Motivation and morality in Masters athletes: A self-determination theory perspective

References

• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude–behaviour relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, P. J. (1999). The virtues, moral education, and the practice of sport. Quest, 51(1), 39–54. doi: 10.1080/00336297.1999.10491667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behaviour and development: Theory, research, and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 45–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31, 101–119. doi: 10.1080/0305724022014322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Selective exercise of moral agency. In T. A. Thorkildsen & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Nurturing morality (pp. 37–57). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Boardley, I., & Kavussanu, M. (2009). The influence of social variables and moral disengagement on prosocial and antisocial behaviours in field hockey and netball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 843–854. doi: 10.1080/02640410902887283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardley, I., & Kavussanu, M. (2010). Effects of goal orientation and perceived value of toughness on antisocial behaviour: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 176–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas, D., Henderson, K. A., & Wilson, B. E. (2009). Experiences of participation in senior games among older adults. Journal of Leisure Research, 41, 41–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Enquiry, 11, 227–268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagne, M., Leone, D., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern bloc country: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 930–942. doi: 10.1177/0146167201278002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle, L. (2008). Recreation patterns among older Australian adults. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 7, 9–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.1988.tb00325.x
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, C. M., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 16, 124–146.
   Google Scholar
• Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behaviour engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199–223. doi: 10.1023/A:1025007614869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2007). Relationship between English learning motivation types and self-identity changes among Chinese students. TESOL Quarterly, 41(1), 133–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 48–58. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the positive psychology of morality. In C. L. Keyes, & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 275–289). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, S., Padilla-Walker, L., & Carlo, G. (2008). Parenting dimensions and adolescent's internalisation of moral values. Journal of Moral Education, 37, 205–223. doi: 10.1080/03057240802009512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., Allen, J. B. & Smellie, L. (2008). Motivation in masters sport: Achievement and social goals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 157–176. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). Prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport: The influence of motivational climate, autonomous vs controlled motivation, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 527–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana, E., Midlarsky, E., & Kahana, B. (1987). Beyond dependency, autonomy and exchange: Prosocial behaviour in late life adaptation. Social Justice Research, 1, 439–459. doi: 10.1007/BF01048387
   Google Scholar
• Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009). The prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 97–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu, M., Stamp, R., Slade, G. & Ring, C. (2009). Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviours in male and female soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(Supp. 1), S62–S76. doi: 10.1080/10413200802624292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, S. J. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behaviour: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58–75. doi: 10.1177/0146167295211007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, S. K., Sherman, M. F., Piedmont, R. L., Kirkhart, M. W., Rapp, E. M., & Bike, D. H. (2009). The relation between elevation and self-reported prosocial behaviour: Incremental validity over the five-factor model of personality. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 71–84. doi: 10.1080/17439760802399208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2008). The Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 323–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sport Sciences, 27, 785–795. doi: 10.1080/02640410902929366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, K., & Dionigi, R. (2007). Transcending emotional community: A qualitative examination of older adults and Masters’ sports participation. Leisure Sciences, 29, 375–389. doi: 10.1080/01490400701394881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midlarsky, E., & Kahana, E. (1983). Helping by the elderly: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology, 17, 10–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., & Standage, M. (2009). Morality in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 365–380. doi: 10.1080/10413200903036040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Power, F. C., Higgins, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1989). Lawrence Kohlberg's approach to mora education. New York, NY: Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenhan, D. L., Salovey, P., & Hargis, K. (1981). The joys of helping: Focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 899–905. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186–193. doi: 10.1037/a0012753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage, L., & Kavussanu, M. (2007). Multiple goal orientations as predictors of moral behaviour in youth soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 417–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenewolf, G. (1990). Emotional contagion: Behavioural induction in individuals and groups. Modern Psycho-Analysis, 15, 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, D. L., LaVoi, N. M., Bredemeier, B. L., & Power, F. C. (2007). Predictors of poor sportspersonship in youth sports: Personal attitudes and social influences. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 747–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D., & Love, W. (1968). A general canonical correlation index. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 160–163. doi: 10.1037/h0026143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 848–859. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1994). Self-determined motivation and sportsmanship orientations: An assessment of their temporal relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 229–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar