Experiences of flow in jockeys during flat-race conditions

References

• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, M. R., & Whinton, L. C. (2005). Self-efficacy and other-efficacy in dyadic performance: Riding as one in equestrian eventing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 245–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, M., Thienot, E., Codron, R., & Fournier, J. (2009). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches in sport performance. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 4, 320–333.
   Google Scholar
• Birke, L. (2008). Talking about horses: Control and freedom in the world of “natural horsemanship”. Society and Animals, 16, 107–126. doi: 10.1163/156853008X291417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Borstel, U. U., Duncan, I. J. H., & Keeling, L. J. (2005). Transfer of nervousness from the rider to the horse. In R. Kusunose & S. Sato (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th international congress of the International Society of Applied Ethnology (84 pp.). Sagamihara, Japan: International Society of Applied Ethnology. Abstract Retrieved from http://www.applied-ethology.org/isae_meetings.html
   Google Scholar
• von Borstel, U. U., & Konig, S. (2008, August). Effect of deliberate rider relaxation and tension on horse heart rate and behaviour. Paper presented at the 59th annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Vilnius, Lithuania. Abstract Retrieved from http://www.wageningenacademic.com/_clientFiles/download/Eaap2008-e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, K. (2004). A language of their own: An interactionist approach to human-horse communication. Society & Animals, 12(4), 299–316. doi: 10.1163/1568530043068010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruya, B. (2010). Introduction: Toward a theory of attention that includes effortless attention and action. In B. Bruya (Ed.), Effortless attention (pp. 1–28). Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Callow, N., & Waters, A. (2005). The effect of kinaesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(4), 443–459. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caulfield, M. J., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2008). Psychological effects of rapid weight loss and attitudes towards eating among professional jockeys. Journal of Sports Science, 26(9), 877–883. doi: 10.1080/02640410701837349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez, E. (2008). Flow in sport: A study of college athletes. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 28, 69–91. doi: 10.2190/IC.28.1.f
   Google Scholar
• Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. Vaile & M. King (Eds.), Existential phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48–71). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, E., McGoldrick, A., Davenport, C., Kelleher, G., Byrne, B., Tormey, W., … Warrington, G. D. (2012). An altered hormonal profile and elevated rate of bone loss are associated with low bone mass in professional horse-racing jockeys. Journal of Bone Mineral and Metabolism, 30, 534–542. doi: 10.1007/s00774-012-0354-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, W. L., Beatty, D. J., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2011). Examining the influence of other-efficacy and self-efficacy on personal performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 586–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elo, S., & Kyngas, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeser, S., & Schiepe-Tiska, A. (2012). Historical lines and an overview of current research on flow. In S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in flow research (pp. 1–22). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Feltz, D. L., Short, S. E., & Sullivan, P. J. (2008). Self-efficacy in sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Fenz, W. D., & Epstein, S. (1967). Gradients of physiological arousal in parachutists as a function of an approaching jump. Psychosomatic Medicine, 29(1), 33–51. doi: 10.1097/00006842-196701000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forero Rueda, M. A., Halley, W. L., & Gilchrist, M. D. (2010). Fall and injury accident rates of jockeys while racing in Ireland, France and Britain. Injury – International Journal of Care of Injured, 41, 533–539. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C., Huws, N., White, C., Taylor, E., Owen, H., & McGreevy, P. (2013). Assessment of ridden horse behaviour. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(2), 62–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Successful and poor performance emotions. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 157–188). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Hausberger, M., Roche, H., Henry, S., & Visser, E. K. (2008). A review of the human-horse relationship. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 109, 1–24. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillenbrand, L. (2001). Seabiscuit: An American legend. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Horse Racing Ireland. (2012). A beginners guide to horse racing. The Curragh, Co. Kildare: Horse Racing Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Hutson, G. D., & Haskell, M. J. (1997). Pre-race behaviour of horses as a predictor of race finishing order. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53, 231–248. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01162-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 161–180. doi: 10.1080/10413209208406459
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A. (1995). Factors influencing the occurrence of flow state in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 138–166. doi: 10.1080/10413209508406962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata, M., & Mallett, C. J. (2011). Flow experience in physical activity: Examination of the internal structure of flow from a process-related perspective. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 393–402. doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9221-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, J., & Landhauber, A. (2012). The flow model revisited. In S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in flow research (pp. 51–64). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Koehn, S. (2012). Pre-performance confidence as a predictor of flow state. Journal of Medicine and Science in Tennis, 17(1), 16–21.
   Google Scholar
• Konig von Borstel, U., Euent, S., Graf, P., Konig, S., & Gauly, M. (2011). Equine behaviour and heart rate in temperament tests with or without rider or handler. Physiology & Behavior, 104, 454–463. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.010
   Google Scholar
• Lagarde, J., Peham, C., Licka, T., & Kelso, J. A. S. (2005). Coordination dynamics of the horse rider system. Journal of Motor Behaviour, 37(6), 418–424. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.37.6.418-424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lent, R. W., & Lopez, F. G. (2002). Cognitive ties that bind: A tripartite view of efficacy beliefs in growth-promoting relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 256–286. doi: 10.1521/jscp.21.3.256.22535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, Y., Tomioka, M., Hanada, M., & Oikawa, M. (2012). Influence of track surface condition on racing times of thoroughbred racehorses in flat races. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 32(11), 689–695. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurstad, A., Davis, D., & Cowles, S. (2013). Co-being and intra-action in horse-human relationships: A multi-species ethnography of be(com)ing human and be(com)ing horse. Social Anthropology, 21(3), 322–335. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12029
   Google Scholar
• McBride, S. D., & Mills, D. S. (2012). Psychological factors affecting equine performance. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, 180. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1746-6148-8-180.pdf doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, M., Sullivan, V., & Speed, H. (2004). The psychological effects of wasting in jockeys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(4), 70. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80174-9
   Google Scholar
• Moneta, G. B. (2012). On the measurement and conceptualization of flow. In S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in flow research (pp. 23–50). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, A. P. (2012a). Sport and exercise psychology. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, A. P. (2012b). Thinking in action: Some insights from cognitive sport psychology. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7(5), 85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2012.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89–105). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nesti, M. (2012). Phenomenology and sport psychology. In I. Martínková & J. Parry (Eds.), Phenomenological approaches in sport (pp. 101–112). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Partington, S., Partington, E., & Olivier, S. (2009). The dark side of flow: A qualitative study of dependence in big wave surfing. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 170–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters, M., Closson, C., Beckers, J. F., & Vandenheede, M. (2013). Rider and horse salivary cortisol levels during competition and impact on performance. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 33, 155–160. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, W. D. (2001). An examination of flow state occurrence in college athletes. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24(1), 83–107.
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, J., & Brunner, S. (2009). The rewarding effect of flow experience on performance in a marathon race. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 168–174. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed, H. D. (2007). The welfare of retired jockeys. Melbourne: Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, Victoria University.
   Google Scholar
• Starks, H., & Brown Trinidad, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1372–1380. doi: 10.1177/1049732307307031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton, R. K., Cusimann, K., Hartman, C., & De Boom, N. (2005). Focus. In J. Taylor & G. Wilson (Eds.), Applying sport psychology: Four perspectives (pp. 51–64). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Keegan, R. J., Piggott, D., & Crust, L. (2012). A systematic review of the experience, occurrence and controllability of flow states in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 807–819. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Turf Club. (2012). Rules of racing and Irish national hunt steeplechase rules. The Curragh, Co. Kildare: The Turf Club.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J., & Verner-Filion, J. (2013). Making people's life most worth living: On the importance of passion for positive psychology. Terepia Psicologica, 31(1), 35–48. doi: 10.4067/S0718-48082013000100004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, G., Hawken, M. B., Poole, I., Sparks, A., Bennett, S., Drust, B., Morton, J., & Close, G. L. (2014). Rapid weight-loss impairs simulated riding performance and strength in jockeys: Implications for making-weight. Journal of Sport Sciences, 32(4), 383–391. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.825732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipper, A. (2000). The partnership: The horse-rider relationship in eventing. Symbolic Interaction, 23(1), 47–70. doi: 10.1525/si.2000.23.1.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolframm, I. A. (2014). The science of equestrian sport: Theory, practice and performance of the equestrian rider. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wolframm, I. A., Bosga, J., & Meulenbroek, R. G. J. (2013). Coordination dynamics in horse-rider dyads. Human Movement Science, 32, 157–170. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar