Active exercisers with a higher orientation toward task-approach goal might experience higher happiness: the mediating role of dispositional self-control

References

• Briki, W. (2016). Motivation toward physical exercise and subjective wellbeing: The mediating role of trait self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1546), 1–11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01546
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briki, W. (2018). Trait self-control: Why people with a higher approach (avoidance) temperament can experience higher (lower) subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 112–117. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, T. L. T., Gillebaart, M., Kroese, F., & De Ridder, D. (2014). Why are people with high self-control happier? The effect of trait self-control on happiness as mediated by regulatory focus. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(722), 1–6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui, W. H., & Wong, M. W. H. (2016). Gender differences in happiness and life satisfaction among adolescents in Hong Kong: Relationships and self-concept. Social Indicators Research, 125, 1035–1051. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0867-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder, D. T. D., & Gillebaart, M. (2016). Lessons learned from trait self-control in well-being: Making the case for routines and initiation as important components of trait self-control. Health Psychology Review, 11(1), 89–99. doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1266275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder, D. T. D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76–99. doi: 10.1177/1088868311418749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2004). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In P. T. Costa, & I. C. Siegler (Eds.), Recent advances in psychology and aging (pp. 188–219). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218–232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 501–519. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. (2011). A 3 × 2 achievement goal model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 632–648. doi:10.1037/a0023952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2010). Approach and avoidance temperament as basic dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality, 78, 865–906. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00636.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223-241. doi: 10.1177/1745691612460685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau, P., & Braaten, A. (2016). Achievement goals and their underlying goal motivation: Does it matter why sport participants pursue their goals? Psychologica Belgica, 56(3), 244–268. doi: 10.5334/pb.266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gernigon, C., Pereira Dias, C., Riou, F., Briki, W., & Ninot, G. (2015). Reference system of competence and engagement in adapted physical activities of people with recent spinal cord injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(23), 2192–2196. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.1002575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillebaart, M., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2015). Effortless self-control: A novel perspective on response conflict strategies in trait self-control. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(2), 88–99. doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet, N., Lafreniere, M.-A. K., & Huyghebaert, & Fouquereau, E. (2015). Autonomous and controlled reasons underlying achievement goals: Implications for the 3 × 2 achievement goal model in educational and work settings. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 858–875. doi: 10.1007/s11031-015-9505-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 141–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagger, M. S. (2013). The multiple pathways by which self-control predicts behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 848. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S. (2014). The multiple pathways by which trait self-control predicts health behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48, 282–283. doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9631-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073–1082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells, A., Ivtzan, I., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2016). Putting the ‘app’ in happiness: A randomised controlled trial of a smartphone-based mindfulness intervention to enhance wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 163–185. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9589-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. K., Sheldon, K. M., & Turban, D. B. (2003). Personality and the goal-striving process: The influence of achievement goal patterns, goal level, and mental focus on performance and enjoyment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 256–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman, K. D., & McMullen, M. N. (2003). A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 244–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascret, N., Elliot, A. J., & Cury, F. (2015). Extending the 3 × 2 achievement goal model to the sport domain: The 3 × 2 achievement goal questionnaire for Sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 17, 7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puetz, T. W., O’Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2006). Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: A Quantitative Synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 866–876. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B. W., & Wood, D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the Neo-Socioanalytic model of personality. In D. K. Mroczek, & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of Personality development (pp. 11–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322. PMID: 15016066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar