836
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Opinion Piece

Recovery, desistance, and the role of procedural justice in working alliances with mentally ill offenders: a critical review

&
Pages 16-28 | Received 10 Feb 2018, Accepted 28 Aug 2018, Published online: 07 Jan 2019

References

  • Aga N, Vander Laenen F, Vandevelde S, Vermeersch E, Vanderplasschen W. 2017. Recovery of offenders formerly labeled as not criminally responsible: uncovering the ambiguity from first-person narratives. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. DOI:10.1177/0306624X17730617
  • Andrews DA, Bonta J. 2010. Criminal subtypes: from the common to the exceptional. In: Andrews DA, Bonta J, editors. The psychology of criminal conduct. 5th ed. Cincinatti (OH): Anderson Publishing.
  • Anthony WA. 1993. Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosoc Rehabil J. 16:521–538.
  • Anthony WA. 2000. A recovery-oriented service system: setting some system level standards. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 24:(2):159–168.
  • APA. 2014. Beknopt overzicht van de criteria (DSM-5). Nederlandse vertaling van de Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-5®. Amsterdam: Boom.
  • Ardito R. B, Rabellino D. 2011. Therapeutic alliance and outcome of psychotherapy: historical excursus, measurements, and prospects for research. Front Psychol. 2:270.
  • Arrigo BA. 2002. Punishing the mentally ill: a critical analysis of law and psychiatry. Albany (NY): SUNY Press.
  • Bal P, Koenraadt F. 2000. Criminal law and mentally ill offenders in comparative perspective. Psychology Crime Law. 6(4):219–250.
  • Barnao M, Robertson P, Ward T. 2010a. Ethical decision making and forensic practice. Brit J Forensic Pract. 14(2):81–91.
  • Barnao M, Robertson P, Ward T. 2010b. Good lives model applied to a forensic population. Psychiatr Psychol Law. 17(2):202–217.
  • Barnao M, Ward T, Casey S. 2015. Looking beyond the illness: forensic service users’ perceptions of rehabilation. J Interpers Violence. 30(6):1025–1045.
  • Barnao M, Ward T, Robertson P. 2016. The good lives model: a new paradigm for forensic mental health. Psychiatr Psychol Law. 23(2):288–301.
  • Barsky J, West A. 2007. Secure settings and the scope for recovery: service users’ perspectives on a new tier of care. Brit J Forensic Pract. 9(4):5–11.
  • Best D, Irving J, Albertson K. 2016. Recovery and desistance: what the emerging recovery movement in the alcohol and drug area can learn from models of desistance from offending. Addict Res Theor. 25(1):1–10.
  • Birgden A. 2002. Therapeutic jurisprudence and “good lives”: a rehabilitation framework for corrections. Austral Psychol. 37(3):180–186.
  • Birgden A. 2015. Maximizing desistance: adding therapeutic jurisprudence and human rights to the mix. Crim Justice Behav. 42(1):19–31.
  • Blader SL, Tyler TR. 2015. Relational models of procedural justice. In: Cropanzano R, Ambrose ML, editors. The Oxford handbook of justice in the workplace. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 351–369.
  • Blagden N, Perrin C. 2016. “Relax lads, you’re in safe hands here”: experiences of a sexual offender treatment prison. In C. Reeves, editors. Experiencing imprisonment: research on the experience of living and working in carceral institutions. Abingdon/New York: Routledge; pp. 49–67.
  • Blagden N, Winder B, Hames C. 2016. “They treat us like human beings”–experiencing a therapeutic sex offenders prison: impact on prisoners and staff and implications for treatment. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 60(4):371–396.
  • Blattner R, Dolan M. 2009. Outcome of high security patients admitted to a medium secure unit: the Edenfield Centre study. Med Sci Law. 49(4):247–256.
  • Bordin ES. 1979. The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance Psychotherapy. 16(3):252–260.
  • Bottoms A, Tankebe J. 2012. Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. J Criminol Law Criminol. 102(1):119–170.
  • Bowlby J. 1988. A secure base: clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
  • Bressington D, Stewart B, Beer D, MacInnes D. 2011. Levels of service user satisfaction in secure settings – A survey of the association between perceived social climate, perceived therapeutic relationship and satisfaction with forensic services. Int J Nurs Stud. 48(11):1349–1356.
  • Brooker C, Sirdifield C, Blizard R, Denney D, Pluck G. 2012. Probation and mental illness. J Forensic Psychiatr Psychol. 23(4):522–537.
  • Burnett R, McNeill F. 2005. The place of the officer-offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime. Probation J. 52(3):221–242.
  • Canada KE, Epperson MW. 2014. The client-caseworker relationship and its association with outcomes among mental health court participants. Community Mental Health J. 50(8):968–973.
  • Canada KE, Hiday VA. 2014. Procedural justice in mental health court: an investigation of the relation of perception of procedural justice to non-adherence and termination. J Forensic Psychiatr Psychol. 25(3):321–340.
  • Clarke C, Lumbard D, Sambrook S, Kerr K. 2016. What does recovery mean to a forensic mental health patient? A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the qualitative literature. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 27(1):38–54.
  • Collins P, Crowe S. 2017. Recovery and practice-based evidence: reconnecting the diverging discourses in mental health. Mental Health Social Inclusion. 21(1):34–42.
  • Colman C, Vander Laenen F. 2012. “Recovery came first”: desistance versus recovery in the criminal careers of drug-using offenders. Scientific World J.
  • Colman C, Vander Laenen F. (2017. The desistance process of offenders who misuse drugs. In Hart EL, van Ginniken EFJC, editors. New perspectives on desistance: theoretical and empirical developments. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; pp. 61–84.
  • Corrigan P. 2004. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol. 59(7):614–625.
  • Corrigan PW. (1998. The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cognitive Behavioral Practice. 5(2):201–222.
  • Corrigan PW, O’Shaughnessy JR. 2007. Changing mental illness stigma as it exists in the real world. Aust Psychol. 42(2):90–97.
  • Corrigan PW, Rao D. 2012. On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry. 57(8):464–469.
  • Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Barr L. 2006. The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol. 25(8):875–884.
  • Cutcliffe J, Happell B. 2009. Psychiatry, mental health nurses, and invisible power: exploring a perturbed relationship within contemporary mental health care. Int J Mental Health Nurs. 18(2):116–125.
  • DiCataldo F, Greer A, Profit WE. 1995. Screening prison inmates for mental disorder: an examination of the relationship between mental disorder and prison adjustment. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23(4):573–585.
  • Donnelly V, Lynch A, Mohan D, Kennedy HG. 2011. Working alliance, interpersonal trust and perceived coercion in mental health review hearings. Int J Mental Health Syst. 5:29–45.
  • Drennan G, Alred D. 2012. Preface. In: Drennan G, Alred D, editors. Secure recovery: approaches to recovery in forensic mental health settings. New York, NY: Routledge; pp. viii–xv.
  • Epperson MW, Thompson JG, Lurigio AJ, Kim S. 2017. Unpacking the relationship between probationers with serious mental illnesses and probation officers: a mixed-methods examination. J Offender Rehabil. 56(3):188–216.
  • Farrall S, Sharpe G, Hunter B, Calverley A. 2011. Theorizing structural and individual-level processes in desistance and persistence: outlining an integrated perspective. Aust N Z J Criminol. 44(2):218–234.
  • Fazel S, Seewald K. 2012. Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. British J Psychiatry. 200(5):364–373.
  • Felson RB, Silver E, Remster B. 2012. Mental disorder and offending in prison. Crim Just Behav. 39(2):125–143.
  • Ferrito M, Vetere A, Adshead G, Moore E. 2012. Life after homicide: accounts of recovery and redemption of offender patients in a high security hospital – a qualitative study. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 23(3):327–344.
  • Fisher WH, Silver E, Wolff N. 2006. Beyond criminalization: toward a criminologically informed framework for mental health policy and services research. Adm Pol Mental Health Mental Health Serv Res. 33(5):544–557.
  • Fortune Z, Rose D, Crawford M, Slade M, Spence R, Mudd D, Barrett B, Coid JW, Tyrer P, Moran P. 2010. An evaluation of new services for personality-disordered offenders: staff and service user perspectives. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 56(2):186–195.
  • Francis A. 2014. Strengths-based assessments and recovery in mental health: reflections from practice. Int J Soc Work Human Serv Pract. 2(6):264–271.
  • Gal T, Wexler DB. 2015. Synergizing therapeutic jurisprudence and positive criminology. In: Ronel N, Segev D, editors. Positive criminology. New York/Abingdon: Routledge Frontiers of Criminal Justice; pp. 85–97.
  • Gannon TA, Ward T. 2014. Where has all the psychology gone? A critical review of evidence-based psychological practice in correctional settings. Aggression Violent Behav. 19(4):435–446.
  • Gergen KJ, Josselson R, Freeman M. 2015. The promises of qualitative inquiry. Am Psychol. 70(1):1–9.
  • Glasby J, Beresford P. 2006. Who knows best? evidence-based practice and the service user contribution. Critical Soc Pol. 26(1):268–284
  • Gluhoski VL, Wortman CB. 1996. The impact of trauma on world views. J Soc Clin Psychol. 15(4):417–429.
  • Göbbels S, Thakker J, Ward T. 2016. Desistance in offenders with mental illness. In: Winstone J, editor. Mental health, crime and criminal justice: responses and reforms. London: Palgrave Macmillan; p. 67–90.
  • Goldkamp JS, White MD, Robinson JB. 2001. Do drug courts work? Getting inside the drug court black box. J Drug Issues. 31(1):27–72.
  • Gottfredson DC, Kearley BW, Najaka SS, Rocha CM. 2007. How drug treatment courts work – An analysis of mediators. J Res Crime Delinquency. 44(1):3–35.
  • Gow RL, Choo M, Darjee R, Gould S, Steele J. 2010. A demographic study of the Orchard Clinic: Scotland’s first medium secure unit. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 21(1):139–155.
  • Grant MJ, Booth A. 2009. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 26(2):91–108.
  • Green CA, Polen MR, Janoff SL, Castleton DK, Wisdom JP, Vuckovic N, Perrin NA, Paulson RI, Oken SL. 2008. Understanding how clinician-patient relationships and relational continuity of care affect recovery from serious mental illness: STARS study results. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 32(1):9–22.
  • Grubaugh AL, Zinzow HM, Paul L, Egede LE, Frueh BC. 2011. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 31(6):883–899.
  • Harper D, Speed E 2017. Uncovering recovery: the resistible rise of recovery and resilience. Stud Soc Justice. 6(1):9–25.
  • Hart J, Collins K. 2014. A ‘back to basics’ approach to offender supervision: does working alliance contribute towards success of probation?. Eur J Probation. 6(2):112–125.
  • Hartwell S. 2004. Triple stigma: persons with mental illness and substance abuse problems in the criminal justice system. Crim Justice Pol Rev. 15(1):84–99.
  • Hillbrand M, Young JL. 2008. Instilling hope into forensic treatment: the antidote to despair and desperation. J the American Academy of Psychiatry the Law. 36(1):90–94.
  • Hogg MA. 2006. Social identity theory. In Burk PJ, editor. Contemporary social psychological theories: an integrative account. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; p. 111–136.
  • Honea-Boles P, Griffin JE. 2001. The court-mandated client: does limiting confidentiality preclude a therapeutic encounter? TCA J. 29(2):149–160.
  • Huo YJ, Binning KR. 2008. Why the psychological experience of respect matters in group life: An integrative account. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2(4):1570–1585.
  • Hutchinson A, Lovell A. 2013. Participatory action research: moving beyond the mental health “service user” identity. J Psychiatr Mental Health Nurs. 20(7):641–649.
  • Jacobson N, Greenley D. 2001. What is recovery? a conceptual model and explication. Psychiatr Serv. 52(4):482–485.
  • Jeandarme I, Wittouck C, Laenen FV, Pouls C, Heimans H, Oei TI, Bogaerts S. 2017. Critical incidents and judicial response during medium security treatment. Int J Law Psychiatry. 51:54–61.
  • Kaiser KA, Holtfreter K. (2016. An integrated theory of specialized court programs: using procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence to promote offender compliance and rehabilitation. Criminal Justice Behavior. 43(1):45–62.
  • Kessler RC. 2004. The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biol Psychiatry. 56(10):730–737.
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions’ of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593–602.
  • Knight C. 2015. Trauma-informed social work practice: practice considerations and challenges. Clin Social Work J. 43(1):25–37.
  • Kopelovich S, Yanos P, Pratt C, Koerner J. 2013. Procedural justice in mental health courts: Judicial practices, participant perceptions, and outcomes related to mental health recovery. Int J Law Psychiatry. 36(2):113–120.
  • Kras KR. 2013. Offender perceptions of mandated substance abuse treatment: an exploratory analysis of offender experiences in a community-based treatment program. J Drug Issues. 43(2):124–143.
  • Kurtovic E, Rovira M. 2017. Contrast between Spain and the Netherlands in the hidden obstacles to re-entry into the labour market due to a criminal record. Eur J Criminol. 14(5):505–521.
  • Laithwaite H, Gurnley A. 2007. Sense of self, adaptation and recovery in patients with psychosis in a forensic NHS setting. Clin Psychol Psychother. 14(4):302–316.
  • Lamberti JS, Weisman RL. 2004. Persons with severe mental disorders in the criminal justice system: challenges and opportunities. Psychiatr Q. 75(2):151–164.
  • Landess J, Holoyda B. 2017. Mental health courts and forensic assertive community treatment teams as correctional diversion programs. Behav Sci Law. 35(6):501–511.
  • Laugharne R, Priebe S. 2006. Trust, choice and power in mental health: a literature review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 41(11):843–852.
  • Leamy M, Bird V, Le Boutillier C, Williams J, Slade M. 2011. Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis. Br J Psychiatry. 199(6):445–452.
  • Liebling A. 2011. Distinctions and distinctiveness in the work of prison officers: legitimacy and authority revisited. Eur J Criminol. 8(6):484–499.
  • Lind EA, Kanfer R, Earley PC. 1990. Voice, control, and procedural justice – instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. J Pers Soc Psychol. 59(5):952–959.
  • Lind EA, Tyler TR. 1988. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Lindqvist P, Skipworth J. 2000. Evidence-based rehabilitation in forensic psychiatry. British J Psychiatry. 176, 320–323.
  • Linhorst D. 2006. Empowering people with severe mental illness: a practical guide. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Livingston JD. 2018. What does success look like in the forensic mental health system? perspectives of service users and service providers. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 62(1):208–228.
  • Livingston JD, Crocker AG, Nicholls TL, Seto MC. 2016. Forensic mental health tribunals: a qualitative study of participants’ experiences and views. Psychol Publ Pol Law. 22(2):173–184.
  • Livingston JD, Nijdam-Jones A, PEER T. 2013. Perceptions of treatment planning in a forensic mental health hospital: a qualitative, participatory action research study. Int J Forensic Mental Health. 12(1):42–52.
  • Lurigio AJ, Epperson MW, Canada KE, Babchuk LC. 2012. Specialized probation programs for people with mental illnesses: a review of practices and research. J Crime Justice. 35(2):317–326.
  • Mahoney MK. 2014. Procedural justice and the judge-probationer relationship in a co-occurring disorders court. International J Law Psychiatry. 37(3):260–266.
  • Maniglio R. 2009. Severe mental illness and criminal victimization: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatra Scand. 119(3):180–191.
  • Marlowe DB, Hardin CD, Fox CL. 2016. Painting the current picture: a national report on drug courts and other problem-solving courts in the United States. Alexandria (VA): National Drug Court Institute.
  • Martin DJ, Garske JP, Davis MK. 2000. Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 68(3):438–450.
  • Maruna S. 2001. Making good: how ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
  • Maruna S, LeBel TP, Mitchell N, Naples M. 2004. Pygmalion in the reintegration process: desistance from crime through the looking glass. Psychol Crime Law. 10(3):271–281.
  • Maruna S, LeBel TP, Naples M, Mitchell N. 2009. Looking-glass identity transformation: Pygmalion and Golem in the rehabilitation process. In Veysey BM, Christian J, Martinez DJ, editors. How offenders transform their lives. Cullompton (UK): Willan Publishing.
  • McCabe R, Priebe S. 2004. The therapeutic relationship in the treatment of severe mental illness: a review of methods and findings. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 50(2):115–128.
  • McIvor G. 2009. Therapeutic jurisprudence and procedural justice in Scottish Drug Courts. Criminol Crim Justice. 9(1):29–49.
  • McKenna BG, Simpson AIF, Coverdale JH. 2003. Patients’ perceptions of coercion on admission to forensic psychiatric hospital: a comparison study. Int J Law Psychiatry. 26(4):355–372.
  • McNeill F. 2006. A desistance paradigm for offender management. Criminol Crim Justice. 6(1):39–62.
  • Mezey GC, Kavuma M, Turton P, Demetriou A, Wright C. 2010. Perceptions, experiences and meanings of recovery in forensic psychiatric patients. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 21(5):683–696.
  • Moore KE, Tangney JP, Stuewig JB. 2016. The self-stigma process in criminal offenders. Stigma Health. 1(3):206–224.
  • Moran G, Mashiach-Eizenberg M, Roe D, Berman Y, Shalev A, Kaplan Z, Epstein PG. 2014. Investigating the anatomy of the helping relationship in the context of psychiatric rehabilitation: The relation between working alliance, providers’ recovery competencies and personal recovery. Psychiatry Res. 220(1–2):592–597.
  • Morgan RD, Flora DB, Kroner DG, Mills JF, Varghese F, Steffan JS. 2012. Treating offenders with mental illness: a research synthesis. Law Hum Behav. 36(1):37–50.
  • Mueser KT, Goodman LB, Trumbetta SL, Rosenberg SD, Osher FC, Vidaver R, Auciello P, Foy DW. 1998. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 66(3):493–499.
  • Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Rosenberg SD, Goodman LA, Essock SM, Osher FC, Swartz MS, Butterfield MI; 5 Site Health and Risk Study Research Committee. 2004. Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: demographic, clinical, and health correlates. Schizophr Bull. 30(1):45–57.
  • Mulvey EP, Schubert CA. 2017. Mentally ill individuals in jails and prisons. Reinventing Am Crim Justice. 46:231–277.
  • Munetz MR, Ritter C, Teller JLS, Bonfme N. 2014. Mental health court and assisted outpatient treatment: perceived coercion, procedural justice, and program impact. Psychiatr Serv. 65(3):352–358.
  • Nijdam-Jones A, Livingston JD, Verdun-Jones S, Brink J. 2015. Using social bonding theory to examine ‘recovery’ in a forensic mental health hospital: A qualitative study. Crim Behav Ment Health. 25(3):157–168.
  • Nugent B, Schinkel M. 2016. The pains of desistance. Criminol Crim Justice. 16(5):568–584.
  • Oades LG, Deane FP, Crowe TP, Lambert G, Kavanagh D, Lloyd C. 2005. Collaborative recovery: an integrative model for working with individuals who experience chronic and recurring mental illness. Australas Psychiatry. 13(3):279–284.
  • Ogloff JRP, Lemphers A, Dwyer C. 2004. Dual diagnosis in an Australian forensic psychiatric hospital: Prevalence and implications for services. Behav Sci Law. 22(4):543–562.
  • Onken SJ, Craig CM, Ridgway P, Ralph RO, Cook JA. 2007. An analysis of the definitions and elements of recovery: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 31(1):9–22.
  • Ornduff SR. 2000. Childhood maltreatment and malevolence: quantitative research findings. Clin Psychol Rev. 20(8):997–1018.
  • Palijan TZ, Muzinic L, Radeljak S. 2009. Psychiatric comorbidity in forensic psychiatry. Psychiatr Danub. 21(3):429–436.
  • Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A. 2014. How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness? Law Hum Behav. 38(5):439–449.
  • Polaschek DL, Ross EC. 2010. Do early therapeutic alliance, motivation, and stages of change predict therapy change for high-risk, psychopathic violent prisoners? Crim Behav Mental Health. 20(2):100–111.
  • Poythress NG, Petrila J, McGaha A, Boothroyd R. 2002. Perceived coercion and procedural justice in the Broward mental health court. Int J Law Psychiatry. 25(5):517–533.
  • Pratt C, Koerner J, Alexander MJ, Yanos PT, Kopelovich SL. 2013. Predictors of criminal justice outcomes among mental health courts participants: the role of perceived coercion and subjective mental health recovery. Int J Forensic Mental Health. 12(2):116–125.
  • Price-Robertson R, Obradovic A, Morgan B. 2017. Relational recovery: beyond individualism in the recovery approach. Adv Mental Health. 15(2):108–120.
  • Rapp CA, Saleeby D, Sullivan WP. 2005. The future of strengths-based social work. Adv Soc Work. 6(1):79–90.
  • Rapp CA, Sullivan WP. 2014. The strengths model: birth to toddlerhood. Adv Social Work. 15(1):129–142.
  • Redlich AD, Han WJ. 2014. Examining the links between therapeutic jurisprudence and mental health court completion. Law Human Behav. 38(2):109–118.
  • Regehr C, Antle B. 1997. Coercive influences: informed consent in court-mandated social work practice. Soc Work. 42(3):300–306.
  • Ronel N, Segev D. 2014. Positive criminology in practice. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 58(11):1389–1407.
  • Ross EC, Polaschek DLL, Ward T. 2008. The therapeutic alliance: a theoretical revision for offender rehabilitation. Aggression Violent Behav. 13(6):462–480.
  • Rowe M, Soppitt S. 2014. ‘Who you gonna call?’ The role of trust and relationships in desistance from crime. Probation J. 61(4):397–412.
  • Ryan S, Moore E, Taylor PJ, Wilkinson E, Lingiah T, Christmas M. 2002. The voice of detainees in a high security setting on services for people with personality disorder. Crim Behav Ment Health. 12(4):254–268.
  • Sanchez FC, Zaragoza JN, Fearn NE, Vaughn MG. 2017. The nexus of trauma, victimization, and mental health disorders among incarcerated adults in Spain. Psychiatr Q. 88(4):733–746.
  • Sarteschi CM, Vaughn MG, Kim K. 2011. Assessing the effectiveness of mental health courts: a quantitative review. J Crim Justice. 39(1):12–20.
  • Schneider RD. 2010. Mental health courts and diversion programs: a global survey. Int J Law Psychiatry. 33(4):201–206.
  • Serran G, Fernandez Y, Marshall WL, Mann RE. 2003. Process issues in treatment: application to sexual offender programs. Prof Psychol-Res Pract. 34(4):368–374.
  • Serran GA, Marshall W. 2010. Therapeutic process in the treatment of sexual offenders: a review article. Brit J Forensic Pract. 12(3):4–16.
  • Sewell H. 1992. A theory of structure – duality, agency, and transformation. Am J Soc. 98(1):1–29.
  • Simpson AIF, Penney SR. 2011. The recovery paradigm in forensic mental health services. Crim Behav Mental Health. 21(5):299–306.
  • Skeem JL, Encandela J, Louden JE. 2003. Perspectives on probation and mandated mental health treatment in specialized and traditional probation departments. Behav Sci Law. 21(4):429–458.
  • Skeem JL, Louden JE, Polaschek D, Camp J. 2007. Assessing relationship quality in mandated community treatment: blending care with control. Psychol Assess. 19(4):397–410.
  • Slade M, Amering M, Oades L. 2008. Recovery: an international perspective. Epidemiol E Psichiatr Social-an Int J Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 17(2):128–137.
  • Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KWM, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS. 2010. What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychol Med. 40(11):1759–1765.
  • Stevens A, McSweeney T, van Ooyen M, Uchtenhagen A. 2005. On coercion. Int J Drug Pol. 16(4):207–209.
  • Sunshine J, Tyler T. 2003. Moral solidarity, identification with the community, and the importance of procedural justice: the police as prototypical representatives of a group’s moral values. Social Psychol Qu. 66(2):153–165.
  • Tapp J, Warren F, Fife-Schaw C, Perkins D, Moore E. 2013. What do the experts by experience tell us about ‘what works’ in high secure forensic inpatient hospital services? J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 24(2):160–178.
  • Tew J, Ramon S, Slade M, Bird V, Melton J, Le Boutillier C. 2012. Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: a review of the evidence. Brit J Soc Work. 42(3):443–460.
  • To WT, Vanheule S, De Smet S, Vandevelde S. 2015. The treatment perspectives of mentally ill offenders in medium– and high-secure forensic settings in flanders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 59(14):1605–1622.
  • Turton P, Demetriou A, Boland W, Gillard S, Kavuma M, Mezey G, Mountford V, Turner K, White S, Zadeh E, et al. 2011. One size fits all: or horses for courses? Recovery-based care in specialist mental health services. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 46(2):127–136.
  • Tyler T. 2012. Legitimacy and compliance: the virtues of self-regulation. In Crawford A, Hucklesby A, editors. Legitimacy and compliance in criminal justice. London: Routledge; p. 8–28.
  • Tyler TR. 2006. Why people obey the law. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tyler TR. 2011. Why people cooperate: the role of social motivations. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tyler TR, Blader SL. 2003. The group engagement model: procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 7(4):349–361.
  • Tyler TR, Lind EA. 1992. A relational model of authority in groups. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 25:115–191.
  • van Olphen J, Eliason MJ, Freudenberg N, Barnes M. 2009. Nowhere to go: how stigma limits the options of female drug users after release from jail. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Pol. 4:1–10.
  • Van Roeyen S, Anderson S, Vanderplasschen W, Colman C, Vander Laenen F. 2017. Desistance in drug-using offenders: a narrative review. Eur J Criminol. 14(5):606–625.
  • Van Roeyen S, Van Audenhove S, Vanderplasschen W, Vander Laenen F. 2016. Het desistance proces van wetsovertreders met een psychiatrische problematiek gehypothekeerd door de internering. In Vander Beken T, Broekaert E, Audenaert K, Vander Laenen F, Vandevelde S, Vanderplasschen W, editors. Sterktes van mensen: Sterktegerichte strategieën voor het ondersteunen van mensen met een psychiatrische problematiek die strafbare feiten pleegden. Antwerpen/Apeldoorn: Maklu; p. 123–148.
  • Vander Laenen F. 2014. Whose claim is legitimate anyway? Negotiating power in inter-agency collaboration. In Persak N, editor. Legitimacy and trust in criminal law, policy and justice. England: Ashgate Pub; p. 111–129.
  • Vander Laenen F, Vander Beken T. 2017. The search for integrated paradigms of care for people with mental illness who offend: the enabling personality of Eric Broekaert. Ther Commun Int J Ther Commun. 38(3):163–168.
  • Vandevelde S, Broekaert E, Schuyten G, Van Hove G. 2005. Intellectual abilities and motivation toward substance abuse treatment in drug-involved offenders: a pilot study in the belgian criminal justice system. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 49(3):277–297.
  • Vandevelde S, Soyez V, Vander Beken T, De Smet S, Boers A, Broekaert E. 2011. Mentally ill offenders in prison: the Belgian case. Int J Law Psychiatry. 34(1):71–78.
  • Vandevelde S, Vander Laenen F, Van Damme L, Vanderplasschen W, Audenaert K, Broekaert E, Vander Beken T. 2017. Dilemmas in applying strengths–based approaches in working with offenders with mental illness: a critical multidisciplinary review. Aggression Violent Behav. 32:71–79.
  • Vermunt R, van Knippenberg D, van Knippenberg B, Blaauw E. 2001. Self-esteem and outcome fairness: differential importance of procedural and outcome considerations. J Appl Psychol. 86(4):621–628.
  • Walters GD. 2016. Working alliance between substance abusing offenders and their parole officers and counselors: its impact on outcome and role as a mediator. J Crime Justice. 39(3):421–437.
  • Ward T. 2013. Addressing the dual relationship problem in forensic and correctional practice. Aggression Violent Behav. 18(1):92–100.
  • Ward T, Birgden A. 2007. Human rights and correctional clinical practice. Aggression Violent Behav. 12(6):628–643.
  • Ward T, Brown M. 2004. The good lives model and conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation. Psychol Crime Law. 10(3):243–257.
  • Ward T, Day A, Howells K, Birgden A. 2004. The multifactor offender readiness model. Aggression Violent Behav. 9(6):645–673.
  • Ward T, Mann RE, Gannon TA. 2007. The good lives model of offender rehabilitation: clinical implications. Aggression Violent Behav. 12(1):87–107.
  • Watson AC, Angell B. 2007. Applying procedural justice theory to law enforcement’s response to persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Serv. 58(6):787–793.
  • Watson AC, Angell B, Morabito MS, Robinson N. 2008. Defying negative expectations: dimensions of fair and respectful treatment by police officers as perceived by people with mental illness. Administration Policy in Mental Health Mental Health Services Research. 35(6):449–457.
  • Weaver B. 2012. The relational context of desistance: some implications and opportunities for social policy. Soc Pol Adm. 46(4):395–412.
  • Weaver B. 2013. Co-producing desistance: who works to support desistance. In Durnescu I, McNeill F, editors. Understanding penal practice. Abingdon: Routledge Frontiers of Criminal Justice.
  • Wexler DB. 2014. New wine in new bottles: the need to sketch a therapeutic jurisprudence ‘code’ of proposed criminal processes and practices. Arizona Summit Law Review. 7:463–479.
  • Wheller L, Quinton P, Fildes A, Mills, A. 2013. The Greater Manchester Police procedural justice training experiment. Technical Report. Coventry: College of Policing.
  • WHO. 2005. WHO resource book on mental health, human rights and legislation. Geneva: Switzerland World Health Organization.
  • Wittouck C. Vander Beken, T, Audenaert, K. 2016. ‘What we don't know we fear’. How a procedural justice framework could enhance the quality of encounters between the police and the mentally ill. Cahiers Politiestudies. 40(3):73–92.
  • Williams I. 2009. Offender health and social care: a review of the evidence on inter-agency collaboration. Health Soc Care Community. 17(6):573–580.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.