‘Drink clean, safe water and/or other fluids through-out the day even if you do not feel thirsty’: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa

References

• Drywien ME, Galon K. Assessment of water intake from food and beverages by elderly in Poland. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2016;67(4):399–408.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper L, Bunn D, Jimoh FO, et al. Water-loss dehydration and aging. Mechanisms Ageing Devp. 2014;136-137:50–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Graan AE, Bopape M, Phooke D, et al. ‘Drink lots of clean, safe water’: a food-based dietary guideline for South Africa. SAJCN. 2013;26(3)(Supplement):S77–86.
   Google Scholar
• Napier CE, Oldewage-Theron WH, Grobbelaar HH. Testing of developed food based dietary guidelines for the elderly in South Africa. SAJCN. 2018;31(3):55–61.
   Google Scholar
• Appel LJ, Baker D, Bar-Or O, et al. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington (DC): Institute of Medicine; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for water. EFSA J. 2010;8(3):1459.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong L, Johnson E. Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WF. Is high fluid intake good for the kidney? Kidney Res Clin Prac. 2019;38(2):135–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra MV, Simmons SF, Shotwell MS, et al. Elevated serum osmolality and total water deficit indicate impaired hydration status in residents of long-term care facilities regardless of low or high body mass index. JAND. 2016;116(5):828–36.
   Google Scholar
• Bak A, Tsiami AA, Greene C. Methods of assessment of hydration status and their usefulness in detecting dehydration in the elderly. Curr Res Nutr Food Sc. 2017;5(2) [cited 2018 Dec 16]; Available from: http://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/volume5number2/methods-of-assessment-of-hydration-status-and-their-usefulness-in-detecting-dehydration-in-the-elderly/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg DP. Disturbances of thirst and fluid balance associated with ageing. Physiol Behav. 2017;178:28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picetti D, Foster S, Pangle AK, et al. Hydration health literacy in the elderly. Nutr Healthy Ageing. 2017;4(3):227–37.
   Google Scholar
• Jéquier E, Constant F. Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(2):115–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranceta-Bartrina J, Aldrete-Velasco JA, Alexanderson-Rosas EG, et al. Hydration: importance in some pathological conditions in adults. Medicina Interna de México. 2018;34(2):214–43.
   Google Scholar
• Field DT, Williams CM, Butler LT. Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in an acute improvement in visual and cognitive functions. Physiol Behav. 2011;103(3-4):255–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PREDIMED Investigators. Consumption of yogurt, low-fat milk, and other low-fat dairy products is associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome incidence in an elderly Mediterranean population. J Nutr. 2015;145(10):2308–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal AD, Bardis CN, Gavrieli A, et al. Coffee with high but not low caffeine content augments fluid and electrolyte excretion at rest. Frontiers Nutr. 2017;4:40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali F, Rehman H, Babayan Z, et al. Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: a systematic review of the current evidence. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(3):308–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnotta V, Riela S, Massaro M, et al. The daily consumption of cola can determine hypocalcemia: a case report of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism-related hypocalcemia refractory to supplemental therapy with high doses of oral calcium. Frontiers Endocrin. 2017;8:7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangeskou M, Lopez-Valcarcel B, Serra-Majem L. Dehydration in the elderly: a review focused on economic burden. J Nutr Health Ageing. 2015;19(6):619–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CG. Dehydration in nursing home residents: A meta-analysis of causes of dehydration, implications, and those most at risk. 2017 [cited 2018 Nov 18]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=honors.
   Google Scholar
• Homem SG, Moreira EAM, da Silva AF, et al. Relationship between oropharyngeal dysphagia, nutritional status, antioxidant vitamins and the inflammatory response in adults and elderly: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPN. 2020;38:211–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortes MB, Owen JA, Raymond-Barker P, et al. Is this elderly patient dehydrated? Diagnostic accuracy of hydration assessment using physical signs, urine, and saliva markers. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3):221–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sharkawy AM, Devonald MAJ, Humes DJ, et al. Hyperosmolar dehydration: A predictor of kidney injury and outcome in hospitalised older adults. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2593–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puga AM, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Hydration status, drug interactions, and determinants in a Spanish elderly population: a pilot study. J PhysiolBiochem. 2018;74(1):139–51.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper L, Bunn DK, Downing A, et al. Which frail older people are dehydrated? The UK DRIE study. J Geron Series A: Biomed Sc Med Sc. 2015;71(10):1341–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Attreed NJ, et al. Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2015;4.
   Google Scholar
• Anil S, Vellappally S, Hashem M, et al. Xerostomia in geriatric patients: a burgeoning global concern. J Investig Clin Dentistry. 2016;7(1):5–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng S, Yao J, Chinese Geriatric Society, et al. Expert consensus on the assessment and treatment of chronic constipation in the elderly. Ageing Med. 2018;1(1):8–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett JA. Dehydration: hazards and benefits. Ger Nurs. 2000;21(2):84–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Jones JA, Beltrán-Aquilar ED. Surveillance and monitoring of oral health in elderly people. Int Dental J. 2017;67(Suppl 2):34–41.
   Google Scholar
• van Wyk PJ. National oral health survey – South Africa 1988/89. 1st ed. Pretoria: Department of Health; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Molete MP, Yengopal V, Moorman J. Oral health needs and barriers to accessing care among the elderly in Johannesburg. SADJ. 2014;69(8):352–57.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari T, Scarbro S, Bryant LL, et al. Factors associated with tooth loss in older adults in rural Colorado. J Comm Health. 2016;41:476–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan P, Petersen PE. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):201–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food Advisor Consumer Service (FACS). Fluoridation. (2019) [cited 2020 Sep 4]. Available from: https://foodfacts.org.za/fluoridation/.
   Google Scholar
• Bulled N. The effects of water insecurity and emotional distress on civic action for improved water infrastructure in rural South Africa. Med Anthropol Quarterly. 2017;31(1):133–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelofse S, Strydom W. A CSIR perspective on water in South Africa. Pretoria: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). Sustainable development goals: country report 2019. Pretoria: StatsSA.
   Google Scholar
• StatsSA. SA population reaches 58.8 million. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 4]. Available from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=12362#:∼:text=The%20estimated%20population%20of%20South,year%20population%20estimates%20(MYPE).
   Google Scholar
• Wright JA, Yang H, Rivett U, et al. Public perception of drinking water safety in South Africa 2002–2009: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health. 2012;12(1):556.
   Google Scholar
• Van Abel N, Mans J, Taylor MB. Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the health risk from exposure to noroviruses in polluted surface water in South Africa. J Water Health. 2017;15(6):908–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlicchi P, Grillini V. Surface water and groundwater quality in South Africa and Mozambique – analysis of the most critical pollutants for drinking purposes and challenges in water treatment selection. Water. 2020;12:305 (21 pages).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zijl MC, Aneck-Hahn NH, Swart P, et al. Estrogenic activity, chemical levels and health risk assessment of municipal distribution point water from Pretoria and Cape Town, South Africa. Chemosphere. 2017;186:305–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne DE, Bourne LT. Water consumption patterns among individuals in cape Town. Wat Sci Tech. 1989;21:1805–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne LT, Seager JR. Water: the neglected nutrient. SAJCN. 2001;14(3):S64–77.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquest-Ross LC, Vink N, Sigge GO. Food consumption changes in South Africa since 1994. SA J Sc. 2015;111(9-10):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldewage-Theron WH, Salami L, Zotor FB, et al. Health status of an elderly population in Sharpeville, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid. 2008;13(3):3–17.
   Google Scholar
• Mkhize X, Napier C, Oldewage-Theron W. The nutrition situation of free-living elderly in Umlazi township, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid. 2013;18(1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sergi G, Bano G, Pizzato S, et al. Taste loss in the elderly: possible implications for dietary habits. Crit Rev Food Sc Nutr. 2017;57(17):3684–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry M. Strategies for ensuring good hydration in the elderly. Nutr Rev. 2005;63:22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begum MN, Johnson CS. A review of the literature on dehydration in the institutionalized elderly. e-SPEN, Eur e-J Clin Nutr Metab. 2010;5(1):e47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Bunn D, Jimoh F, Wilsher SH, et al. Increasing fluid intake and reducing dehydration risk in older people living in long-term care: a systematic review. J Am Med Directors Assoc. 2015;16(2):101–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water and Nutrition. 2016 [cited 2019 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/nutrition/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• British Nutrition Foundation. Dehydration in the elderly. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/life/dehydrationelderly.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sodha SV, Menon M, Trivedi K, et al. Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Water Health. 2011;9(3):577–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumpel E, Peletz R, Bonham M, et al. Assessing drinking water quality and water safety management in Sub-Saharan Africa using regulated monitoring data. Env Sc Tech. 2016;50(20):10869–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar