A mixed-methods examination of a mental health awareness program in elite ice hockey

References

• Bauman, N. J. (2016). The stigma of mental health in athletes: Are mental toughness and mental health seen as contradictory in elite sport? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 135–136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, G. A., Dohme, L.-C., & Falcão, W. R. (2020). Coaching youth athletes. In R. Resende, & A. R. Gomes (Eds.), Coaching for human development and performance in sports (pp. 143–167). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, B., & Weate, P. (2016). Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research. In B. Smith, & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 191–205). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., Terry, G., & Hayfield, N. (2018). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health and social sciences (pp. 843–860). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Breslin, G., Shannon, S., Haughey, T., Donnelly, P., & Leavey, G. (2017). A systematic review of interventions to increase awareness of mental health and well-being in athletes, coaches and officials. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0568-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke, S. (2016). Rethinking ‘validity’ and ‘trustworthiness’ in qualitative inquiry: How might we judge the quality of qualitative research in sport and exercise sciences? In B. Smith, & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 352–362). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carsley, D., Mettler, J., Shapiro, A. J., Mills, D. J., Bloom, E. L., & Heath, N. L. (2018). Evaluation of an educator-delivered school-based stress management program for adolescents. LEARNing Landscapes, 10(2), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v10i2.802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castadelli-Maia, J. M., Gallinaro, J. G., Falcão, R. S., Gouttebarge, V., Hitchcock, M. E., Hainline, B., Reardon, C. L., & Stull, T. (2019). Mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: A systemic review of cultural influencers and barriers to athletes seeking treatment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, G. M., Bird, M. D., Gabana, N. T., Cooper, B. T., & Becker, M. A. S. (2021). A program to reduce stigma toward mental illness and promote mental health literacy and help-seeking in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 15(3), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2019-0104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Michaels, P. J., Vega, E., Gause, M., Watson, A. C., & Rüsch, N. (2012). Self-stigma of mental illness scale—short form: Reliability and validity. Psychiatry Research, 199(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Danermark, B., Ekström, M., & Karlsson, J. C. (2019). Explaining society: Critical realism in the social sciences. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, S., Hannigan, B., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). The experience of depression during the careers of elite male athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, J., Rooney, B., & Matthews, J. (2021). Coaches’ mental health literacy and role perceptions for supporting young people’s mental health. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1646840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Gorczynski, P., Hainline, B., Hitchcock, M. E., Kerkhoffs, G. M., Rice, S. M., & Reardon, C. L. (2019). Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 700–706. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: A qualitative study. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 12(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammond, T., Gialloreto, C., Kubas, H., & Davis, H. (2013). The prevalence of failure-based depression among elite athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(4), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e318287b870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, L. M., Mason, R. J., Kelly, C. M., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2016). ‘Teen mental health first aid’: A description of the program and an initial evaluation. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0034-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., McCann, S., Durand-Bush, N., Moesch, K., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., Cogan, K., Donaldson, A., Poczwardowski, A., Noce, F., & Hunziker, J. (2020). Athlete mental health in the Olympic/paralympic quadrennium: A multi-societal consensus statement. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(3), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1746379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, J. D., & Kirkpatrick, W. K. (2016). Kirkpatrick's four levels of training evaluation. Association for Talent Development.
   Google Scholar
• Lebrun, F., Macnamara, À, Collins, D., & Rodgers, S. (2020). Supporting young elite athletes with mental health issues: Coaches’ experience and their perceived role. The Sport Psychologist, 34(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA publications and communications board task force report. American Psychologist, 73(1), 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle, S. K., Deane, F. P., Batterham, M., & Vella, S. A. (2021). A brief sports-based mental health literacy program for male adolescents: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(1), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1653404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallett, C. J., & Lara-Bercial, S. (2016). Serial winning coaches: People, vision, and environment. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A.-M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research (pp. 289–322). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2013). Making the case for investing in mental health in Canada. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/default/files/2016-06/Investing_in_Mental_Health_FINAL_Version_ENG.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Michie, S., & Prestwich, A. (2010). Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology, 29(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2017). Mental illness. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental- illness.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Nesselroade, J. R., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2010). Emphasizing intraindividual variability in the study of developmental over the life span. In W. F. Overton (Ed.), The handbook of life-span development (pp. 30–54). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., & Beckmann, J. (2016). Comparison of athletes’ proneness to depressive symptoms in individual and team sports: Research on psychological mediators in junior elite athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Hockey League. (2021). CMHA talk today program. https://ontariohockeyleague.com/talktoday
   Google Scholar
• Poucher, Z. A., Tamminen, K. A., Kerr, G., & Cairney, J. (2021). A commentary on mental health research in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(1), 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1668496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, A. L., Asif, I. M., Drezner, J. A., Toresdahl, B. G., & Harmon, K. G. (2015). Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes: A 9-year analysis of the NCAA resolutions database. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 7(5), 452–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115587675
   Google Scholar
• Rao, A. L., & Hong, E. (2020). Overcoming the stigma of mental health in sport. In A. L. Rao, & E. Hong (Eds.), Mental health in the athlete: Modern perspectives and novel challenges for the sports medicine provide (pp. 1–10). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46(9), 1333–1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in the name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2018). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes’ mental health, performance, and development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(6), 622–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1295557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebbens, J., Hassmén, P., Crisp, D., & Wensley, K. (2016). Mental health in sport (MHS): Improving the early intervention knowledge and confidence of elite sport staff. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, A. J., Heath, N. L., & Carsley, D. (2016). Pilot evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of StressOFF strategies: A single-session school-based stress management program for adolescents. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 9(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2015.1110494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C. (2015). Developing mixed methods research in sport and exercise psychology: Critical reflections on five points of controversy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2009). Judging the quality of qualitative inquiry: Criteriology and relativism in action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeldt, M., & Steinfeldt, J. A. (2012). Athletic identity and conformity to masculine norms among college football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.603405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, P., Blacker, M., Murphy, J., & Cairney, J. (2019). Levels of psychological distress of Canadian university student-athletes. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 49(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060823ar
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, P., Murphy, J., & Blacker, M. (2019). The level of mental health literacy among athletic staff in intercollegiate sport. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(3), 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Telenta, J., Draper, G., Liddle, S., Fogarty, A., Hurley, D., & Vella, S. (2018). Youth sport as a context for supporting mental health: Adolescent male perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, J., & Edwards, J. R. (2021). Understanding parental support in elite sport: A phenomenological approach to exploring midget triple a hockey in the Canadian maritimes. Sport in Society, 24(9), 1590–1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1763311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urquhart, D. A., Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2020). The development, articulation, and implementation of a coaching vision of multiple championship-winning university ice hockey coaches. International Sport Coaching Journal, 7(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2019-0096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella, S. A., Swann, C., & Tamminen, K. A. (2021). Reflections on the field of mental health in sport: Critical issues and ways of moving forward. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1854898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., Hayden, J. A., Kutcher, S., Zygmunt, A., & McGrath, P. (2013). The effectiveness of school mental health literacy programs to address knowledge, attitudes and help seeking among youth. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
   Google Scholar
• Wynters, R., Liddle, S. K., Swann, C., Schweickle, M. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). Qualitative evaluation of a sports-based mental health literacy program for adolescent males. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 101989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarbrough, D. B., Shulha, L. M., Hopson, R. K., & Caruthers, F. A. (2011). The program evaluation standards: A guide for evaluators and evaluation users. Sage.
   Google Scholar