Clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of primary and secondary plasma cell leukemia under the new IMWG definition criteria: a retrospective study

References

• Sant M, Allemani C, Tereanu C, et al. Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project. Blood. 2010;116:3724–3734. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-05-282632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonsalves WI, Rajkumar SV, Go RS, et al. Trends in survival of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia: a population-based analysis. Blood. 2014;124:907–912. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-03-565051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Buadi FK. Plasma cell leukemia. Haematologica. 2010;95:705–707. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.021618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Larrea C F, Kyle R, Rosiñol L, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: consensus definition by the International Myeloma Working Group according to peripheral blood plasma cell percentage. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11:192. doi:10.1038/s41408-021-00587-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bladé J, Kyle RA. Nonsecretory myeloma, immunoglobulin d myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia. Hematol/Oncol Clin North Am. 1999;13:1259–1272. doi:10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70125-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Larrea C F, Kyle RA, Durie BGM, et al. Plasma cell leukemia: consensus statement on diagnostic requirements, response criteria and treatment recommendations by the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia. 2013;27:780–791. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi P, Kumar SK, Roeker L, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for plasma cell leukemia: results of a Mayo Clinic study with comparison of outcomes to multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8:116. doi:10.1038/s41408-018-0140-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granell M, Calvo X, Garcia-Guiñón A, et al. Prognostic impact of circulating plasma cells in patients with multiple myeloma: implications for plasma cell leukemia definition. Haematologica. 2017;102:1099–1104. doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.158303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BGM, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3412–3420. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt TM, Fonseca R, Usmani SZ. Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11:83), doi:10.1038/s41408-021-00474-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross FM, Avet-Loiseau H, Ameye G, et al. Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica. 2012;97:1272–1277. doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.056176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2022;97:1086–1107. doi:10.1002/ajh.26590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson KC, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:e328–e346. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30206-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeffler HP, Leong G. Preleukemia: one name, many meanings. Leukemia. 2017;31:534–542. doi:10.1038/leu.2016.364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandakumar B, Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia in the era of novel agent therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96:677–687. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan W, Fan H, Xu J, et al. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) according to the new IMWG definition criteria. Leuk Lymphoma. 2022;63:2955–2964. doi:10.1080/10428194.2022.2098290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundesen MT, Lund T, Moeller HEH, et al. Plasma cell leukemia: definition, presentation, and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019;21(1):8. doi:10.1007/s11912-019-0754-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschetta M, Kawano Y, Sacco A, et al. Bone marrow stroma and vascular contributions to myeloma bone homing. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2017;15:499–506. doi:10.1007/s11914-017-0399-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezdekova R, Jelinek T, Kralova R, et al. Necessity of flow cytometry assessment of circulating plasma cells and its connection with clinical characteristics of primary and secondary plasma cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2021;195:95–107. doi:10.1111/bjh.17713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katodritou E, Terpos E, Delimpasi S, et al. Real-world data on prognosis and outcome of primary plasma cell leukemia in the era of novel agents: a multicenter national study by the Greek Myeloma Study Group. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(3):31. doi:10.1038/s41408-018-0059-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Nair B, Qu P, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: clinical and laboratory presentation, gene-expression profiling and clinical outcome with total therapy protocols. Leukemia. 2012;26:2398–2405. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña C, Riva E, Schutz N, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia in Latin America: demographic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics. A study of GELAMM group. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2023;64:816–821. doi:10.1080/10428194.2023.2171266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurczyszyn A, Castillo JJ, Avivi I, et al. Secondary plasma cell leukemia: a multicenter retrospective study of 101 patients. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2019;60:118–123. doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1473574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedemann RE, Gonzalez-Paz N, Kyle RA, et al. Genetic aberrations and survival in plasma cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2008;22:1044–1052. doi:10.1038/leu.2008.4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadhimitriou SI, Terpos E, Liapis K, et al. The cytogenetic profile of primary and secondary plasma cell leukemia: etiopathogenetic perspectives, prognostic impact and clinical relevance to newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with differential circulating clonal plasma cells. Biomedicines. 2022;10(2):209. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10020209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, et al. Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group. JCO. 2015;33:2863–2869. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazaubiel T, Leleu X, Perrot A, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemias displaying t(11;14) have specific genomic, transcriptional, and clinical features. Blood. 2022;139:2666–2672. doi:10.1182/blood.2021014968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An G, Xu Y, Shi L, et al.. t(11;14) multiple myeloma: a subtype associated with distinct immunological features, immunophenotypic characteristics but divergent outcome. Leukemia Res. 2013;37:1251–1257. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.06.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodet L, Gomez-Bougie P, Touzeau C, et al. ABT-737 is highly effective against molecular subgroups of multiple myeloma. Blood. 2011;118:3901–3910. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-11-317438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnoose EA, Leverson JD, Peale F, et al. Expression profile of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 predicts pharmacological response to the BCL-2 selective antagonist Venetoclax in multiple myeloma models. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016;15:1132–1144. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Kaufman JL, Gasparetto C, et al. Efficacy of Venetoclax as targeted therapy for relapsed/refractory t(11;14) multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017;130:2401–2409. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-06-788786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzeau C, Dousset C, Le Gouill S, et al. The Bcl-2 specific BH3 mimetic ABT-199: a promising targeted therapy for t(11;14) multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28:210–212. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa LJ, Davies FE, Monohan GP, et al. Phase 2 study of Venetoclax plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood Adv. 2021;5:3748–3759. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlis NJ, Baz R, Harrison SJ, et al. Phase I study of Venetoclax plus Daratumumab and dexamethasone, with or without Bortezomib, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma with and without t(11;14). JCO. 2021;39:3602–3612. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelinek T, Mihalyova J, Kascak M, et al. Single-agent Venetoclax induces MRD-negative response in relapsed primary plasma cell leukemia with t(11;14). Am J Hematol. 2019;94:E35–E37. doi:10.1002/ajh.25331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonsalves WI, Buadi FK, Kumar SK. Combination therapy incorporating Bcl-2 inhibition with Venetoclax for the treatment of refractory primary plasma cell leukemia with t (11;14). Eur J Haematol. 2018;100:215–217. doi:10.1111/ejh.12986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalghranyan S, Singh AP, Schinke C. The combination of venetoclax, daratumumab and dexamethasone for the treatment of refractory primary plasma cell leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(2):E34–E35. doi:10.1002/ajh.25676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy T, An JB, Doucette K, et al. Venetoclax in upfront induction therapy for primary plasma cell leukemia with t(11;14) or BCL2 expression. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2022;63:759–761. doi:10.1080/10428194.2021.2010065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazaubiel T, Buisson L, Maheo S, et al. The genomic and transcriptomic landscape of plasma cell leukemia. Blood. 2020;136:48–49. doi:10.1182/blood-2020-139340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang H, Qi X, Yeung J, et al. Genetic aberrations including chromosome 1 abnormalities and clinical features of plasma cell leukemia. Leukemia Res. 2009;33:259–262. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2008.06.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano L, Valentini CG, De Stefano V, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: a retrospective multicenter study of 73 patients. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:1628–1635. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avet-Loiseau H, Daviet A, Brigaudeau C, et al. Cytogenetic, interphase, and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses in primary plasma cell leukemia: a study of 40 patients at diagnosis, on behalf of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome and the Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique. Blood. 2001;97:822–825. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.3.822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan AJ, Green DJ, Kwok M, et al. Diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma: a review. JAMA. 2022;327:464–477. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto P, Simeon V, Martorelli MC, et al. Lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone for newly diagnosed primary plasma cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2014;28:222–225. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katodritou E, Terpos E, Kelaidi C, et al. Treatment with bortezomib-based regimens improves overall response and predicts for survival in patients with primary or secondary plasma cell leukemia: Analysis of the Greek myeloma study group. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:145–150. doi:10.1002/ajh.23600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Zhou H, Zhang Z, et al. Bortezomib-based regimens improve outcome of patients with primary or secondary plasma cell leukemia: a retrospective cohort study. TJH [Internet]. 2020;37(2):91–97. doi:10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0254.
   Google Scholar
• Mahindra A, Kalaycio ME, Vela-Ojeda J, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for primary plasma cell leukemia: results from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Leukemia. 2012;26:1091–1097. doi:10.1038/leu.2011.312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer B, Minvielle S, Diouf M, et al. Bortezomib, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone induction followed by stem cell transplantation for primary plasma cell leukemia: a prospective Phase II Study of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2125–2132. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Cao W, Que Y, et al. A phase I study of anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia. Clin Transl Med [Internet]. 2021;11(3):e346. doi:10.1002/ctm2.346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Jiang N, Zhang L, et al. Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma-transformed plasma-cell leukemia successfully treated with daratumumab followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Ther Adv Hematol. 2021;12:1-5. doi:10.1177/2040620721989578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chim CS, Kumar SK, Orlowski RZ, et al. Management of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: novel agents, antibodies, immunotherapies and beyond. Leukemia. 2018;32:252–262. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar