An analysis of push–pull motivations of visitors to Country Parks in Hong Kong

References

• Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2015a). Country park and special area distribution map. Retrieved from https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_cou/cou_vis_cou_1.html
   Google Scholar
• Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2015b). Useful statistics. Retrieved from http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_lea/cou_lea_use/cou_lea_use.html
   Google Scholar
• Al-Haj Mohammad, B. A. M., & Som, A. P. M. (2010). An analysis of push and pull travel motivations of foreign tourists to Jordan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 41–50. doi: 10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p41
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu, S., & Uysal, M. (1996). Market segments of push and pull motivations: A canonical correlation approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(8), 32–38. doi: 10.1108/09596119610115989
   Google Scholar
• Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. W., & Boyd, S. W. (eds.). (2000). Tourism and national parks: Issues and implications. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cerny, C. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43–47. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr1201_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, et al. (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J. L., & Baum, T. (2007). Motivation factors of ecotourists in ecolodge accommodation: The push and pull factors. Asia Pacific Journal Of Tourism Research, 12(4), 349–364. doi: 10.1080/10941660701761027
   Google Scholar
• Chan, C. S., & Marafa, L. M. (2014). Developing a sustainable and green city brand in Hong Kong: Assessment of current brand and park resources. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 14(1), 93–117. doi: 10.1080/15980634.2014.11434686
   Google Scholar
• Chen, L., & Chen, W. (2015). Push–pull factors in international birders’ travel. Tourism Management, 48, 416–425. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. Y., & Jim, C. Y. (2012). Contingent valuation of ecotourism development in country parks in the urban shadow. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 19(1), 44–53. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2011.588727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., & Mo, H. (2014). A survey of push and pull motivations of green event tourists. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 4(3), 260–263. doi: 10.7763/IJIET.2014.V4.409
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, T. O. (2013). Improving visitor management approaches for the changing preferences and behaviours of country park visitors in Hong Kong. Natural Resources Forum, 37, 231–241. doi: 10.1111/1477-8947.12025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, L. T. O., & Jim, C. Y. (2013). Ecotourism service preference and management in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 20(2), 182–194. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2013.775192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, L. T. O., & Jim, C. Y. (2014). Expectations and willingness-to-pay for ecotourism services in Hong Kong’s conservation areas. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 21(2), 149–159. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2013.859183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, W. M., Chan, A., & Wu, J. (1999). A qualitative and quantitative assessment of Hong Kong’s image as a tourist destination. Tourism Management, 20(3), 361–365. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00116-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, T., Liu, S., Pang, K., & Chow, P. (2008). Shopping behaviors of individual tourists from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 29(4), 811–820. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correia, A., do Valle, P. O., & Moço, C. (2007). Modeling motivations and perceptions of Portuguese tourists. Journal of Business Research, 60(1), 76–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.10.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
   Google Scholar
• Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
   Google Scholar
• Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourism motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
   Google Scholar
• Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 358–361. doi: 10.1037/h0036316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figler, M. H., Weinstein, A. R., Sollers, J. J., & Devan, B. D. (1992). Pleasure travel (tourist) motivation: A factor analytic approach. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30(2), 113–116. doi: 10.3758/BF03330412
   Google Scholar
• Frost, W., & Hall, C. M. (Eds.). (2009). Tourism and national parks: International perspectives on development, histories and change. London, The United Kingdom;New York, The United States: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 301–321. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00067-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzberg. (1974)
   Google Scholar
• Heung, V. C., Qu, H., & Chu, R. (2001). The relationship between vacation factors and socio-demographic and travelling characteristics: The case of Japanese leisure travellers. Tourism Management, 22(3), 259–269. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00057-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB). (2015). Great outdoors. Retrieved from http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/see-do/great-outdoors/index.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Hudman, L. E. (1980). Tourism: A shrinking world. Columbus, The United States: Grid.
   Google Scholar
• Jim, C. Y. (1989). Changing patterns of country-park recreation in Hong Kong. The Geographical Journal, 155(2), 167–178. doi: 10.2307/635058
   Google Scholar
• Jim, C. Y. (2000). Environmental changes associated with mass urban tourism and nature tourism development in Hong Kong. The Environmentalist, 20(3), 233–247. doi: 10.1023/A:1006708031927
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. doi: 10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao, M., Patterson, I., Scott, N., & Li, C. K. (2008). Motivations and satisfactions of Taiwanese tourists who visit Australia: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 24(1), 17–33. doi: 10.1300/J073v24n01_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, & DeFries. (2010). Nature‐based tourism in Indian protected areas: New challenges for park management. Conservation Letters, 4(2), 137-149. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00154.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A., Olsen, M. D., & Var, T. (eds.). (1993). VNR’s encyclopedia of hospitality and tourism. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Khuong, M. N., & Ha, H. T. T. (2014). The influences of push and pull factors on the international leisure tourists’ return intention to Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam — A mediation analysis of destination satisfaction. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(6), 490-496. doi: 10.7763/IJTEF.2014.V5.421
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., Lee, C. K., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenosky, D. B. (2002). The “pull” of tourism destinations: A means-end investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 385–395. doi: 10.1177/0047287502040004005
   Google Scholar
• Konijnendijk, C. C., Annerstedt, M., Maruthaveeran, S., & Nielsen, A. B. (2013). Benefits of urban parks: A systematic review (Report for the International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration). Retrieved. http://www.ifpra.org/images/park-benefits.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Leiper, N. (1990). Tourist attraction systems. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 367–384. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(90)90004-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. L., Lai, P. C., Chick, G. E., Zinn, H. C., & Graefe, A. R. (2007). Cross-cultural models of customer service: A case of country park recreation in Hong Kong. Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration, 2(3), 41–66.
   Google Scholar
• Marafa, L. M., & Fung, T. (2004). Changes in participation in leisure and outdoor recreation activities among Hong Kong people during the SARS outbreak. World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 38–47. doi: 10.1080/04419057.2004.9674356
   Google Scholar
• Mayo, E. J. (1975). Tourism and the national parks: A psychographic and attitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research, 14(1), 14–21. doi: 10.1177/004728757501400103
   Google Scholar
• Mayo, E. J., & Jarvic, L. P. (1981). The psychology of leisure travel. Boston: CBI Publishing Co. Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mehmetoglu, M., & Normann, Ø. (2013). The link between travel motives and activities in nature-based tourism. Tourism Review of AIEST - International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, 68(2), 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammad, B. A., & Som, A. P. (2010). An analysis of push and pull travel motivations of foreign tourists to Jordan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2013). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management. Bristol; Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hal.
   Google Scholar
• Pansiri, J. (2014). Tourist motives and destination competitiveness: A gap analysis perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(3), 217–247. doi: 10.1080/15256480.2014.925718
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L. (2014). Tourism motivations and decision making. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 45–54). Chichester, West Sussex;Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Pesonen, J., Komppula, R., Kronenberg, C., & Peters, M. (2011). Understanding the relationship between push and pull motivations in rural tourism. Tourism Review, 66(3), 32–49. doi: 10.1108/16605371111175311
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., & Reichel, A. (1979). Tourist satisfaction: Uses and misuse. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(2), 195–197. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90146-4
   Google Scholar
• Plog, S. C. (1987). Understanding psychographics in tourism research. In R. McIntosh, C. R. Goeldner, & J. R. B. Ritchie (Eds.), Tourism principles, practices, philosophies (pp. 203–213). New York, The United States: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Prebensen, N., Skallerud, K., & Chen, J. S. (2010). Tourist motivation with sun and sand destinations: Satisfaction and the wom-effect. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 858–873. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2010.527253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D. E., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1991). Sightseeing tourists’ motivation and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(2), 226–237. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(91)90006-W
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2003). Consumer behavior (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (1994). Critical issues in tourism: A geographical perspective. Oxford, The United Kingdom: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Trzyna, T. (2014, May 20). Urban protected areas: Profiles and best practice. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 22. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, D. R., & Uysal, M. (1995). An exploratory study of German visitors to the Caribbean: Push and pull motivations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 4(2), 85–92. doi: 10.1300/J073v04n02_07
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., & Hagan, L. R. (1993). Motivation of pleasure to travel and tourism. In M. Khan, M. Olsen, & T. Var (Eds.), Encyclopedia of hospitality and tourism (pp. 798–810). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 844–846. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viviers, P., Botha, K., & Perl, C. (2013). Push and pull factors of three afrikaans arts festivals in South Africa. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 35(2), 211–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, F. Y. (1997). Recreational use of Hong Kong country parks: An analysis of patterns and demand (Doctoral thesis). The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, F. Y. (2004). A city defends its natural heritage: Hong Kong’s country and marine parks. In T. Trzyna (Ed.), The urban imperative: Urban outreach strategies for protected area agencies. (pp. 58–61). California: IUCN-The World Conservation Union.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2017). Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2017: Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/country-profiles/#economy=HKG
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, X., O’leary, J., Morrison, A., & Hong, G.-S. (2000). A cross-cultural comparison of travel push and pull factors. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1(2), 1–26. doi: 10.1300/J149v01n02_01
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, S., & Chan, C. S. (2016). Nature-based tourism development in Hong Kong: Importance–performance perceptions of local residents and tourists. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 38–46. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., & Lam, T. (1999). An analysis of Mainland Chinese visitors’ motivations to visit Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 20, 587–594. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00020-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., & Peng, Y. (2014). Understanding travel motivations of Chinese tourists visiting cairns, Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 44–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.07.001
   Google Scholar