Mental toughness in South African competitive tennis: Biographical and sport participation differences

References

• Adams, B., Van de Vijver, F., & De Bruin, G. (2012). Identity in South Africa: Examining self-descriptions across ethnic groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 377–388. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anshel, M., & Sailes, G. (1990). Discrepant attitudes of intercollegiate athletes as a function of race. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13, 87–102.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, J., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2013). Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2, 281–297. doi:10.1037/a0033129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, S., & Cheek, J. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106–148. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, S., Shambrook, C., James, W., & Brooks, J. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 209–227. doi:10.1080/10413200591010085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, P. & Coleman, R. (1998). A longitudinal study of elite youth cricketers' commitment. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 195–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., & Cheesman, D. (2013). Mental toughness of mixed martial arts athletes at different levels of competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116, 905–917. doi:10.2466/29.30.PMS.116.3.905-917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough, P., Earle, K., Perry, J., & Crust, L. (2012). Comment on “progressing measurement in mental toughness: A case example of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48” by Gucciardi, Hanton, and Mallett (2012). Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1, 283–287. doi:10.1037/a0029771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32–45). London: Thomson.
   Google Scholar
• Connaughton, D., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2010). The development and maintenance of mental toughness in the world's best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 24, 168–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connaughton, D., Thelwell, R., & Hanton, S. (2011). Mental toughness development: Issues, practical implications and future directions. In D. Gucciardi & S. Gordon (Eds.), Mental toughness in sport: Developments in theory and research (pp. 135–162). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 83–95. doi: 10.1080/02640410701310958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, T., Mallett, C., & Gucciardi, D. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 699–716. doi:10.1080/02640411003734085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowden, R., Anshel, M., & Fuller, D. (2014). Comparing athletes’ and their coaches’ perceptions of the athletes’ mental toughness in elite male and female tennis players. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37, 221–235.
   Google Scholar
• Cowden, R., Fuller, D., & Anshel, M. (2014). Psychological predictors of mental toughness in elite tennis: An exploratory study in learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 119, 661–678. doi:10.2466/30.PMS.119c27z0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, P. (2012). Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 306–316. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, P., Tamminen, K., & Gaudreau, P. (2015). Coping in sport. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review (pp. 28–67). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crust, L. (2009). The relationship between mental toughness and affect intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 959–963. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10, 43–51. doi:10.1080/17461390903049972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry, J., Earle, F., Clough, A., & Clough, P. (2014). Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87–91. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L., & Keegan, R. (2010). Mental toughness and attitudes to risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 164–168. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2013). The relationship between mental toughness and dispositional flow. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 215–220. doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.635698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drees, M., & Mack, M. (2012). An examination of mental toughness over the course of a competitive season. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35, 377–386.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, L., & Louw, J. (2000). Culture and self in South Africa: Individualism–collectivism predictions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 210–217. doi:10.1080/00224540009600461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. (1982). The life cycle completed. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Faull, A., & Cropley, B. (2009). Reflective learning in sport: A case study of a senior level triathlete. Reflective Practice, 10, 325–339. doi:10.1080/14623940903034655
   Google Scholar
• Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J., & van den Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 267–276. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Puhse, U. (2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 808–814. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P., Puhse, U., Elliot, C., … Brand, S. (2012). Adolescents’ exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
   Google Scholar
• Golby, J., & Sheard, M. (2004). Mental toughness and hardiness at different levels of rugby league. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 933–942. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, S. (2012). Strengths-based approaches to developing mental toughness: Team and individual. International Coaching Psychology Review, 7, 210–222.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, D., Eklund, R., & Jackson, S. (1993). Coping strategies used by U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 83–93. doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10608782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. (2009). Do developmental differences in mental toughness exist between specialized and invested Australian footballers? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 985–989. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. (2010). Mental toughness profiles and their relations with achievement goals and sport motivation in adolescent Australian footballers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 615–625. doi:10.1080/02640410903582792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. (2011). The relationship between developmental experiences and mental toughness in adolescent cricketers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 370–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., & Gordon, S. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of the Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI). Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1293–1310. doi:10.1080/02640410903242306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 261–281. doi:10.1080/10413200801998556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. (2009a). Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 54–72. doi:10.1080/17509840802705938
   Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. (2009b). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 307–323. doi:10.1080/10413200903026066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Gordon, S., Dimmock, J., & Mallett, C. (2009). Understanding the coach's role in the development of mental toughness: Perspectives of elite Australian football coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1483–1496. doi:10.1080/02640410903150475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Hanton, S., & Mallett, C. (2012). Progressing measurement in mental toughness: A case example of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1, 194–214. doi:10.1037/a0027190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D., Jackson, B., Hodge, K., Anthony, D., & Brooke, L. (2015). Implicit theories of mental toughness: Relations with cognitive, motivational, and behavioral correlates. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 100–112. doi:10.1037/spy0000024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, J., Imose, R., & Day, E. (2014). Relating trait and domain mental toughness to complex task learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmison, R. (2011). A social-cognitive framework for understanding and developing mental toughness in sport. In D. Gucciardi & S. Gordon (Eds.), Mental toughness in sport: Developments in theory and research (pp. 47–68). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, K., Maynard, I., Thomas, O., & Bawden, M. (2007). Sources and types of confidence identified by world class sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 434–456. doi: 10.1080/10413200701599173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsburgh, V., Schermer, J., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. (2009). A behavioural genetic study of mental toughness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 100–105. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205–218. doi:10.1080/10413200290103509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M., & Parker, J. (2013). What is the size of the relationship between global mental toughness and youth experiences? Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 519–523. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstad, A., & Gjesvik, N. (2014). Collectivism, individualism, and pragmatism in China: Implications for perceptions of mental health. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51, 264–285. doi:10.1177/1363461514525220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laborde, S., You, M., Dosseville, F., & Salinas, A. (2012). Culture, individual differences, and situation: Influence on coping in French and Chinese table tennis players. European Journal of Sport Science, 12, 255–261. doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.566367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant, D., Polman, R., Clough, P., Jackson, J., Levy, A., & Nicholls, A. (2009). Mental toughness: Managerial and age differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24, 428–437. doi:10.1108/02683940910959753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meggs, J., Ditzfeld, C., & Golby, J. (2014). Self-concept organisation and mental toughness in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32, 101–109. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.812230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, S., Marsh, H., Martin, A., Richards, G., & Perry, C. (2004). Discovering mental toughness: A qualitative study of mental toughness in elite athletes. Proceeding of the Self Research Centre Biannual Conference. Berlin, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.sectiononewrestling.com/discovering_mental_toughness.pdf</objidref>
   Google Scholar
• Newland, A., Newton, M., Finch, L., Harbke, C., & Podlog, L. (2013). Moderating variables in the relationship between mental toughness and performance in basketball. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2, 184–192. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2012.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A., Polman, R., Levy, A., & Backhouse, S. (2008). Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1182–1192. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A., Polman, R., Levy, A., & Backhouse, S. (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 73–75. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnaly, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, J., & Mallett, C. (2011). Developing mental toughness: Attributional style retraining in rugby. The Sports Psychologist, 25, 269–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Pol, P., & Kavussanu, M. (2012). Achievement motivation across training and competition in individual and team sports. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1, 91–105. doi:10.1037/a0025967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, M., & Morrison, T. (2014). Individual differences in individualism and collectivism predict ratings of virtual cities’ liveability and environmental quality. Journal of General Psychology, 141, 348–372. doi:10.1080/00221309.2014.938721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco, R. (2013). Re-envisaging the eight developmental stages of Erik Erikson: The Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM). Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3, 140–146. doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n1p140
   Google Scholar
• Sheard, M. (2009). A cross-national analysis of mental toughness and hardiness in elite university rugby league teams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109, 213–223. doi:10.2466/pms.109.1.213-223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheard, M. (2013). Mental toughness: The mindset behind sporting achievement (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Sheard, M., Golby, J., & van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186–193. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, R. (2002). Preperformance state, routines and automaticity: What does it take to realize expertise in self-paced events? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 359–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbert, S., Andersen, M., & Morris, T. (2015). What a difference a “Mentally Toughening” year makes: The acculturation of a rookie. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 17, 68–78. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelwell, R., Such, B., Weston, N., Such, J., & Greenlees, I. (2010). Developing mental toughness: Perceptions of elite female gymnasts. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 170–188. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671941
   Google Scholar
• Thelwell, R., Weston, N., & Greenlees, I. (2005). Defining and understanding mental toughness within soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 326–332. doi:10.1080/10413200500313636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vealey, R. (1988). Future directions in psychological skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 318–336.
   Google Scholar
• Xinyi, Z., Smith, D., & Adegbola, O. (2004). A cross-cultural comparison of six mental qualities among Singaporean, North American, Chinese, and Nigerian professional athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 103–118. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2004.9671735
   Google Scholar