Confounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research

References

• Baron RM, Kenny DA. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social the moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 51:1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird S. 2008. 21st century drugs and statistical science in UK. Surveys, design and statistics subcommittee of the home. Office Scientific Advisory Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Bird SM, Fischbacher CM, Graham L, Fraser A. 2015. Impact of opioid substitution therapy for Scotland's prisoners on drug-related deaths soon after prisoner release. Addiction. 110:1617–1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukten A, Skurtveit S, Gossop M, Waal H, Stangeland P, Havnes I, Clausen T. 2012. Engagement with opioid maintenance treatment and reductions in crime: a longitudinal national cohort study. Addiction. 107:393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell KM, Deck D, Krupski A. 2007. Impact of substance abuse treatment on arrests among opiate users in Washington State. Am J Addict. 16:510–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Lichtenstein E. 1990. Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse. Health Psychol. 9:466–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley DM, Coffman DL, Feinberg ME, Greenberg MT, Spoth RL. 2014. Evaluating the impact of implementation factors on family-based prevention programming: methods for strengthening causal inference. Prev Sci. 15:246–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel RM, Cousens SN, De Stavola BL, Kenward MG, Sterne JA. 2013. Methods for dealing with time-dependent confounding. Stat Med. 32:1584–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis ML, Scott CK, Funk R, Foss MA. 2005. The duration and correlates of addiction and treatment careers. J Subst Abuse Treat. 28:S51–S62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn G. 2014. Complier-Average Causal Effect (CACE) estimation. In: Lovric M, editor. International enyclopedia of statistical science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; p. 273–274.
   Google Scholar
• Dusselier L, Dunn B, Wang Y, Shelley M, Whalen D. 2005. Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students. J Am Coll Health Health54:15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fewell Z, Hern MA, Wolfe F. 2004. Controlling for time-dependent confounding using marginal structural models. Stata J. 4:402–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM. 1999. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 10:37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin BA, Ramchand R, Almirall D, Slaughter ME, Burgette LF, McCaffery DF. 2014. Estimating the causal effects of cumulative treatment episodes for adolescents using marginal structural models and inverse probability of treatment weighting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 136:69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernan MA, Alonso A, Logan R, Grodstein F, Michels KB, Willett WC, Manson JE, Robins JM. 2008. Observational studies analysed like randomised experiments an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 19:766–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernán MA, Robins JM. 2016. Causal inference. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/miguel-hernan/causal-inference-book/.
   Google Scholar
• Howe CJ, Cole SR, Ostrow DG, Mehta SH, Kirk GD. 2011. A prospective study of alcohol consumption and HIV acquisition among injection drug users. AIDS. 25:221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larney S, Toson B, Burns L, Dolan K. 2012. Effect of prison-based opioid substitution treatment and post-release retention in treatment on risk of re-incarceration. Addiction. 107:372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Evans E, Hser YI. 2010. A marginal structural modeling approach to assess the cumulative effect of drug treatment on the later drug use abstinence. J Drug Issues. 40:221–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind B, Chen SL, Weatherburn D, Mattick R. 2005. The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment in controlling crime – an Australian aggregate-level analysis. Br J Criminol. 45:201–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura S, Nwakeze PC, Demsky SY. 1998. Pre-and in-treatment predictors of retention in methadone treatment using survival analysis. Addiction. 93:51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens JR, Weisner CM. 2000. Predictors of substance abuse treatment retention among women and men in an HMO. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 24:1525–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse. (2010). Women in drug treatment: what the latest figures reveal. Available from: http://www.nta.nhs.uk/uploads/ntawomenintreatment22march2010.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nosyk B, Min JE, Evans E, Li L, Liu L, Lima VD, Montaner JSG. 2015. The effects of opioid substitution treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the cause-specific risk of mortality among HIV-positive people who inject drugs. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publication Infect Dis Soc Am. 61:1157–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce M, Bird SM, Hickman M, Marsden J, Dunn G, Jones A, Millar T. 2015. Impact of treatment for opioid dependence on fatal drug-related poisoning: a national cohort study in England. Addiction. 111:298–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce M, Bird SM, Hickman M, Millar T. 2015. National record linkage study of mortality for a large cohort of opioid users ascertained by drug treatment or criminal justice sources in England, 2005–2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 146:17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce M, Hayhurst K, Bird SM, Hickman M, Seddon T, Dunn G, Millar T. 2015. Quantifying crime associated with drug use among a large cohort of sanctioned offenders in England and Wales. Drug Alcohol Depend. 155:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. 1992. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 47:1102–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Gmel G, Sempos CT, Trevisan M. 2003. Alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. Alcohol Res Health Alcohol. 27:39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins J. 1986. A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with a sustained exposure period – application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect. Math Model. 7:1393–1512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins JM, Blevins D, Ritter G, Wulfsohn M. 1992. G-estimation of the effect of prophylaxis therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on the survival of AIDS patients. Epidemiology. 3:319–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. 2000. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 11:550–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson DD, Joe GW, Brown BS. 1997. Treatment retention and follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychol Addict Behav. 11:294–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon P. 2001. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev. 21:33–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoller JW, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Rosenbaum JF, Kradin RL. 1996. Panic anxiety, dyspnoea, and respiratory disease: theoretical and clinical considerations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 154:6–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung M, Erkanli A, Costello EJ. 2014. Estimating the causal effect of conduct disorder on the time from first substance use to substance use disorders using g-estimation. Subst Abuse. 35:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar