A preliminary study of associations between discomfort intolerance, pain severity/interference, and frequency of cannabis use among individuals with chronic pain

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. 2004. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev. 111(1):33–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. 2013. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesthesiol. 111(1):52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashford J, Flett R, Copeland J. 2010. The Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT): development, reliability, concurrent and predictive validity among adolescents and adults. Addiction. 105(4):615–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Vujanovic AA, Moos R. 2009. Integrating anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and discomfort intolerance: a hierarchical model of affect sensitivity and tolerance. Behav Ther. 40(3):291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonar EE, Goldstick JE, Collins RL, Cranford JA, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Blow FC, Walton MA. 2017. Daily associations between cannabis motives and consumption in emerging adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 178:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A. 2009. Discomfort intolerance: evaluation of incremental validity for panic-relevant symptoms using 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air provocation. J Anxiety Disord. 23(2):197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD. 2013. College cannabis use: the unique roles of social norms, motives, and expectancies. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 74(5):720–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner JD, Keough ME, Schmidt NB. 2007. Problematic alcohol and cannabis use among young adults: the roles of depression and discomfort and distress tolerance. Addict Behav. 32(9):1957–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper ZD, Haney M. 2008. Cannabis reinforcement and dependence: role of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Addict Biol. 13(2):188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza DC, Cortes-Briones JA, Ranganathan M, Thurnauer H, Creatura G, Surti T, Planeta B, Neumeister A, Pittman B, Normandin M, et al. 2016. Rapid changes in cannabinoid 1 receptor availability in cannabis-dependent male subjects after abstinence from cannabis. Biol Psychiatry. 1:60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Lintzeris N, Campbell G, Bruno R, Cohen M, Farrell M, Hall WD. 2015. Experience of adjunctive cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: findings from the Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 147:144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditre JW, Zale EL, Heckman BW, Hendricks PS. 2017. A measure of perceived pain and tobacco smoking interrelations: pilot validation of the pain and smoking inventory. Cogn Behav Ther. 46(4):339–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farris SG, Metrik J. 2016. Acute effects of cannabis on breath-holding duration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 24(4):305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus TA, Limbers CA, Griggs JO, Kelley LP. 2018. Somatic symptom severity among primary care patients who are obese: examining the unique contributions of anxiety sensitivity, discomfort intolerance, and health anxiety. J Behav Med. 41(1):43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates PJ, Sabioni P, Copeland J, Le Foll B, Gowing L. 2016. Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (5):CD005336.
   Google Scholar
• Guillot CR, Blumenthal H, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB. 2018. Anxiety sensitivity components in relation to alcohol and cannabis use, motives, and problems in treatment-seeking cigarette smokers. Addict Behav. 82:166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug NA, Padula CB, Sottile JE, Vandrey R, Heinz AJ, Bonn-Miller MO. 2017. Cannabis use patterns and motives: a comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients. Addict Behav. 72:14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Yingling JE. 1989. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 34(1):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry SK, Grant MM, Cropsey KL. 2018. Determining the optimal clinical cutoff on the CES-D for depression in a community corrections sample. J Affect Disord. 234:270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill KP, Palastro MD, Johnson B, Ditre JW. 2017. Cannabis and pain: a clinical review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2(1):96–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan J, Gonzalez A, Howell A, Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ. 2010. Pain-related anxiety and marijuana use motives: a pilot test among active marijuana-using young adults. Cogn Behav Ther. 39(4):283–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. 2011. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keough ME, Timpano KR, Zawilinski LL, Schmidt NB. 2011. The association between irritable bowel syndrome and the anxiety vulnerability factors: body vigilance and discomfort intolerance. J Health Psychol. 16(1):91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerridge BT, Pickering R, Chou P, Saha TD, Hasin DS. 2018. DSM-5 cannabis use disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III: gender-specific profiles. Addict Behav. 76:52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazaal Y, Chatton A, Monney G, Nallet A, Khan R, Zullino D, Etter JF. 2015. Internal consistency and measurement equivalence of the cannabis screening questions on the paper-and-pencil face-to-face ASSIST versus the online instrument. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 10:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Lowe B. 2007. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 146(5):317–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MC, Ploner M, Wiech K, Bingel U, Wanigasekera V, Brooks J, Menon DK, Tracey I. 2013. Amygdala activity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perception. Pain. 154(1):124–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyro TM, Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A. 2010. Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: a review of the empirical literature among adults. Psychol Bull. 136(4):576–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyro TM, Zvolensky MJ, Vujanovic AA, Bernstein A. 2008. Anxiety sensitivity and smoking motives and outcome expectancies among adult daily smokers: replication and extension. Nicotine Tob Res. 10(6):985–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning K, Rogers AH, Bakhshaie J, Hogan JBD, Buckner JD, Ditre JW, Zvolensky MJ. 2018. The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: the explanatory role of pain-related affective distress. Addict Behav. 85:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure EA, Stitzer ML, Vandrey R. 2012. Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 220(2):309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. 2012. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db189_table.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Piper BJ, Beals ML, Abess AT, Nichols SD, Martin MW, Cobb CM, Dekeuster RM. 2017. Chronic pain patients’ perspectives of medical cannabis. Pain. 158(7):1373–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. 2016. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 39:24–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff LS. 1977. The CES-D scale. Appl Psychol Meas. 1(3):385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer J, Brown SA. 1991. Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 59(4):558–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer GL, King BA, McAfee TA. 2017. Prevalence, correlates, and trends in tobacco use and cessation among current, former, and never adult marijuana users with a history of tobacco use, 2005–2014. Addict Behav. 73:165–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt NB, Richey JA, Fitzpatrick KK. 2006. Discomfort intolerance: development of a construct and measure relevant to panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 20(3):263–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley-McDonald HM, Moore KN, Heller DC, Ropero-Miller JD, McIntire GL, Wallace FN. 2017. Patterns of Marijuana use in a 6-month pain management sample in the United States. Subst Abuse. 11:1178221817724783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. 2006. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 166(10):1092–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toblin RL, Mack KA, Perveen G, Paulozzi LJ. 2011. A population-based survey of chronic pain and its treatment with prescription drugs. Pain. 152(6):1249–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pol P, Liebregts N, Brunt T, et al. Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: an ecological study. Addiction. 2014;109:1101–1109.
   Google Scholar
• van Hecke O, Torrance N, Smith BH. 2013. Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesthesiol. 111(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe FJ, Dworkin SF. 1992. Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain. 50(2):133–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace JM. 2007. Update on pharmacotherapy guidelines for treatment of neuropathic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 11(3):208–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh Z, Callaway R, Belle-Isle L, Capler R, Kay R, Lucas P, Holtzman S. 2013. Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use. Int J Drug Policy. 24(6):511–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE, Sherbourne CD, Davies, AR. 1992. Developing and testing the MOS 20-item short-form health survey: a general population application. In: Stewart AL, Ware JE, editors. Measuring functioning and well-being: the medical outcomes study approach. Durham (NC): Duke University Press; p. 277–290.
   Google Scholar
• Wilsey BL, Deutsch R, Samara E, Marcotte TD, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, Le D. 2016. A preliminary evaluation of the relationship of cannabinoid blood concentrations with the analgesic response to vaporized cannabis. JPR. 9:587–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW. 2016. Anxiety and depression in bidirectional relations between pain and smoking: implications for smoking cessation. Behav Modif. 40(1-2):7–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky MJ, Cougle JR, Bonn-Miller MO, Norberg MM, Johnson K, Kosiba J, Asmundson GJ. 2011. Chronic pain and marijuana use among a nationally representative sample of adults. Am J Addict. 20(6):538–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky MJ, Paulus DJ, Garey L, Manning K, Hogan JBD, Buckner JD, Rogers AH, Kathryn McHugh R. 2018. Perceived barriers for cannabis cessation: relations to cannabis use problems, withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting. Addict Behav. 76:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar