595
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Opinion Piece

The insanity of addiction treatment in America

, &
Pages 231-236 | Received 21 Aug 2021, Accepted 15 Nov 2021, Published online: 07 Dec 2021

References

  • Abouk R, Pacula RL, Powell D. 2019. Association between state laws facilitating pharmacy distribution of naloxone and risk of fatal overdose. JAMA Intern Med. 179(6):805–811.
  • Adams JM. 2020. Making the case for syringe services programs. Public Health Rep. 135(1_suppl):10S–12S.
  • Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. 2021. Provisional drug overdose death counts. Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics.
  • American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, H.R. 1319, 117th Cong 2021. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319/text.
  • Aspinall EJ, Nambiar D, Goldberg DJ, Hickman M, Weir A, Velzen EV, Palmateer N, Doyle JS, Hellard ME, Hutchinson SJ. 2014. Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 43(1):235–248.
  • Behrends CN, Paone D, Nolan ML, Tuazon E, Murphy SM, Kapadia SN, Jeng PJ, Bayoumi AM, Kunins HV, Schackman BR. 2019. Estimated impact of supervised injection facilities on overdose fatalities and healthcare costs in New York City. J Subst Abuse Treat. 106:79–88.
  • Bill W. 1939. Alcoholics anonymous: the story of how more than one hundred men have recovered from alcoholism. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.
  • Boyer EW. 2012. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N Engl J Med. 367(2):146–155.
  • Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Chilcoat HD. 2018. Understanding the use of diverted buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 193:117–123.
  • Clark AK, Wilder CM, Winstanley EL. 2014. A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs. J Addict Med. 8(3):153–163.
  • Coffin PO, Behar E, Rowe C, Santos G, Coffa D, Bald M, Vittinghoff E. 2016. Nonrandomized intervention study of naloxone coprescription for primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain. Ann Intern Med. 165(4):245–252.
  • Currie JM, Schnell MK, Schwandt H, Zhang J. 2021. Trends in drug overdose mortality in Ohio during the first 7 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 4(4):e2114947.
  • Daniulaityte R, Nahhas RW, Silverstein S, Martins S, Zaragoza A, Moeller A, Carlson RG. 2019. Patterns of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioid use among individuals with opioid use disorder: a latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 204:107574.
  • Davis CS, Carr D. 2015. Legal changes to increase access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 157:112–120.
  • Fairley M, Humphreys K, Joyce VR, Bounthavong M, Trafton J, Combs A, Oliva EM, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Asch SM, Brandeau ML, et al. 2021. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for opioid use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 78(7):767–777.
  • Fernandes RM, Cary M, Duarte G, Jesus G, Alarcão J, Torre C, Costa S, Costa J, Carneiro AV. 2017. Effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes in people who inject drugs – an overview of systematic reviews. BMC Public Health. 17(1):2.
  • Glober N, Mohler G, Huynh P, Arkins T, O’Donnell D, Carter J, Ray B. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on drug overdoses in Indianapolis. J Urban Health. 97(6):802–807.
  • Hagan H, McGough JP, Thiede H, Hopkins S, Duchin J, Alexander ER. 2000. Reduced injection frequency and increased entry and retention in drug treatment associated with needle-exchange participation in Seattle drug injectors. J Subst Abuse Treat. 19(3):247–252.
  • Higashikawa Y, Suzuki S. 2008. Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino) piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues. Forensic Toxicol. 26(1):1–5.
  • Huhn AS, Hobelmann JG, Strickland JC, Oyler GA, Bergeria CL, Umbricht A, Dunn KE. 2020. Differences in availability and use of medications for opioid use disorder in residential treatment settings in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 3(2):e1920843.
  • Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries: an assessment of the evidence. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press.
  • Irwin A, Jozaghi E, Weir BW, Allen ST, Lindsay A, Sherman SG. 2017. Mitigating the heroin crisis in Baltimore, MD, USA: a cost-benefit analysis of a hypothetical supervised injection facility. Harm Reduct J. 14(1):29.
  • Jackson JR, Harle CA, Silverman RD, Simon K, Menachemi N. 2020. Characterizing variability in state-level regulations governing opioid treatment programs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 115:108008.
  • Kåberg M, Karlsson N, Discacciati A, Widgren K, Weiland O, Ekström AM, Hammarberg A. 2020. Significant decrease in injection risk behaviors among participants in a needle exchange programme. Infectious Diseases. 52(5):336–346.
  • Karamouzian M, Dohoo C, Forsting S, McNeil R, Kerr T, Lysyshyn M. 2018. Evaluation of a fentanyl drug checking service for clients of a supervised injection facility, Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 15(1):8.
  • Keane C, Egan JE, Hawk M. 2018. Effects of naloxone distribution to likely bystanders: results of an agent-based model. Int J Drug Policy. 55:61–69.
  • Kelly JF, Humphreys K, Ferri M. 2020. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3(3):CD012880.
  • Kerr T, Mitra S, Kennedy MC, McNeil R. 2017. Supervised injection facilities in Canada: past, present, and future. Harm Reduct J. 14(1):28.
  • Kral AH, Lambdin BH, Wenger LD, Davidson PJ. 2020. Evaluation of an unsanctioned safe consumption site in the United States. N Engl J Med. 383(6):589–590.
  • Krentzman AR. 2019. A full and thankful heart: writings about gratitude by Alcoholics Anonymous co-founder, Bill Wilson. Addict Res Theory. 27(6):451–461.
  • Krieger MS, Yedinak JL, Buxton JA, Lysyshyn M, Bernstein E, Rich JD, Green TC, Hadland SE, Marshall BDL. 2018. High willingness to use rapid fentanyl test strips among young adults who use drugs. Harm Reduct J. 15(1):2.
  • Lambdin BH, Zibbell J, Wheeler E, Kral AH. 2018. Identifying gaps in the implementation of naloxone programs for laypersons in the United States. Int J Drug Policy. 52:52–55.
  • Langabeer JR, Champagne-Langabeer T, Yatsco AJ, O’Neal MM, Cardenas-Turanzas M, Prater S, Luber S, Stotts A, Fadial T, Khraish G, et al. 2021. Feasibility and outcomes from an integrated bridge treatment program for opioid use disorder. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2(2):e12417.
  • Larney S, Peacock A, Leung J, Colledge S, Hickman M, Vickerman P, Grebely J, Dumchev KV, Griffiths P, Hines L, et al. 2017. Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. 5(12):e1208–e1220.
  • Larochelle MR, Bernson D, Land T, Stopka TJ, Wang N, Xuan Z, Bagley SM, Liebschutz JM, Walley AY. 2018. Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 169(3):137–145.
  • Lee HS, Engstrom M, Petersen SR. 2011. Harm reduction and 12 steps: complementary, oppositional, or something in-between? Subst Use Misuse. 46(9):1151–1161.
  • Leonard L, DeRubeis E, Pelude L, Medd E, Birkett N, Seto J. 2008. I inject less as I have easier access to pipes: injecting, and sharing of crack-smoking materials, decline as safer crack-smoking resources are distributed. Int J Drug Policy. 19(3):255–264.
  • MacArthur GJ, van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Kimber J, Pharris A, Hope V, Taylor A, Roy K, Aspinall E, Goldberg D, et al. 2014. Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. Int J Drug Policy. 25(1):34–52.
  • Marshall BDL, Milloy M, Wood E, Montaner JSG, Kerr T. 2011. Reduction in overdose mortality after the opening of North America’s first medically supervised safer injecting facility: a retrospective population-based study. The Lancet. 377(9775):1429–1437.
  • Marx MA, Crape B, Brookmeyer RS, Junge B, Latkin C, Vlahov D, Strathdee SA. 2000. Trends in crime and the introduction of a needle exchange program. Am J Public Health. 90(12):1933–1936.
  • Mattson CL, Tanz LJ, Quinn K, Kariisa M, Patel P, Davis NL. 2021. Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2013-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70(6):202–207.
  • McCrae K, Tobias S, Grant C, Lysyshyn M, Laing R, Wood E, Ti L. 2020. Assessing the limit of detection of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and immunoassay strips for fentanyl in a real-world setting. Drug Alcohol Rev. 39(1):98–102.
  • McElrath K. 2018. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction in the United States: critique and commentary. Subst Use Misuse. 53(2):334–343.
  • McGowan CR, Harris M, Platt L, Hope V, Rhodes T. 2018. Fentanyl self-testing outside supervised injection settings to prevent opioid overdose: do we know enough to promote it? Int J Drug Policy. 58:31–36.
  • Nguyen TQ, Weir BW, Jarlais DC, Pinkerton SD, Holtgrave DR. 2014. Syringe exchange in the United States: a national level economic evaluation of hypothetical increases in investment. AIDS Behav. 18(11):2144–2155.
  • Park JN, Sherman SG, Rouhani S, Morales KB, McKenzie M, Allen ST, Marshall BDL, Green TC. 2019. Willingness to use safe consumption spaces among opioid users at high risk of fentanyl overdose in Baltimore, Providence, and Boston. J Urban Health. 96(3):353–366.
  • Peckham AM, Kehoe LG, Gray JR, Wakeman SE. 2021. Real-world outcomes with extended-release buprenorphine (XR-BUP) in a low threshold bridge clinic: a retrospective case series. J Subst Abuse Treat. 126:108316.
  • Platt L, Minozzi S, Reed J, Vickerman P, Hagan H, French C, Jordan A, Degenhardt L, Hope V, Hutchinson S, et al. 2017. Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD012021.
  • Potier C, Laprévote V, Dubois-Arber F, Cottencin O, Rolland B. 2014. Supervised injection services: what has been demonstrated? A systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 145:48–68.
  • Registration Requirements for Narcotic Treatment Programs with Mobile Components 2021., 86 Fed. Reg. 33861 (June 28, (to be codified at 21 CFR pts. 1300, 1301, & 1304).
  • Rosenblatt RA, Andrilla CHA, Catlin M & Larson EH. 2015. Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder. Ann Fam Med. 13(1):23–26.
  • Santo T, Clark B, Hickman M, Grebely J, Campbell G, Sordo L, Chen A, Tran LT, Bharat C, Padmanathan P, et al. 2021. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 78(9):979.
  • Snow RL, Simon RE, Jack HE, Oller D, Kehoe L, Wakeman SE. 2019. Patient experiences with a transitional, low-threshold clinic for the treatment of substance use disorder: a qualitative study of a bridge clinic. J Subst Abuse Treat. 107:1–7.
  • Stein BD, Saloner B, Schuler MS, Gurvey J, Sorbero M, Gordon AJ. 2021. Concentration of patient care among buprenorphine-prescribing clinicians in the US. JAMA. 325(21):2206–2208.
  • Stein BD, Smart R, Jones CM, Sheng F, Powell D, Sorbero M. 2021. Individual and community factors associated with naloxone co-prescribing among long-term opioid patients: a retrospective analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 36(10):2952–2957.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2020. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55). Rockville (MD): Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021. Federal grantees may now use funds to purchase fentanyl test strips. https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/202104070200.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63 Publication No. PEP21-02-01-002. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  • Sullivan RW, Szczesniak LM, Wojcik SM. 2021. Bridge clinic buprenorphine program decreases emergency department visits. J Subst Abuse Treat. 130:108410.
  • Ti L, Tobias S, Lysyshyn M, Laing R, Nosova E, Choi J, Arredondo J, McCrae K, Tupper K, Wood E. 2020. Detecting fentanyl using point-of-care drug checking technologies: a validation study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 212:108006.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018. Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s spotlight on opioids. Office of the Surgeon General. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. Practice guidelines for the administration of buprenorphine for treating opioid use disorder. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/04/28/2021-08961/practice-guidelines-for-the-administration-of-buprenorphine-for-treating-opioid-use-disorder.
  • Volpe DA, Tobin GAM, Mellon RD, Katki AG, Parker RJ, Colatsky T, Kropp TJ, Verbois SL. 2011. Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid Mu receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs. Regul Toxicol Pharm. 59(3):385–390.
  • Wallace B, Pagan F, Pauly BB. 2019. The implementation of overdose prevention sites as a novel and nimble response during an illegal drug overdose public health emergency. Int J Drug Policy. 66:64–72.
  • Young S, Fairbairn N. 2018. Expanding supervised injection facilities across Canada: lessons from the Vancouver experience. Can J Public Health. 109(2):227–230.
  • Zampini GF. 2018. Evidence and morality in harm-reduction debates: can we use value-neutral arguments to achieve value-driven goals? Palgrave Commun. 4(1):62.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.