The changing relationship between the convection over the western Tibetan Plateau and the sea surface temperature in the northern Bay of Bengal

References

• Alam, M., Hossain, A. and Shafee, S. 2003. Frequency of Bay of Bengal cyclonic storms and depressions crossing different coastal zones. Int. J. Climatol. 23, 1119–1125.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anber, U., Wang, S. and Sobel, A. 2014. Response of atmospheric convection to vertical wind shear: cloud-system-resolving simulations with parameterized large-Scale circulation. Part I: specified radiative cooling. J. Atmos. Sci. 71, 2976–2993. DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0320.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J. G. 1968. Comparison of near surface dynamic topography during the two monsoons in the western Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Res. 15, 665–667.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, K. S., Brandon, T. B., Cornillon, P. and Evans, R. 2010. The past, present and future of the AVHRR pathfinder SST program. In: Oceanography from Space: Revisited (eds. V. Barale, J. F. R. Gower and L. Alberotanza) Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 273–287. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-8681-5_16.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, B., Xu, X., Yang, S. and Zhang, W. 2012. On the origin and destination of atmospheric moisture and air mass over the Tibetan Plateau. Theoret. Appl. Climatol. 110, 423–435.10.1007/s00704-012-0641-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, P. H. and Li, T. 2013. Interdecadal relationship between the mean state and El Nino types. J. Clim. 26(2), 361–379.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00106.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorji, T., Totland, O., Moe, S. R., Hopping, K. A. and Pan, J., and co-authors. 2013. Plant functional traits mediate reproductive phenology and success in response to experimental warming and snow addition in Tibet. Global Change Biol. 19, 459–472.10.1111/gcb.2012.19.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgil, S., Joseph, P. V. and Joshi, N. V. 1984. Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature 312, 141–143.10.1038/312141a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgil, S., Rajeevan, M. and Nanjundiah, R. 2005. Monsoon prediction – Why yet another failure? Curr. Sci. 88, 1389–1400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girishkumar, M. S. and Ravichandran, M. 2012. The influences of ENSO on tropical cyclone activity in the Bay of Bengal during October–December. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C02033. DOI:10.1029/2011JC007417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girishkumar, M., Ravichandran, M. and Han, W. 2013. Observed intraseasonal thermocline variability in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118, 3336–3349. DOI:10.1002/jgrc.20245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, N. E. and Barnett, T. P. 1987. Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence and convection over the tropical oceans. Science 238, 657–659.10.1126/science.238.4827.657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker, P., Firing, E. and Hummon, J. 1998. BOB currents during the northeast monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2769–2772.10.1029/98GL52115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W. and Deaven, D., and co-authors. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77, 437–472. DOI:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S. K. and Hnilo, J. J., and co-authors. 2002. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83, 1631–1643.10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, K. M., Wu, H. T. and Bony, S. 1997. The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature. J. Clim. 10(3), 381–392.10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0381:TROLSA>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X. S. 2008. Information flow within stochastic systems. Phys. Rev. E 78, 031113.10.1103/PhysRevE.78.031113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X. S. 2014. Unraveling the cause-effect relation between time series. Phys. Rev. E 90, 052150.10.1103/PhysRevE.90.052150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X. S. 2015. Normalizing the causality between time series. Phys. Rev. E. 92, 022126.10.1103/PhysRevE.92.022126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X. S. 2016. Information flow and causality as rigorous notions ab initio. Phys. Rev. E. 94, 052201.10.1103/PhysRevE.94.052201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Yin, Z. Y., Shao, X. and Qin, N. 2006. Temporal trends and variability of daily maximum and minimum, extreme temperature events, and growing season length over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2003. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D19109. DOI:10.1029/2005JD006915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., Ma, W., Zhong, L., Hu, Z., Li, M., and co-authors. 2017, Monitoring and Modeling the Tibetan Plateau’s climate system and its impact on East Asia. Sci. Rep. 7, 44574; doi: 10.1038/srep44574.
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, J. P., Kundu, P. K. and Molinari, R. L. 1993. A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 21, 181–244.10.1016/0079-6611(93)90002-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molg, T., Maussion, F. and Scherer, D. 2014. Mid-latitude westerlies as a driver of glacier variability in monsoonal High Asia. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 68–79.10.1038/nclimate2055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, E. C. and Thompson, K. R. 2010. Madden-Julian Oscillation and sea level: local and remote forcing. J Geophys Res 115, c01003. DOI:10.1029/2009JC005337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanski, S., Fallah, B., Prasad, S. and Cubasch, U. 2013. Simulation of the Indian monsoon and its variability during the last millennium. Clim Past Discuss 9(1), 703–740. DOI:10.5194/cpd-9-703-2013.
   Google Scholar
• Raghavan, K. 1973. Break-monsoon over India. Mon. Wea. Rev. 101, 33–43. DOI:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0033:BOI>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajeevan, M., Gadgil, S. and Bhate, J. J. 2010. Active and break spells of the Indian summer monsoon,. Earth Syst. Sci. 119, 229–247. DOI:10.1007/s12040-010-0019-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, S. A., Gopalakrishna, V. V., Shetye, S. R. and Yamagata, T. 2002. Why were cool SST anomalies absent in the BOB during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Event? Geophysical Research Letters 29, 1555. DOI:10.1029/2001GL014645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., and co-authors. 2007. Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. J. Climate 20, 5473–5496.10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxy, M. and Tanimoto, Y. 2007. Role of SST over the Indian Ocean in influencing the intraseasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon. J. Met. Soc. Japan 85(3), 349–358.10.2151/jmsj.85.349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahuddin, A., Isaac, R. H., Curtis, S. and Matsumoto, J. 2006. Teleconnections between the sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal and monsoon rainfall in Bangladesh. Global Planet Change 53, 188–197. DOI:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schott, F. A. and McCreary, J. P. 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 51, 1–123. DOI:10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P. N. and Unnikrishnan, A. S. 2002. The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 52, 63–120.10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00024-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoi, S. S. C., Shankar, D. and Shetye, S. R. 2002. Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and BOB: implications for the summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1–14. DOI:10.1029/2000JC000679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, O. P., Ali Khan, T. M. and Rahman, M. S. 2001. Probable reasons for enhanced cyclogenesis in the Bay of Bengal during July-August of ENSO years, Global Planet. Change. 29, 135–147.
   Google Scholar
• Vaid, B. H. and Liang, X. S. 2015. Tropospheric temperature gradient and its relation to the South and East Asian precipitation variability. Meteorol Atmos Phys 127(3), 579–585. DOI:10.1007/s00703-015-0385-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, P. J. 1995. The annual cycle and the predictability of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorol. and Atmos. Phys. 56, 33–55.10.1007/BF01022520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, G. and Zhang, Y. 1998. Tibetan Plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon, Weather Rev. 126, 913–927.10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0913:TPFATT>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, B., Wang, B. and Li, T. 2013. A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s. Clim. Dyn. 41(2), 327–340.10.1007/s00382-012-1427-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., Lu, C., Shi, X. and Gao, S. 2008a. World water tower: An atmospheric perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L20815.10.1029/2008GL035867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X. D., Shi, X. Y., Wang, Y. Q., Peng, S. Q. and Shi, X. H. 2008b. Data analysis and numerical simulation of moisture source and transport associated with summer precipitation in the Yangtze River Valley over China. Meteorol Atmos Phys 100(1), 217–231. DOI:10.1007/s00703-008-0305-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., and co-authors. 2013. Global Oceans] Sea surface temperatures [in “State of the Climate in 2012”. Bull Am Meteorol Soc (BAMS) S47–S50.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, K., Wu, H., Qin, J., Lin, C., Tang, W., and co-authors. 2014. Recent climate change over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle, A review. Glob. Planet. Change 112, 79–91.10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., and co-authors. 2012. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 663–667.10.1038/nclimate1580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatagai, A., Kamiguchi, K., Arakawa, O., Hamada A., Yasutomi, N., and co-authors. 2012. APHRODITE: constructing a long-term daily gridded precipitation dataset for Asia based on a dense network of rain gauges. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 24, 1401–1415. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00122.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, D. and Han, W. 2006. Roles of equatorial waves and western boundary reflection in the seasonal circulation of the equatorial Indian ocean. J Phys Oceanogr. 36, 930–944.10.1175/JPO2905.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar