References
- Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 189–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9095-z
- Aujla, I. J., Nordin-Bates, S., & Redding, E. (2014). A qualitative investigation of commitment to dance: Findings from the UK centres for advanced training. Research in Dance Education, 15(2), 138–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2013.825764
- Baker, J., Mosher, A., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2021). Is it too early to condemn early sport specialisation? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(3), 179–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102053
- Baker, J., & Young, B. (2014). 20 years later: Deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 135–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.896024
- Barker-Ruchti, N. (2009). Ballerinas and pixies: A genealogy of the changing gymnastics body. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802500089
- Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54(1), 106–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x
- Carlsson, B., Norberg, J. R., & Persson, H. T. R. (2011). The governance of sport from a Scandinavian perspective. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(3), 305–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2011.619827
- Coakley, J. (2006). The good father: Parental expectations and youth sports. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500467735
- Coakley, J. (2010). The “logic” of specialization: Using children for adult purposes. ASCA Newsletter, 2013(4), 1–6. doi:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2010.10598520
- Costa, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Gugliandolo, M. C., & Larcan, R. (2016). Associations between parental psychological control and autonomy support, and psychological outcomes in adolescents: The mediating role of need satisfaction and need frustration. Child Indicators Research, 9(4), 1059–1076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9353-z
- Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In G. Tenenbaum, & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 184–202). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Côté, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2009). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
- Côté, J., & Vierimaa , M. (2014). The developmental model of sport participation: 15 years after its first conceptualization. Science & Sports, 29S, S63–S69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2014.08.133
- Coutinho, P., Mesquita, I., & Fonseca, A. M. (2016). Talent development in sport: A critical review of pathways to expert performance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(2), 279–293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116637499
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
- DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage Publications.
- DiSanti, J. S., & Erickson, K. (2019). Youth sport specialization: A multidisciplinary scoping systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(18), 2094–2105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1621476
- Downing, C., Redelius, K., & Nordin-Bates, S. M. (2020). An index approach to early specialization measurement: An exploratory study. Frontiers in Movement Science and Sport Psychology, 11(999), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00999
- Elbe, A. M., & Wikman, J. M. (2017). Psychological factors in developing high performance athletes. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport (1st ed., pp. 169–180). Taylor & Francis.
- Eliasson, I. (2015). “In different sports worlds”: Socialisation among children, coaches, and parents in girls’ and boys’ football teams. European Journal for Sport and Society, 12(2), 187–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2015.11687962
- Eliasson, I., & Johansson, A. (2020). The disengagement process among young athletes when withdrawing from sport: A new research approach. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 56(4), 537–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690219899614
- Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
- Fahlström, P. G., Gerrevall, P., Glemne, M., & Linnér, S. (2015). Vägarna till landslaget: Om svenska elitidrottares idrottsval och specialisering [The roads to the national team: About Swedish elite athletes’ choices and specialisation]. (Vol. 1). FoU-rapport.
- Fenton, S. A., Duda, J. L., & Barrett, T. (2016). Optimising physical activity engagement during youth sport: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(19), 1874–1884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1142104
- Ferguson, Y. L., Kasser, T., & Jahng, S. (2011). Differences in life satisfaction and school satisfaction among adolescents from three nations: The role of perceived autonomy support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 649–661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00698.x
- Ford, P., & William, A. M. (2017). Sport activity in childhood. Early specialization and diversification. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Talent Identification and Development in sport (1st ed., pp. 179–201). Routledge.
- Gagné, M. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4), 372–390. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/714044203
- Gould, D. (2010). Early sport specialization: A psychological perspective. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (JOPERD), 81(8), 33–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2010.10598525
- Gould, D., Lauer, L., Rolo, C., Jannes, C., & Pennisi, N. (2008). The role of parents in tennis success: Focus group interviews with junior coaches. Sport Psychologist, 22(1), 18–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.22.1.18
- Guillet, E., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., & Brustad, R. (2006). Understanding Female Sport Attrition in a Stereotypical Male Sport Within the Framework of Eccles's Expectancy–Value Model. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00311.x
- Hagger, M., Chatzisarantis, N. L., Hein, V., Soos, I., Karsai, I., Lintunen, T., & Leemans, S. (2009). Teacher, peer and parent autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: A trans-contextual model of motivation in four nations. Psychology and Health, 24(6), 689–711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440801956192
- Haraldsen, H. M., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Abrahamsen, F. E., & Halvari, H. (2020). Thriving, striving, or just surviving? TD learning conditions, motivational processes and well-being among Norwegian elite performers in music, ballet, and sport. Roeper Review, 42(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2020.1728796
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis second edition: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., & Roessler, K. (2010). Holistic approach to athletic talent development environments: A successful sailing milieu. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 212–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.005
- Hume, P. A., Hopkins, W. G., Robinson, D. M., Robinson, S. M., & Hollings, S. C. (1993). Predictors of attainment in rhythmic sportive gymnastics. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, 33(4), 367–377.
- IBM Corp. Released. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 26.0. IBM Corporation.
- Jayanthi, N., Pinkham, C., Dugas, L., Patrick, B., & LaBella, C. (2013). Sports specialization in young athletes: Evidence-based recommendations. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 5(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112464626
- Kliethermes, S. A., Marshall, S. W., LaBella, C. R., Watson, A. M., Brenner, J. S., Nagle, K. B., Jayanthi, N., Brooks, M. A., Tenforde, A. S., Herman, D. C., DiFiori, J. P., & Beutlers, A. I. (2021). Defining a research agenda for youth sport specialisation in the USA: The AMSSM youth early sport specialization summit. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(3), 135–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102699
- Knight, C. J. (2017). Family influences on talent development in sport. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Talent Identification and Development in sport (1st ed., pp. 181–191). Routledge.
- LaPrade, R. F., Agel, J., Baker, J., Brenner, J. S., Cordasco, F. A., Côté, J., Engebretsen, L., Feeley, B. T., Gould, D., Hainline, B., Hewett, T. E., Jayanthi, N., Kocher, M. S., Myer, G. D., Nissen, C. W., Philippon, M. J., & Provencher, M. T. (2016). AOSSM early sport specialization consensus statement. The Orthopaedic Journal of Sport Medicine, 4(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116644241
- Larson, H. K., Young, B. W., McHugh, T.-L. F., & Rodgers, W. M. (2019). Markers of early specialization and their relationships with burnout and dropout in swimming. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 41(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0305
- Law, M. P., Côté, J., & Ericsson, K. A. (2007). Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: A retrospective study. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 5(1), 82–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671814
- Le Bars, H, Gernigon, C., & Ninot, G. (2009). Personal and contextual determinants of elite young athletes' persistence or dropping out over time. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00786.x
- Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2008). The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(3), 323–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.323
- Mageau, G. A., Bureau, J. S., Ranger, F., Allen, M.-P., & Soenens, B. (2016). The role of parental achievement goals in predicting autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1702–1711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0341-1
- Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E., & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the perceived parental autonomy support scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 47(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039325
- Malina, R. M. (2010). Early sport specialization: Roots, effectiveness, risks. Current Sports Medicine Reports (American College of Sports Medicine), 9(6), 364–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fe3166
- Martindale, R., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent Development: A Guide for Practice and Research Within Sport. Quest, 57(4), 353–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2005.10491862
- Moesch, K., Hauge, M.-L. T., Wikman, J. M., & Elbe, A.-M. (2013). Making it to the top in team sports: Start later, intensify, and be determined!. Talent Development & Excellence, 5(2), 85–100.
- Mosher, A., Fraser-Thomas, J., & Baker, J. (2020). What defines early specialization: A systematic review of literature. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(164), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.596229
- Patel, T., & Jayanthi, N. (2018). Health-related quality of life of specialized versus multi-sport young athletes: A qualitative evaluation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 448–466. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0031
- Riksidrottsförbundet. (2019). Idrotten vill – idrottsrörelsens idéprogram [The sports will – The sport movement’s idea program].
- Robinson, T. T., & Carron, A. V. (1982). Personal and situational factors associated with dropping out versus maintaining participation in competitive sport. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(4), 364–378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.4.4.364
- Ronglan, L. T. (2015). Elite sport in Scandinavian welfare states: Legitimacy under pressure? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.987309
- Russell, W., Dodd, R., & Lee, M. (2017). Youth athletes’ sport motivation and physical activity enjoyment across specialization status. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 11(2), 83–95.
- Russell, W., & Symonds, M. (2015). A retrospective examination of youth athletes’ sport motivation and motivational climate across specialization status. Athletic Insight, 7(1), 33–46.
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
- Ryska, T., Hohenee, D., Cooley, D., & Jones, C. (2002). Participation motives in predicting sport dropout among Australian youth gymnasts. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 199–210.
- Salguero, A., Gonzalez-Boto, R., Tuero, C., & Marquez, S. (2003). Identification of dropout reasons in young competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43(4), 530–534.
- Sjöblom, P., & Fahlén, J. (2010). The survival of the fittest: intensification, totalization and homogenization in Swedish competitive sport. Sport in Society, 13(4), 704–717. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17430431003616514
- Stenling, A., Ivarsson, A., Lindwall, M., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2018). Exploring longitudinal measurement invariance and the continuum hypothesis in the Swedish version of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): An exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 187–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.03.002
- Storm, L., Heniksen, K., & Christensen, M. (2020). Specialization pathways among elite Danish athletes: A look at the developmental model of sport participation from a cultural perspective. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 43(3), 199–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2012.43.199
- Vallerand, R. J., & Bissonnette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 599–620. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x
- Vink, K., Raudsepp, L., & Kais, K. (2015). Intrinsic motivation and individual deliberate practice are reciprocally related: Evidence from a longitudinal study of adolescent team sport athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.012
- Waldron, S., DeFreese, J. D., Register-Mihalik, J., Pietrosimone, B., & Barczak, N. (2020). The costs and benefits of early sport specialization: A critical review of literature. Quest, 72(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2019.1580205
- Wall, M., & Côté, J. (2007). Developmental activities that lead to dropout and investment in sport. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 12(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980601060358
- Wiersma, L. D. (2000). Risks and benefits of youth sport specialization: Perspectives and recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.1.13
- Zanna, M. P., & Fazio, R. (1982). The attitude behavior relation: Moving toward a third generation of research. In M. P. Zanna, E. T. Higgings, & C. P. Herman (Eds.), Consistency in social behavior: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 2, pp. 283–301). Erlbaum.