Do trait anticipatory processing, self-focused attention, and post-event processing explain the relationship between social anxiety and negative drinking motives in undergraduates?

References

• Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. 1998. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assessment. 10:176–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista SR, Kocovski NL. 2010. Exploring the effect of alcohol on post-event processing specific to a social event. Cogn Behav Ther. 39:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battista SR, MacDonald D, Stewart SH. 2012. The effects of alcohol on safety behaviors in socially anxious individuals. J Soc Clin Psychol. 31:1074–1094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista SR, Stewart SH, Ham LS. 2010. A critical review of laboratory-based studies examining the relationships of social anxiety and alcohol intake. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 3:3–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackie RA, Kocovski NL. 2016. Development and validation of the trait and state versions of the Post-Event Processing Inventory. Anxiety Stress Coping. 30:202–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell E, Conrod PJ. 2003. A five-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Bögels SM, Alberts M, de Jong PJ. 1996. Self-consciousness, self-focused attention, blushing propensity and fear of blushing. Pers Individ Dif. 21:573–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozovich F, Heimberg RG. 2008. An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 28:891–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD, Heimberg RG. 2010. Drinking behaviors in social situations account for alcohol-related problems among socially anxious individuals. Psychol Addict Behav. 24:640–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD, Heimberg RG, Ecker AH, Vinci C. 2013. A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use. Depress Anxiety. 30:276–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD, Schmidt NB. 2009. Understanding social anxiety as a risk for alcohol use disorders: Fear of scrutiny, not social interaction fears, prospectively predicts alcohol use disorders. J Psychiatric Res. 43:477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD, Shah SM. 2015. Fitting in and feeling fine: Conformity and coping motives differentially mediate the relationship between social anxiety and drinking problems for men and women. Addict Res Theory. 23:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt P, Beirness D, Gliksman L, Paradis C, Stockwell T. 2011. Alcohol and health in Canada: a summary of evidence and guidelines for low-risk drinking. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (2014). Youth and alcohol. Retrieved from http://www.cclt.ca/Resource%20Library/CCSA-Youth-and-Alcohol-Summary-2014-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clark DM. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden, editors. In International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, pp. 405–430.
   Google Scholar
• Clark DM, Wells A. (1995). In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier, editors. A cognitive model of social phobia. New York City: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Conger JJ. 1951. The effects of alcohol on conflict behavior in the albino rat. Q J Stud Alcohol. 12:1–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper ML. 1994. Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychol Assessment. 6:117–128.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan JE, Jessor R, Jessor L. 1983. Problem drinking in adolescence and young adulthood. A follow-up study. J Stud Alcohol. 44:109–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman G, Hayes A. 2005. Preparing for problems: A measure of mental anticipatory processes. J Res Pers. 39:487–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautreau CM, Sherry SB, Mushquash AR, Stewart SH. 2015. Is self-critical perfectionism an antecedent of or a consequence of social anxiety, or both? A 12-month, three-wave longitudinal study. Pers Individ Dif. 82:125–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaydukevych D, Kocovski NL. 2012. Effect of self-focused attention on post-event processing in social anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 50:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant VV, Stewart SH, O'Connor RM, Blackwell E, Conrod PJ. 2007. Psychometric evaluation of the five-factor Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised in undergraduates. Addict Behav. 32:2611–2632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham LS, Bacon AK, Carrigan MH, Zamboanga BL, Casner HG. 2016. Social anxiety and alcohol use: The role of alcohol expectancies about social outcomes. Addict Res Theory. 24:9–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harford TC, Wechsler H, Muthén BO. 2002. The impact of current residence and high school drinking on alcohol problems among college students. J Stud Alcohol. 63:271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwell BD, Cellucci T, Iwata AL. 2011. Rumination, anxiety sensitivity, and negative reinforcement drinking. J Subst Use. 16:79–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. NYC: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heimberg RG, Brozovich FA, Rapee RM. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. DiBartolo, editors. Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives. 2nd ed. London, U.K.: Academic Press, pp. 395–422.
   Google Scholar
• Hinrichsen H, Clark DM. 2003. Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: two pilot studies. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 34:205–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull JG. 1981. A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. J Abnorm Psychol. 90:586–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull JG, Levenson RW, Young RD, Sher KJ. 1983. Self-awareness-reducing effects of alcohol consumption. J Pers Soc Psychol. 44:461–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram RE. 1990. Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: review and a conceptual model. Psychol Bull.107:156–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennison KM. 2004. The short-term effects and unintended long-term consequences of binge drinking in college: a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 30:659–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG. 1998. The development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems from ages 18 to 37 in a U.S. national sample. J Stud Alcohol. 61:290–300.
   Google Scholar
• Keough MT, Battista SR, O'Connor RM, Sherry SB, Stewart SH. 2016. Getting the party started—Alone: Solitary predrinking mediates the effect of social anxiety on alcohol-related problems. Addict Behav. 55:19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keough MT, Badawi G, Nitka D, O'Connor RM, Stewart SH. 2016. Impulsivity increases risk for coping-motivated drinking in undergraduates with elevated social anxiety. Pers Individ Dif. 88:45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidorf M, Lang AR. 1999. Effects of social anxiety and alcohol expectancies on stress-induced drinking. Psychol Addict Behav. 13:134–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo M, Adlaf EM, Lee H, Gliksman L, Demers A, Wechsler H. 2002. More Canadian students drink but American students drink more: comparing college alcohol use in two countries. Addiction. 97:1583–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Blanc AL, Bruce LC, Heimberg RG, Hope DA, Blanco C, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR. 2014. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two short forms of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Assessment. 21:312–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis MA, Hove MC, Whiteside U, Lee CM, Kirkeby BS, Oster-Aaland L, Neighbors C, Larimer ME. 2008. Fitting in and feeling fine: conformity and coping motives as mediators of the relationship between social anxiety and problematic drinking. Psychol Addict Behav. 22:58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJ. 1988. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missingvalues. J Am Stat Assoc. 83:1198–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. 1995. Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2nd Ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation of Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Mattick RP, Clarke JC. 1998. Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 36:455–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris EP, Stewart SH, Ham LS. 2005. The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 25:734–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthen BO, Muthen LK. 2000. The development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems from ages 18 to 37 in a US national sample. J Stud Alcohol. 61:290–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2003. Council task force on recommended alcohol questions. In Guidelines and resources. Retrieved from: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/research/guidelines-and-resources/recommended-alcohol-questions
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S, Harrell ZA. 2002. Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. J Cogn psychother. 16:391–403.
   Google Scholar
• Norberg MM, Norton AR, Olivier J, Zvolensky MJ. 2010. Social anxiety, reasons for drinking, and college students. Behav Therapy. 41:555–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley PM. 2004. Maturing out of problematic alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health. 28:202–204.
   Google Scholar
• O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. 2002. Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. J Stud Alcohol. s14:23–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter CM, Galbraith T, Jensen D, Morrison AS, Heimberg RG. 2016. Social anxiety and vulnerability for problematic drinking in college students: the moderating role of post-event processing. Cogn Behav Ther. 45:380–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapee RM, Heimberg RG. 1997. A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav Res Ther. 35:741–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodebaugh TL, Woods CM, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Schneier FR. 2006. The factor structure and screening utility of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Psychol Assessment. 18:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schry AR, White SW. 2013. Understanding the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use in college students: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 38:2690–2706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurr JM, Stopa L. 2002. Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev. 22:947–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele CM, Josephs RA. 1988. Drinking your troubles away: II. An attention-allocation model of alcohol's effect on psychological stress. J Abnorm Psychol. 97:196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SH, Morris E, Mellings T, Komar J. 2006. Relations of social anxiety variables to drinking motives, drinking quantity and frequency, and alcohol-related problems in undergraduates. J Mental Health. 15:671–682.
   Google Scholar
• Terlecki MA, Richter AA, Neighbors C, Young CM, Buckner JD. 2017. Alcohol-induced risky sexual behavior among socially anxious drinkers. Addict Res Theory. 1–7. Advance online publication.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner SM, Beidel DC, Dancu CV, Keys D. 1986. Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 95:389–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilopoulos SP. 2004. Anticipatory processing in social anxiety. Behav Cognit Psychother. 32:303–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarosa M, Kison S, Madson M, Zeigler-Hill V. 2016. Everyone else is doing it: Examining the role of peer influence on the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use behaviours. Addict Res Theory. 24:124–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White HR, Labouvie EW. 1989. Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. J Stud Alcohol. 50:30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White A, Hingson R. 2014. The burden of alcohol use: excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol Res. 35:201–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woody SR. 1996. Effects of focus of attention on anxiety levels and social performance of individuals with social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 105:61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar