, S. E. and Plant, R. S. 2011. Moisture transport in midlatitude cyclones. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 137, 360–373.
  • Browning, K. A. 1990. Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. In: Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik H. Palmen Memorial Volume (eds. C. Newton and E. Holopainen). American Meteor Society, Boston, pp. 129–153.
  • Catto, J. L., Shaffrey, L. C. and Hodges, K. I. 2010. Can climate models capture the structure of extratropical cyclones? J. Clim. 23, 1621–1635.
  • Christian, H. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Boccippio, D. J., Boeck, W. L., Buechler, D. E., and co-authors. 2003. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the optical transient detector. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D1), 4005. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002347.
  • Czaja, A. and Blunt, N. 2011. A new mechanism for ocean-atmosphere coupling in mid-latitudes. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 137, 1095–1101.
  • Dee, D., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., and co-authors. 2011. The ERA-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 137, 553–597.
  • Eliassen, A. 1962. On the vertical circulation in frontal zones. Geofys. Publ. 24, 147–160.
  • Emanuel, K. A. 1983. The lagrangian parcel dynamics of moist symmetric instability. J. Atm. Sci. 40, 2368–2376.
  • Emanuel, K. A. 1994. Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Gill, A. E. 1982. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, Academic Press, London, 1–662.
  • Gray, S. L. and Thorpe, A. J. 2001. Parcel theory in three dimensions and the calculation of SCAPE. Mon. Wea. Rev. 129, 1656–1672.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, D. 1981. The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1179–1196.
  • Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E. and Robertson, A. W. 1985. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 111, 877–946.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and Valdes, P. J. 1990. On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1854–1864.
  • Kuo, Y.-H., Reed, R. and Low-Nam, S. 1991. Effects of surface energy fluxes during the early development and rapid intensification stages of seven explosive cyclones in the western Atlantic. Mon. Weather Rev. 119, 457–476.
  • Kushnir, Y., Robinson, W. A., Bladé, I., Hall, N. M. J., Peng, S., and co-authors. 2002. Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation. J. Clim. 15, 2233–2256.
  • Madonna, E., Wernli, H., Joos, H. and Martius, O. 2014. Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-interim dataset (1979–2010). Part I: Climatology and potential vorticity evolution. J. Clim. 27, 3–26.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1988. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Clim. 1, 841–866.
  • Martinez-Alvarado, O., Joos, H., Chagnon, J., Boettcher, M., Gray, S. L., and co-authors. 2014. The dichotomous structure of the warm conveyor belt. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 140(683), 1809–1824, Part B.
  • Parfitt, R. and Czaja, A. 2016. On the contribution of synoptic transients to the mean atmospheric state in the Gulf Stream region. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.. DOI: 10.1029/2011GL049573.
  • Pauluis, O., Czaja, A. and Korty, R. 2010. The global atmospheric circulation in moist isentropic coordinates. J. Clim. 23, 3077–3093.
  • Reed, R. G., Greel, G. A. and Kuo, Y. 1993. The ERICA IOP 5 Storm: Analysis and simulation. Mon. Weather Rev. 121, 1577–1594.
  • Shaman, R., Samelson, M. and Skyllingstad, E. 2010. Air-sea fluxes over the Gulf Stream region: Atmospheric controls and trends. J. Clim. 23, 2651–2670.
  • Shutts, G. J. 1990. SCAPE charts from numerical weather model predictions fields. Mon. Weather Rev. 118, 2745–2751.
  • Smirnov, D., Newman, M., Alexander, M. A., Kwon, Y. and Frankignoul, C. 2015. Investigating the local atmospheric response to a realistic shift in the Oyashio SST front. J. Clim. 28, 1126–1147.
  • Thomas, L. N. and Taylor, J. R. 2010. Reduction of the usable wind work on the general circulation by forced symmetric instability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L18606. DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044680.
  • Ting, M. and Peng, S. 1995. Dynamics of early and middle winter atmospheric responses to northwest Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Clim. 8, 2239–2254.
  • Vannière, B., Czaja, A., Dacre, H. and Woollings, T. 2017. A cold path for Gulf Stream–troposphere connection. J. Clim 30, 1363–1379.
  • Willison, J., Robinson, W. A. and Lackmann, G. M. 2013. The importance of resolving mesoscale latent heating in the North Atlantic storm track. J. Atmos. Sci. 70, 2234–2250.