A qualitative study of the meaning of exercise for people who could be labelled as ‘addicted’ to exercise –can ‘addiction’ be applied to high frequency exercising?

References

• Brown, I. (1997). A theoretical model of the behavioural addictions – applied to offending. In: Hodge, J.E., McMurran, M. and Hollin, C.R. (Eds.), Addicted to Crime? Wiley, Chichester.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, C. (1995). Grounded theory. In: Smith, J.A., Harre, R. and Van Langenhove, L. (Eds.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology. Sage, London.
   Google Scholar
• Crisp, A.H. (1995). Anorexia Nervosa. Lawrence Erlbaum, Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, K. (1997). Embody-ing theory: beyond modernist and postmodernist readings of the body. In: Davies, K. (Ed.), Embodied Practices: Feminist Perspectives on the Body. Sage, London.
   Google Scholar
• Droste, C., Greenlee, M.W., Schreck, M. and Roskamm, H. (1991). Experimental pain thresholds and plasma beta-endorphins levels during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, P.A. (1985). Exercise and endorphins – male responses. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 89–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M. and Garfinkel, P.E. (1979). The eating attitude test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 272–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser, W. (1976). Positive Addiction. Harper and Row, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. and Sutton, J.R. (1985). Endorphins: what are they? How are they measured? What is their role in exercise? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M.A. (1996). Feminism and Sporting Bodies: Essays on Theory and Practice. Human Kinetics, Leeds. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women’s Sport. Routledge, London.
   Google Scholar
• Henwood, K.L. (1996). Qualitative inquiry: perspectives, methods and psychology. In: Richardson, J.T.E. (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences. The British Psychological Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• Janal, M.N., Colt, E.W.D., Clark, W.C. and Glusman, M. (1984). Pain sensitivity, mood and plasma endo- crine level in man following long-distance running: effects of naloxone. Pain, 19, 13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, J. and Popaleni, K. (1994). Heterosexual courtship violence and sexual harassment: the private and public control of young women. Feminism and Psychology, 4, 213–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loumidis, K.S. and Roxborough, H. (1995). A cognitive behavioural approach to excessive exercising. In: Annett, J. Cripps, B. and Steinberg, H. (Eds.), Exercise Addiction: Motivation for Participation in Sport and Exercise. The British Psychology Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• Malson, H. (1997). Anorexic bodies and the discursive production of feminine excess. In: Ussher, J.M. (Ed.), Body Talk: The Material and Discursive Regulation of Sexuality, Madness and Reproduction. Routledge, London.
   Google Scholar
• McMurran, M. (1994). The Psychology of Addiction. Taylor and Francis, London.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, W.P. (1985). Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, J. (2000). From atlas to Adonis complex – Fat is more than a feminist issue. The Lancet, 356.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, J., Veale, D. and Summers, Z. (1997). The development and validation of the exercise dependence questionnaire. Addiction Research, 5, 343–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivardia, R., Pope, H.G. and Hudson, J.I. (2000). Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1291–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford, J. (1985). Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions. Wiley, Chichester.
   Google Scholar
• Orford, J., Morison, V. and Somers, M. (1996). Drinking and gambling: a comparison with implications for theories of addiction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 15, 47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peele, S. (1990). Behaviour in a vacuum: social-psychological theories of addiction that deny the social and psychological meanings of behaviour. The Journal of Mind and Behaviour, 11(3 and 4), 513–530.
   Google Scholar
• Pidgeon, N. (1996). Grounded theory: theoretical background. In: Richardson, J.T.E. (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences. The British Psychological Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• Pidgeon, N. and Henwood, K. (1996). Grounded theory: practical implementation. In: Richardson, J.T.E. (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences. The British Psychological Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R. and Phillips, K.A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An under recognised form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, H.G., Gruber, A.J. and Mangweth, B. (2000). Body image perception among men in three countries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1297–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, H. and Sykes, E.A. (1985). Introduction to symposium on endorphins and behavioural processes: review of literature on endorphins and exercise. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour, 23, 857–862.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, H., Sykes, E.A. and LeBoutillier, N. (1995). Exercise addiction: indirect measures of ‘endorphins’? In: Annett, J., Cripps, B. and Steinberg, H. (Eds.), Exercise Addiction: Motivation for Participation in Sport and Exercise. The British Psychology Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage, London.
   Google Scholar
• Ussher, J.M. (1991). Women’s Madness: Misogyny or Mental Illness. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.
   Google Scholar
• Ussher, J.M. (Ed.) (1997a). Body Talk. The Material and Discursive Regulation of Sexuality, Madness and Reproduction. Routledge, London.
   Google Scholar
• Ussher, J.M. (1997b). Fantasies of Femininity: Reframing the Boundaries of Sex. Penguin, London. Veale, D.M.W. (1987). Exercise dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 82, 735–740.
   Google Scholar
• Veale, D.M.W. (1991). Psychological aspects of staleness and dependence on exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(1),12–22.
   Google Scholar
• Veale, D. (1995). Does primary exercise dependence really exist? In: Annett, J., Cripps, B. and Steinberg, H. (Eds.), Exercise Addiction: Motivation for Participation in Sport and Exercise. The British Psychology Society, Leicester.
   Google Scholar