Influence of visual illusion and attentional focusing instruction in motor performance

References

• Ávila, L. T. G., Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Positive social-comparative feedback enhances motor learning in children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 849–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badami, R., VaezMousavi, M., Wulf, G., & Namazizadeh, M. (2012). Feedback about more accurate versus less accurate trials: Differential effects on self-confidence and activation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83, 196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahmani, M., Wulf, G., Ghadiri, F., Karimi, S., & Lewthwaite, R. (2017). Enhancing performance expectancies through visual illusions facilitates motor learning in children. Human Movement Science, 55, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J., & Hardy, J. (2009). Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 163–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda, B., & Gray, R. (2007). Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 60–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauvel, G., Wulf, G., & Maquestiaux, F. (2015). Visual illusions can facilitate sport skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(3), 717–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiviacowsky, S., & Harter, N. M. (2015). Perceptions of competence and motor learning: Performance criterion resulting in low success experience degrades learning. Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior, 9(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2007). Feedback after good trials enhances learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fockert, J. W., & Wu, S. (2009). High working memory load leads to more Ebbinghaus illusion. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21, 961–970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freudenheim, A. M., Wulf, G., Madureira, F., Corrêa, U. C., & Corrêa, S. C. P. (2010). An external focus of attention results in greater swimming speed. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 5, 533–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, G. R, Butler, M. S, & Fischman, M. G. (1995). On the problem of two-dimensional error scores: Measures and analyses of accuracy, bias, and consistency. Journal of Motor Behavior, 27(3), 241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, W. M., Frank, C., & Schack, T. (2014). The influence of attentional focus on the development of skill representation in a complex action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 30–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers, M., Wulf, G., Wallmann, H., & Guadagnoli, M. (2005). An external focus of attention attenuates balance impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease who have a fall history. Physiotherapy, 91, 152–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewthwaite, R., & Wulf, G. (2010). Social-comparative feedback affects motor skill learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 738–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R. (2012). The influence of attention on learning and performance: Pre-movement time and accuracy in an isometric force production task. Human Movement Science, 31, 12–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R., Jones, M., Healy, A. F., & Sherwood, D. E. (2014). The role of attention in motor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 930–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R., & Sherwood, D. E. (2012). Thinking about muscles: The neuromuscular effects of attentional focus on accuracy and fatigue. Acta Psychologica, 140, 236–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Attentional focus affects movement efficiency. In N. J. Hodges, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory & practice (2nd ed., pp. 40–58). London: Routlegde.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer, H., & Munzert, J. (2013). Influence of attentional focus on skilled motor performance: Performance decrement under unfamiliar focus conditions. Human Movement Science, 32(4), 730–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, B., Wulf, G., Lewthwaite, R., & Nordin, A. (2015). The self: Your own worst enemy? A test of the self-invoking trigger hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1910–1919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, L. J., Vine, S. J., Cooke, A., Ring, C., & Wilson, M. R. (2012). Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention. Psychophysiology, 49, 1005–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, K., Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2016). Enhanced expectancies facilitate golf putting. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 229–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascua, L. A. M., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2015). Additive benefits of external focus and enhanced performance expectancy for motor learning. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33, 58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poolton, J. M., Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., & Raab, M. (2006). Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing? Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 89–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, J. M., Nolan, R. P., Ostrowski, E. J., & Wulf, G. (2010). Directing attention externally enhances agility performance: A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the efficacy of using verbal instructions to focus attention. Frontiers in Psychology, 1(216), 1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rienhoff, R., Fischer, L., Strauss, B., Baker, J., & Schorer, J. (2015). Focus of attention influences quiet-eye behavior: An exploratory investigation of different skill levels in female basketball players. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(1), 62–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B., Harris, M. G., & Yates, T. A. (2005). The roles of inducer size and distance in the Ebbinghaus illusion (Titchener circles). Perception, 34, 847–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saemi, E., Porter, J. M., Ghotbi-Varzaneh, A., Zarghami, M., & Maleki, F. (2012). Knowledge of results after relatively good trials enhances self-efficacy and motor learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 378–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorer, J., Jaitner, T., Wollny, R., Fath, F., & Baker, J. (2012). Influence of varying focus of attention conditions on dart throwing performance in experts and novices. Experimental Brain Research, 217(2), 287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, N. C., Clark, K. P., & Ryan, L. J. (2017). Experience level influences the effect of attentional focus on sprint performance. Human Movement Science, 52, 84–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, J. K., Linkenauger, S. A., & Proffitt, D. R. (2012). Get me out of this slump! Visual illusions improve sports performance. Psychological Science, 23, 397–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, G., Vine, S. J., & Wilson, M. R. (2013). The impact of visual illusions on perception, action planning, and motor performance. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75, 830–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 77–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., & Cardozo, P. L. (2014). Additive benefits of autonomy support and enhanced expectancies for motor learning. Human Movement Science, 37, 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., & Drews, R. (2015). External focus and autonomy support: Two important factors in motor learning have additive benefits. Human Movement Science, 40, 176–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Effortless motor learning? An external focus of attention enhances movement effectiveness and efficiency. In B. Bruya (Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 75–101). Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2016). Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(5), 1382–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Lewthwaite, R., Cardozo, P., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2017). Triple play: Additive contributions of enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and external attentional focus to motor learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1276204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N. H., Fuchs, T., Ritter, F., & Toole, T. (2000). Attentional focus in complex skill learning. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 71, 229–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N. H., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54A, 1143–1154.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Su, J. (2007). An external focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., & Bezodis, N. (2005). Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar