Optimal composition of intravenous lipids

References

• Mertin J, Hunt R. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on survival of skin allografts and tumor incidence in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976;73(3):928–931.
   Google Scholar
• Wan JM, Teo TC, Babayan VK, Blackburn GL. Invited comment: lipids and the development of immune dysfunction and infection. JPEN J Parent Ent Nutrition 1988;12(6 Suppl):43S–52S.
   Google Scholar
• Utermohlen V, Tucker MA. Possible effects of dietary n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids on the development of immune dysfunction and infection. Proc Nutr Soc 1986;45(3):327–331.
   Google Scholar
• Calder PC, Sherrington EJ, Askanazi J, Newsholme EA. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by two lipid emulsions with different fatty acid compositions. Clin Nutr 1994;13(2):69–74.
   Google Scholar
• Soyland E, Nenseter MS, Braathen L, Drevon CA. Very long chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit proliferation of human T-lymphocytes in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23(2):112–121.
   Google Scholar
• Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Inhibition of natural killer cell activity by dietary lipids. Immunol Lett 1994;41(2–3):241–247.
   Google Scholar
• Monson JR, Sedman PC, Ramsden CW, Brennan TG, Guillou PJ. Total parenteral nutrition adversely influences tumour-directed cellular cytotoxic responses in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1988;14(5):935–943.
   Google Scholar
• Cury-Boaventura MF, Gorjao R, de Lima TM et al. Toxicity of a soybean oil emulsion on human lymphocytes and neutrophils. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006;30:115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer GW, Hunter KW, Wilson SR, Mease AD. Diminished bacterial defences with intralipid. Lancet 1980;2:819–820.
   Google Scholar
• Nordenstrom J, Jarstrand C, Wiernik A. Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2416–2422.
   Google Scholar
• Katz S, Plaisier BR, Folkening WJ, Grosfeld JL. Intralipid adversely affects reticuloendothelial bacterial clearance. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26(8):921–924.
   Google Scholar
• Seidner DL, Mascioli EA, Istfan NW et al. Effects of long-chain triglyceride emulsions on reticuloendothelial system function in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989;13:614–619.
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Ying J, Zeng S et al. The effects of a short-term long-chain-triglyceride infusion on the postoperative immune function of pediatric patients receiving a gastrointestinal surgical procedure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008;32(1):72–77.
   Google Scholar
• Dionigi P, Dionigi R, Prati U, et al. Effect of Intralipid(Reg.trademark) on some immunological parameters and leukocyte functions in patients with esophageal and gastric cancer. Clin Nutrition 1985;4(4):229–234.
   Google Scholar
• Ota DM, Jessup JM, Babcock GF et al. Immune function during intravenous administration of a soybean oil emulsion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985;9(1):23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Lenssen P, Bruemmer BA, Bowden RA, Gooley T, Aker SN, Mattson D. Intravenous lipid dose and incidence of bacteremia and fungemia in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67(5):927–933.
   Google Scholar
• Monson JR, Ramsden CW, MacFie J, Brennan TG, Guillou PJ. Immunorestorative effect of lipid emulsions during total parenteral nutrition. Br J Surg 1986;73:843–846.
   Google Scholar
• Battistella FD, Widergren JT, Anderson JT, Siepler JK, Weber JC, MacColl K. A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous fat emulsion administration in trauma victims requiring total parenteral nutrition. J Trauma 1997;43(1):52–58.
   Google Scholar
• Gelas P, Cotte L, Poitevin-Later F et al. Effect of parenteral medium- and long-chain triglycerides on lymphocytes subpopulations and functions in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a prospective study. JPEN J Parent Ent Nutrition 1998;22(2):67–71.
   Google Scholar
• Sedman PC, Ramsden CW, Brennan TG, Guillou PJ. Pharmacological concentrations of lipid emulsions inhibit interleukin-2-dependent lymphocyte responses in vitro. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14(1):12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Versleijen M, Roelofs H, Preijers F, Roos D, Wanten G. Parenteral lipids modulate leukocyte phenotypes in whole blood, depending on their fatty acid composition. Clin Nutr 2005;24(5):822–829.
   Google Scholar
• Wanten GJ, Roos D, Naber AH. Effects of structurally different lipid emulsions on human neutrophil migration. Clin Nutr 2000;19:327–331.
   Google Scholar
• Hamawy KJ, Moldawer LL, Georgieff M et al. The Henry M. Vars Award. The effect of lipid emulsions on reticuloendothelial system function in the injured animal. JPEN J Parent Ent Nutrition 1985;9(5):559–565.
   Google Scholar
• Sobrado J, Moldawer LL, Pomposelli JJ et al. Lipid emulsions and reticuloendothelial system function in healthy and burned guinea pigs. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:855–863.
   Google Scholar
• Wanten GJ, Netea MG, Naber TH et al. Parenteral administration of medium- but not long-chain lipid emulsions may increase the risk for infections by Candida albicans. Infect Immun 2002;70(11):6471–6474.
   Google Scholar
• Wanten GJ, Curfs JH, Meis JF, Naber AH. Phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by human neutrophils after exposure to structurally different lipid emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001;25(1):9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Iovinelli G, Marinangeli F, Ciccone A et al. Parenteral nutrition in ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: long chain vs medium chain triglycerides. Minerva Anestesiol 2007;73(1–2):65–76.
   Google Scholar
• Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, Galani V, Nakos G. The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169(5):638–644.
   Google Scholar
• Masclans JR, Iglesia R, Bermejo B, Pico M, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Planas M. Gas exchange and pulmonary haemodynamic responses to fat emulsions in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Int Care Med 1998;24(9):918–923.
   Google Scholar
• Ball MJ. Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill: use of a medium chain triglyceride emulsion. Intensive Care Med 1993;19(2):89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Radermacher P, Santak B, Strobach H, Schror K, Tarnow J. Fat emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides in patients with sepsis syndrome: effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange. Int Care Med 1992;18(4):231–234.
   Google Scholar
• Ball MJ, White K. Comparison of medium and long chain triglyceride metabolism in intensive care patients on parenteral nutrition. Intensive Care Med 1989;15(4):250–254.
   Google Scholar
• Grau T, Ruiz de Adana JC, Zubillaga S, Fuerte S, Giron C. [Randomized study of two different fat emulsions in total parenteral nutrition of malnourished surgical patients;effect of infectious morbidity and mortality]. Nutr Hosp 2003;18(3):159–166.
   Google Scholar
• Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyba C, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ et al. Clinical and metabolic effects of two lipid emulsions on the parenteral nutrition of septic patients. Nutrition 2002;18(2):134–138.
   Google Scholar
• Munck A, Navarro J. Tolerability and efficacy of ClinOleic® lipid emulsion in children reliant exclusively on parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Métabol 1996;10:45S–47S.
   Google Scholar
• Granato D, Blum S, Rossle C, Le Boucher J, Malnoe A, Dutot G. Effects of parenteral lipid emulsions with different fatty acid composition on immune cell functions in vitro. JPEN J Parent Ent Nutrition 2000;24(2):113–118.
   Google Scholar
• Buenestado A, Cortijo J, Sanz MJ et al. Olive oil-based lipid emulsion’s neutral effects on neutrophil functions and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006;30(4):286–296.
   Google Scholar
• Leite MS, Pacheco P, Gomes RN et al. Mechanisms of increased survival after lipopolysaccharideinduced endotoxic shock in mice consuming olive oil-enriched diet. Shock 2005;23(2):173–178.
   Google Scholar
• Reimund JM, Scheer O, Muller CD, Pinna G, Duclos B, Baumann R. In vitro modulation of inflammatory cytokine production by three lipid emulsions with different fatty acid compositions. Clin Nutr 2004;23(6):1324–1332.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghi S, Wallace FA, Calder PC. Dietary lipids modify the cytokine response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. Immunology 1999;96(3):404–410.
   Google Scholar
• Yaqoob P, Calder P. Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages. Cell Immunol 1995;163(1):120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande GC, Simmer K, Mori T, Croft K. Parenteral lipid emulsions based on olive oil compared with soybean oil in preterm (<28 weeks’ gestation) neonates: a randomised controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;49:619–625.
   Google Scholar
• Roggero P, Mosca F, Gianni ML et al. F2-isoprostanes and total radical-trapping antioxidant potential in preterm infants receiving parenteral lipid emulsions. Nutrition 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Gawecka A, Michalkiewicz J, Kornacka MK, Luckiewicz B, Kubiszewska I. Immunologic properties differ in preterm infants fed olive oil vs soy-based lipid emulsions during parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008;32(4):448–453.
   Google Scholar
• Webb AN, Hardy P, Peterkin M et al. Tolerability and safety of olive oil-based lipid emulsion in critically ill neonates: a blinded randomized trial. Nutrition 2008;24(11–12):1057–1064.
   Google Scholar
• van Kempen AA, van der Crabben SN, Ackermans MT, Endert E, Kok JH, Sauerwein HP. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis by intravenous lipids in preterm infants: response depends on fatty acid profile. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290(4):E723–E730.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkänen OM, Luukkainen P, Andersson S. Attenuated lipid peroxidation in preterm infants during subsequent doses of intravenous lipids. Biol Neonate 2004;85(3):184–187.
   Google Scholar
• Göbel Y, Koletzko B, Bohles HJ et al. Parenteral fat emulsions based on olive and soybean oils: a randomized clinical trial in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;37(2):161–167.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman C, Ben-Artzi E, Berkowitz D et al. Olive oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: A short-term prospective controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Goulet O, de Potter S, Antebi H et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of a new olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in pediatric patients: a double-blind randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(3):338–345.
   Google Scholar
• Antébi H, Zimmerman L, Bourcier C et al. Peroxydation in vitro et effet de l’administration en nutrition parentérale totale d’une émulsion lipidique à base d´huile d´olive sur la peroxydabilité des lipoprotéines de basse densité chez l’enfant. Nutr Clin Métabol 1996;10:41S–43S.
   Google Scholar
• Reimund JM, Rahmi G, Escalin G et al. Efficacy and safety of an olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in adult patients on home parenteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(4):445–454.
   Google Scholar
• Vahedi K, Atlan P, Joly F et al. A 3-month double-blind randomised study comparing an olive oil- with a soyabean oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion in home parenteral nutrition patients. Br J Nutr 2005;94(6):909–916.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas-Gibson S, Jawhari A, Atlan P, Brun AL, Farthing M, Forbes A. Safe and efficacious prolonged use of an olive oil-based lipid emulsion (ClinOleic) in chronic intestinal failure. Clin Nutr 2004;23(4):697–703.
   Google Scholar
• Mateu-de Antonio J, Grau S, Luque S, Marin-Casino M, Albert I, Ribes E. Comparative effects of olive oil-based and soyabean oil-based emulsions on infection rate and leucocyte count in critically ill patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Br J Nutr 2008;99(4):846–854.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Denia R, Atlan P et al. Parenteral nutrition providing a restricted amount of linoleic acid in severely burned patients: a randomised double-blind study of an olive oil-based lipid emulsion v. medium/long-chain triacylglycerols. Br J Nutr 2005;94(2):221–230.
   Google Scholar
• Huschak G, Zur NK, Hoell T, Riemann D, Mast H, Stuttmann R. Olive oil based nutrition in multiple trauma patients: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 2005;31(9):1202–1208.
   Google Scholar
• Endres S, Meydani SN, Ghorbani R, Schindler R, Dinarello CA. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids suppresses interleukin-2 production and mononuclear cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 1993;54:599–603.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley DS, Branch LB, Love JE, Taylor PC, Rivera YM, Iacono JM. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Meydani SN, Endres S, Woods MM et al. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J Nutr 1991;121:547–555.
   Google Scholar
• Molvig J, Pociot F, Worsaae H et al. Dietary supplementation with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin-1 beta content but not monokine secretion in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Scand J Immunol 1991;34:399–410.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Nelson GJ et al. Docosahexaenoic acid ingestion inhibits natural killer cell activity and production of inflammatory mediators in young healthy men. Lipids 1999;34:317–324.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer K, Merfels M, Muhly-Reinholz M et al. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells: role of endothelial PAF generation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283(2):H811–H818.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher M, Levine PH, Weiner BH et al. Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces superoxide production and chemiluminescence in a monocyte-enriched preparation of leukocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:804–808.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt EB, Pedersen JO, Ekelund S, Grunnet N, Jersild C, Dyerberg J. Cod liver oil inhibits neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in healthy males. Atherosclerosis 1989;77:53–57.
   Google Scholar
• Pluess TT, Hayoz D, Berger MM et al. Intravenous fish oil blunts the physiological response to endotoxin in healthy subjects. Intensive Care Med 2007;33(5):789–797.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer K, Meyer S, Reinholz-Muhly M et al. Short-time infusion of fish oil-based lipid emulsions, approved for parenteral nutrition, reduces monocyte proinflammatory cytokine generation and adhesive interaction with endothelium in humans. J Immunol 2003;171(9):4837–4843.
   Google Scholar
• Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med 1989;320:265–271.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer K, Fegbeutel C, Hattar K et al. Omega-3 vs. omega-6 lipid emulsions exert differential influence on neutrophils in septic shock patients: impact on plasma fatty acids and lipid mediator generation. Intensive Care Med 2003;29(9):1472–1481.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer K, Gokorsch S, Fegbeutel C et al. Parenteral nutrition with fish oil modulates cytokine response in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167(10):1321–1328.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Meyer F, Matthies B, Pross M, Koenig W, Lippert H. Immunomodulation by perioperative administration of n-3 fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 1:S89–S94.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm H, Tibell A, Norrlind B, Blecher C, Wilker S, Schwemmle K. Immunoregulation by parenteral lipids: impact of the n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio. JPEN J Parent Ent Nutrition 1994;18(5):417–421.
   Google Scholar
• De Nardi L, Bellinati-Pires R, Torrinhas RS, Bacchi CE, Arias V, Waitzberg DL. Effect of fish oil containing parenteral lipid emulsions on neutrophil chemotaxis and resident-macrophages’ phagocytosis in rats. Clin Nutr 2008;27(2):283–288.
   Google Scholar
• Heller AR, Rossler S, Litz RJ et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve the diagnosis-related clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 2006;34(4):972–979.
   Google Scholar
• Tsekos E, Reuter C, Stehle P, Boeden G. Perioperative administration of parenteral fish oil supplements in a routine clinical setting improves patient outcome after major abdominal surgery. Clin Nutr 2004;23(3):325–330.
   Google Scholar
• Liang B, Wang S, Ye YJ et al. Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14(15):2434–2439.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Li W, Li N, Li J. {omega}-3 Fatty Acids-Supplemented Parenteral Nutrition Decreases Hyperinflammatory Response and Attenuates Systemic Disease Sequelae in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Randomized and Controlled Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008;32(3):236–241.
   Google Scholar
• Tappy L, Berger MM, Schwarz JM et al. Metabolic effects of parenteral nutrition enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 2006;25(4):588–595.
   Google Scholar
• Heller AR, Rossel T, Gottschlich B et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2004;111(4):611–616.
   Google Scholar
• Heller AR, Fischer S, Rossel T et al. Impact of n-3 fatty acid supplemented parenteral nutrition on haemostasis patterns after major abdominal surgery. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 1:S95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Schauder P, Rohn U, Schafer G, Korff G, Schenk HD. Impact of fish oil enriched total parenteral nutrition on DNA synthesis, cytokine release and receptor expression by lymphocytes in the postoperative period. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 1:S103–S110.
   Google Scholar
• Abribat T, Nedelec B, Jobin N, Garrel DR. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor-I in burn patients: relationship with serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 proteolysis and the influence of lipid composition in nutritional support. Crit Care Med 2000;28(7):2366–2372.
   Google Scholar
• Morlion BJ, Torwesten E, Lessire H et al. The effect of parenteral fish oil on leukocyte membrane fatty acid composition and leukotriene-synthesizing capacity in patients with postoperative trauma. Metabolism 1996;45(10):1208–1213.
   Google Scholar
• Berger MM, Tappy L, Revelly JP et al. Fish oil after abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(9):1116–1122.
   Google Scholar
• Friesecke S, Lotze C, Kohler J, Heinrich A, Felix SB, Abel P. Fish oil supplementation in the parenteral nutrition of critically ill medical patients: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(8):1411–1420.
   Google Scholar
• Senkal M, Geier B, Hannemann M et al. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition beneficially alters phospholipid fatty acid pattern. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007;31(1):12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Wichmann MW, Thul P, Czarnetzki HD, Morlion BJ, Kemen M, Jauch KW. Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion (Lipoplus, MLF541): Data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 2007;35:700–706.
   Google Scholar
• Koller M, Senkal M, Kemen M, Konig W, Zumtobel V, Muhr G. Impact of omega-3 fatty acid enriched TPN on leukotriene synthesis by leukocytes after major surgery. Clin Nutr 2003;22(1):59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Linseisen J, Hoffmann J, Lienhard S, Jauch KW, Wolfram G. Antioxidant status of surgical patients receiving TPN with an omega-3- fatty acid-containing lipid emulsion supplemented with alphatocopherol. Clin Nutr 2000;19(3):177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Wachtler P, Konig W, Senkal M, Kemen M, Koller M. Influence of a total parenteral nutrition enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on leukotriene synthesis of peripheral leukocytes and systemic cytokine levels in patients with major surgery. J Trauma 1997;42(2):191–198.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa VM, Miles EA, Calhau C, Lafuente E, Calder PC. Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Crit Care 2010;14:R5.
   Google Scholar
• Piper SN, Schade I, Beschmann RB, Maleck WH, Boldt J, Rohm KD. Hepatocellular integrity after parenteral nutrition: comparison of a fish-oil-containing lipid emulsion with an olive-soybean oil-based lipid emulsion. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009;26:1076–1082.
   Google Scholar
• Mertes N, Grimm H, Furst P, Stehle P. Safety and efficacy of a new parenteral lipid emulsion (SMOFlipid) in surgical patients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50(3):253–259.
   Google Scholar
• Antebi H, Mansoor O, Ferrier C et al. Liver function and plasma antioxidant status in intensive care unit patients requiring total parenteral nutrition: comparison of 2 fat emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004;28(3):142–148.
   Google Scholar