References
- Bagwell, C., Coie, J., Terry, R., & Lochman, J. (2000). Peer clique participation and social status in preadolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46(2), 280–303.
- Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644–675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912
- Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
- Benson, A. J., & Bruner, M. W. (2018). How teammate behaviors relate to athlete affect, cognition, and behaviors: A daily diary approach within youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.008
- Benson, A. J., Bruner, M. W., & Eys, M. (2017). A social identity approach to understanding the conditions associated with antisocial behaviors among teammates in female teams. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000090
- Bhaskar, R. (1978). On the possibility of social scientific knowledge and the limits of naturalism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 8(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1978.tb00389.x
- Bhaskar, R. (1998). Philosophy and scientific realism. In M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, & A. Norrie (Eds.), Critical realism: Essential readings (pp. 16–47). Routledge.
- Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.
- Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self- representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83
- Brown, B. B., & Dietz, E. L. (2009). Informal peer groups in middle childhood and adolescence. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 361–376). The Guildford Press.
- Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I. D., Allan, V., Root, Z., Buckham, S., Forrest, C., & Côté, J. (2017). Examining social identity and intrateam moral behaviours in competitive youth ice hockey using stimulated recall. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(20), 1963–1974. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1243797
- Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830030103
- Carron, A. V., Spink, K. S., & Prapavessis, H. (1997). Team building and cohesiveness in the sport and exercise setting: Use of indirect interventions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209708415384
- Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to measure cohesion in sport teams: The group environment questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
- Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), 545–547. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547
- Carton, A. M., & Cummings, J. N. (2012). A theory of subgroups in work teams. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), 441–470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0322
- Cartwright, D., & Zander, A. (1968). Group dynamics: Research and theory. Harper & Row.
- Collier, A. (1994). Critical realism: An introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy. Verso.
- Ebrahimi, N. (2005). The costs and benefits of being a social butterfly: Interpersonal and intrapersonal correlates of individuals with friends across multiple groups [Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://search.proquest.com/docview/305416708?pq-origsite=gscholar
- Evans, M. B., Shirazipour, C. H., Allan, V., Zanhour, M., Sweet, S. N., Ginis, K. A. M., & Latimer-Cheung, A. E. (2018). Integrating insights from the parasport community to understand optimal experiences: The quality parasport participation framework. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.009
- Eys, M., Beauchamp, M. R., Godfrey, M., Dawson, K., Loughead, T. M., & Schinke, R. J. (2020). Role commitment and acceptance in a sport context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0057
- Eys, M., Bruner, M. W., & Martin, L. J. (2019). The dynamic group environment in sport and exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.001
- Eys, M., Loughead, T., Bray, S. R., & Carron, A. V. (2009). Development of a cohesion questionnaire for youth: The youth sport environment questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(3), 390–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.3.390
- Fletcher, A. (2020). Critical realism: Philosophical and methodological considerations. In M. Järvinen & N. Mik-Meyer (Eds.), Qualitative analysis: Eight approaches for the social sciences (pp. 174–191). SAGE Publications.
- Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: Methodology meets method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
- Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2003). Sources of organizational stress in elite sports performers. The Sport Psychologist, 17(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.2.175
- Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Peters, K., Mallett, C. J., Mertens, N., & Boen, F. (2020). All for us and us for all: Introducing the 5R shared leadership program. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101762. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101762
- Fredricks, J. A., Wang, M. T., Linn, J. S., Hofkens, T. L., Sung, H., Parr, A., & Allerton, J. (2016). Using qualitative methods to develop a survey measure of math and science engagement. Learning and Instruction, 43(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.009
- Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
- Haddad, G., O’Connor, D., & Burns, K. (2021). The decision to adopt a formal athlete leadership group: Qualitative insights from professional football coaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52(1), 101803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101803
- Harenberg, S., Riemer, H. A., Dorsch, K. D., Karreman, E., & Paradis, K. F. (2019). Advancement of a conceptual framework for positional competition in sport: Development and validation of the positional competition in team sports questionnaire. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1631903
- Henrich, C. C., Kupermine, G. P., Sack, A., Blatt, S. J., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2000). Characteristics and homogeneity of early adolescent friendship groups: A comparison of male and female clique and nonclique members. Applied Developmental Science, 4(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0401_2
- Hodge, K., Henry, G., & Smith, W. (2014). A case study of excellence in elite sport: Motivational climate in a world champion team. The Sport Psychologist, 28(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0037
- Hogg, M. A. (2014). From uncertainty to extremism: Social categorization and identity processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 338–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414540168
- Jason, L. A., Stevens, D. R., Miller, S. A., Beasley, C. R., & Gleason, K. (2016). Our reflections on the reactions to “theories in the field of community psychology”. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 7(2), 1–9. http://www.gjcpp.org/
- Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
- Kitzinger, J. (2005). Focus group research: Using group dynamics to explore perceptions, experiences and understandings. In I. Holloway (Ed.), Qualitative research in health care (pp. 56–70). Open University Press.
- Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and faultlines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 325–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533229
- Loughead, T. M., Hardy, J., & Eys, M. A. (2006). The nature of athlete leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(2), 142–158.
- Martin, L. J., Evans, M. B., & Spink, K. S. (2016). Coach perspectives of “groups within the group”: An analysis of subgroups and cliques in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000048
- Martin, L. J., Wilson, J., Evans, M. B., & Spink, K. S. (2015). Cliques in sport: Perceptions of intercollegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 29(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0003
- Organ, D. W. (1988). Issues in organization and management series. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
- Paradis, K. F., Carron, A. V., & Martin, L. J. (2014). Athlete perceptions of intragroup conflict in sport. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 4–18.
- Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and methods: Integrating theory and practice. SAGE Publications.
- Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.262
- Poucher, Z. A., Tamminen, K. A., Caron, J. G., & Sweet, S. N. (2020). Thinking through and designing qualitative research studies: A focused mapping review of 30 years of qualitative research in sport psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 163–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1656276
- Rees, T., Haslam, S. A., Coffee, P., & Lavallee, D. (2015). A social identity approach to sport psychology: Principles, practice, and prospects. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1083–1096. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0345-4
- Saizew, K. (2018). An examination of team structure and its implications for subgroups in an individual sport setting [Unpublished master’s thesis, Queen’s University]. QSpace. https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/24973/Saizew_Kelsey_A_20180_MSC.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
- Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press.
- Slater, M. J., Coffee, P., Barker, J. B., & Evans, A. L. (2014). Promoting shared meanings in group memberships: A social identity approach to leadership in sport. Reflective Practice, 15(5), 672–685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2014.944126
- Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie, & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297–315). Academic Press.
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge University Press.
- Tamminen, K. A., & Bennett, E. V. (2017). No emotion is an island: An overview of theoretical perspectives and narrative research on emotions in sport and physical activity. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(2), 183–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1254109
- Tamminen, K. A., Palmateer, T. M., Denton, M., Sabiston, C., Crocker, P. R., Eys, M., & Smith, B. (2016). Exploring emotions as social phenomena among Canadian varsity athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.010
- Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.
- U Sports HQ. (2019). Eligibility Package. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://usports.ca/hq/eligibility/eligibility-package
- Visek, A. J., Achrati, S. M., Mannix, H. M., McDonnell, K., Harris, B. S., & DiPietro, L. (2015). The fun integration theory: Toward sustaining children and adolescents sport participation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(3), 424–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0180
- Wagstaff, C. R. D., & Martin, L. J. (2018). Managing groups and cliques. In R. Thelwell, & M. Dicks (Eds.), Professional advances in sports coaching: Research and practice (pp. 295–317). Routledge.
- Wagstaff, C. R. D., Martin, L. J., & Thelwell, R. C. (2017). Subgroups and cliques in sport: A longitudinal case study of a rugby union team. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.03.006
- Yukelson, D. (1997). Principles of effective team building interventions in sport: A direct services approach at Penn State University. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209708415385