References
- Adlaf EM, Hamilton HA, Wu F, Noh S. 2009. Adolescent stigma towards drug addiction: effects of age and drug use behaviour. Addict Behav. 34(4):360–364.
- Allport GW. 1954. The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Barlow FK, Paolini S, Pedersen A, Hornsey MJ, Radke HRM, Harwood J, Rubin M, Sibley CG. 2012. The contact caveat: negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 38(12):1629–1643.
- Brener L, Hippel WV, Kippax S, Preacher KJ. 2010. The role of physician and nurse attitudes in the health care of injecting drug users. Substance Use Misuse. 45(7–8):1007–1018.
- Broadus AD, Evans WP. 2015. Developing the public attitudes about addiction instrument. Addict Res Theory. 23(2):115–130.
- Brook U, Feigin R, Sherer M, Geva D. 2001. Prevalence, attitudes and knowledge of high school pupils towards drugs and other addictions: implications for school health education in Israel. Patient Educ Counsel. 43(2):199–204.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2017. Drug overdose and death data. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html.
- Cirakoglu OC, Isin G. 2005. Perception of drug addiction among Turkish university students: causes, cures, and attitudes. Addict Behav. 30(1):1–8.
- Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N. 2012. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv. 63(10):963–973.
- Cruz SM. 2017. The relationship of political ideology and party affiliation with environmental concern: a meta-analysis. J Environ Psychol. 53:81–91.
- Dancey L, Goren P. 2010. Party identification, issue attitudes, and the dynamics of political debate. Am J Political Sci. 54(3):686–699.
- Davies K, Tropp LR, Aron A, Pettigrew TF, Wright SC. 2011. Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: a meta-analytic review. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 15(4):332–351.
- Davies JB. 1997. The myth of addiction: an application of the psychological theory of attribution to illicit drug use. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
- Furnham A, Thomson L. 1996. Lay theories of heroin addiction. Soc Sci Med. 43(1):29–40.
- Gramlich J. 2017. Nearly half of Americans have a family member or close friend who’s been addicted to drugs. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/26/nearly-half-of-americans-have-a-family-member-or-close-friend-whos-been-addicted-to-drugs/.
- Hartig H, Doherty C. 2018. More in U.S. see drug addiction, college affordability and sexism as ‘very big’ national problems. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/22/more-in-u-s-see-drug-addiction-college-affordability-and-sexism-as-very-big-national-problems/.
- Heim D. 2014. Addiction: not just brain malfunction. Nature. 507(7490):40.
- Hoffmann NG, Chang AJ, Lewis DC. 2000. Medical student attitudes toward drug addiction policy. J Addict Dis. 19(3):1–12.
- Kauffman SE, Silver P, Poulin J. 1997. Gender differences in attitudes toward alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Soc Work. 42(3):231–241.
- Kees J, Berry C, Burton S, Sheehan K. 2017. An analysis of data quality: professional panels, student subject pools, and Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. J Advertising. 46(1):141–155.
- Leshner AI. 1997. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science. 278(5335):45–47.
- Lewis M. 2017. Addiction and the brain: development, not disease. Neuroethics. 10(1):7–18.
- Lloyd C. 2013. The stigmatization of problem drug users: a narrative literature review. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 20(2):85–95.
- Lytle A. 2018. Intergroup contact theory: recent developments and future directions. Soc Just Res. 31(4):374–385.
- Lytle A, Levy SR. 2017. Reducing ageism: education about aging and extended contact with older adults. Gerontologist. 59(3):580–588.
- Martin CS, Chung T, Langenbucher JW. 2016. Historical and cultural perspectives on substance use and substance use disorders. In: Sher KJ, editor. Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; p. 29–49.
- Meurk C, Carter A, Partridge B, Lucke J, Hall W. 2014. How is acceptance of the brain disease model of addiction related to Australians’ attitudes towards addicted individuals and treatments for addiction? BMC Psychiatry. 14:373.
- Monk RL, Heim D. 2011. Self-image bias in drug use attributions. Psychol Addict Behav. 25(4):645–651.
- Moyers TB, Miller WR. 1993. Therapists’ conceptualizations of alcoholism: measurement and implications for treatment decisions. Psychol Addict Behav. 7(4):238–245.
- Ormston R, Bradshaw P, Anderson S. 2010. Scottish social attitudes survey 2009: public attitudes to drugs and drug use in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research.
- Palamar JJ, Kiang MV, Halkitis PN. 2012. Predictors of stigmatization towards use of various illicit drugs among emerging adults. J Psychoactive Drugs. 44(3):243–251.
- Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Personal Soc Psychol. 90(5):751–783.
- Van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, Van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. 2013. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 131(1-2):23–35.
- Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J. 1988. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Personal Soc Psychol. 55(5):738–748.
- Wilson HD, Dansie EJ, Kim MS, Moskovitz BL, Chow W, Turk DC. 2013. Clinicians’ Attitudes and Beliefs About Opioids Survey (CAOS): instrument development and results of a national physician survey. J Pain. 14(6):613–627.