The Regi Carabinieri: Counterintelligence in the Great War

References

• Regie Patenti The quote is from the royal act, known as the
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• 1976 . L'Esercito italiano nella Grande Guerra Vol. 1 , Le forze belligeranti (Rome, Ufficio storico Stato Maggiore esercito, thereafter Ussme, 197
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• Entering the war, the Italian Army fielded four armies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) and one special army corps
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• Isnenghi , Mario and Rochat , Giorgio . 2000 . La Grande Guerra 1914–1918 (Florence, La Nuova Italia, 227
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• The crime-rate within enemy armies is difficult to judge. Austria has not as yet published a comprehensive studies on this matter; the Germans had virtually no problems with crime in their armed forces
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• 1916 . Archivio ufficio Storico Stato maggiore esercito (Archive of the Italian Army, thereafter Aussme), fondo F3, bundle 98, “Copia di rapporto della Prefettura di Bologna n. 228.7 in data 31 dicembre diretto al Ministero Interni Direz. Generale P.S.” Italics are in the original documents. I am indebted to the Chief of the Office, Colonel Trippiccione, and to Major Filippo Cappellano for the kind support
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• 1 December 1915 . Aussme, F3, 98: “Memoria. provvedimenti per l'Arma dei CC.RR”, dated
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• 1987 . L'Arma dei Carabinieri dalla fondazione ai nostri giorni Scuola ufficiali Carabinieri, (: 110–11. The school, based in Florence, became operational only after the war
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• Aussme, F3, 98: undated “Promemoria” of the Comando generale dell' Arma dei Carabinieri
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• 1927 . Vita di un ufficiale italiano sino alla guerra Milan : Mondadori . Eugenio de Rossi and idem Ricordi di un agente segreto (Milano: Alpes, 1929)
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• Marchetti , Tullio . 1960 . Ventotto anni al servizio informazioni militari 18 Trento : Museo del Risorgimento . Tullio Marchetti should not be confused with Odoardo Marchetti who was the Chief of the Army Intelligence Service from September 1917 to September 1919 and was regarded as incompetent by Tullio. Odoardo Marchetti wrote also the semi-official book Il Servizio informazioni dell'Esercito italiano nella Grande Guerra, (Rome: Tipografia Regionale, 1937)
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• Irredentisti were the Italian speaking citizens of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy who wanted to join the Italian kingdom
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• Titled “Provvedimenti per prevenire lo spionaggio militare in tempo di pace (istruzione di polizia militare)”
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• 1918 . Norme generali per i servizi d'indagine, di propaganda e di controspionaggio fra le truppe operanti e le popolazioni e di propaganda sul nemico Rome : Comando del Corpo di Stato maggiore . Comando Supremo, This is a more restricted part of the general regulations for the intelligence service of the Army
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• 2000 . Dopo Caporetto. Gli ufficiali P nella Grande Guerra: propaganda, assistenza, vigilanza Gorizia : Editrice Goriziana . “P” does mean among other things, propaganda. “P officers” were often famous writers such as Giuseppe Prezzolini. See Gian Luigi Gatti
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• Viviani . I servizi segreti italiani 1815–1985 139 scheme at p
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• Aussme, B1, volume 3e, War Diary of the V Army Corps, and volume 72d, War Diary of the “Sbarramento Agno-Posina”
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• La Grande Guerra sul fronte dell'Isonzo Sema, 24. The author of this article paper received a copy of the Italian OB marked with stamps by the Austrian military headquarters at Innsbruck from Heinz von Lichem as a gift
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• Mayer , Rudolf . 8 December 1861 . sometimes also called the “the man without face,” was born on in Brünn, retired from active service on 1 May 1917 and died on 29 May 1927 a Brünn (Brno). He should be buried there at the Jewish cemetery. I am indebted to Dr. Peter Jung for his help at the Kriegsarchiv-Wien, where I had the opportunity to consult Mayer's reports
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• 1916 . Bollettino d'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare About this operation see Marco Gemignani “Zurigo: un colpo risolutivo. Il Servizio Segreto della R. Marina in azione” in 3 (September 1989): 153–70; Anton Pethö, Agenten für den Doppeladler: Österreich-Ungarns Geheimer Dienst im Weltkrieg (Graz: Stocker, 1998), 97 and ff
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• Schubert , Peter . 1980 . Die Tätigkeit des k.u.k. Milirattachés in Bern während des Ersten Weltkrieges Osnabruck : Biblio .
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• 14 January 1918 . Archivio Ufficio Storico dell'Arma dei Carabinieri (Archive of the Carabinieri Arm—Rome, thereafter AUSAC), Ministero dell'Interno, Direzione generale di PS, of Disertori rimpatriati dalla Svizzera: “several defectors who were in Switzerland in relationship with the intelligence services of the Central Empires were sent to Italy supplied with money by those services.” I would like to thank Lieutenant Colonel Musso and Marshall Sansoni of the Historical Office of the Carabinieri for allowing me to consult documents regarding the Carabinieri in World War I
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• Walzel . 1936 . Ufficio informazioni dell'Impero austro-ungarico 141 Milan : Marangoni .
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• Relazione generale della presidenza Commissione d'inchiesta sul sinistro della Regia Nave “Leonardo da Vinci”., 218
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• 1917 . Aussme, B1, 265c, SI reparto R, notiziario n. 123 (serie A) del 21 febbraio
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• 1918 . Zugsführer Aussme, E2, 110, Legione territoriale dei Carabinieri di Ancona, n. 335/9: Processo verbale di interrogatorio fatto ai 53 marinai della Marina da guerra dell'impero austro-ungarico descritti nell'accluso elenco, catturati nella notte dal 5 al 6 aprile in Ancona. The (platoon leader) Giovanni Trampusch declared under interrogation that “we found ourselves before Carabinieri who should have come running there after the shot fired by the Guardia di Finanza. We did not offer resistance to the Carabinieri but threw our weapons, ammunitions, and other equipment into the sea and surrendered.”
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• Martini , Ferdinando . 1966 . Diario 1914–1918 Milan : Mondadori . edited by Gabriele De Rosa
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• 1992 . Storia dei Carabinieri. Immagine e autorappresentazione dell'Arma (1815–1992) Milan : Leonardo . As an example, see Gianni Oliva, 164–70
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• 1929 . A Farewell to the Arms 59 Ernest Hemingway's was published in but was not translated into Italian before 1946 because of Fascists opposition because of the negative representation of Caporetto. See also the comments of Brian Sullivan in “Caporetto: Causes, Recovery and Consequences”, in George J. Andreopulos and Harold E. Salesky, eds., The Aftermath of the Defeat (New Haven: Yale UP, 1994), 59–78, here p
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• 1 October 1995 . This came up also at the “International Meeting on the Great War,” 28 September to at Trieste, and in discussions organized by the Centro Studi e documentazione della Grande Guerra of Asiago (Vicenza), 6 to 7 June 1997, on the Italian soldiers in the Great War
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• 30 July 1918 . AUSAC, Legione territoriale dei Carabinieri reali di Torino, n. 18/119 of: Raccolta di notizie sullo stato morale e sullo spirito delle truppe al fronte
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• Marchetti . Ventotto anni 301
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• Ibid 303
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• Viola , Ettore . 1928 . Vita di guerra Milan : Istituto editoriale nazionale .
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• 1968 . AUSAC, 149.27, Comando generale dell'Arma dei Carabinieri, Ufficio storico, “Studio sintetico sul contributo dato dall'Arma alla guerra 1915–1918,” dated
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• Paloscia , Annibale . 1994 . I segreti del Viminale 4748 Rome : Newton Compton .
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• 1995 . Annona e consenso in Italia 1914–1919 Milan : Franco Angeli . Maria Concetta Dentoni 18
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• Viviani . Servizi segreti italiani 1815–1985 151
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