References
- 1997 . Történeti Hivatal) After the change of regime, both Hungarian politics and the public ardently debated the question of how the past of the security and the intelligence organisations who fought the “internal enemies” of socialism should be treated. As a result, a special institution for the administration and review of the files and documents of the AVH was eventually founded in—the Historical Office which had tasks similar to those of the German Gauck-Behörde. Although not all files have yet been transferred to the Historical Office, and although the conditions that were set down for viewing the files have been strongly criticized by former dissidents, the possibilities for research have improved considerably since the founding of the Office. In spite of a broad historical research activity in Hungary regarding recent history, the events of “1956”—i.e., the Uprising and the wave of repression that followed—play such a dominant role in the “struggle for the past” that unfortunately questions of dissidence and opposition during the 1970s and 1980s have received relatively little attention. Only rarely have Hungarian sociologists and political scientists taken on these issues; there are individual studies on specific aspects, but a comprehensible social-scientific analysis is still lacking. Important editions of sources, issued on the basis of archival materials since the early 1990s, document the reactions of the Kádár regime to the memorial protests for the 1848 and 1956 revolutions, the history of the “alternative Free University,” also known as “Mondays University,” and of the different ‘samizdat’ publications that clandestinely printed and distributed government-suppressed literature. In addition, there are a few autobiographies and collections of interviews with dissidents, as well as with former state security officers especially tasked with the persecution of oppositional forces. See, Kiszely Gábor, Allambiztonság 1956–1990 (Budapest: Korona, 2001); Huszár Tibor and Szabeó János, eds., Restauráció vagy kiigazítás. A kádári represszió intézményesülése 1956–62 (Budapest: Zrínyi,1999); Zinner Tibor, A kádári megtorlás rendszere (Budapest: Hamvas Intézet, 2001); Urbán Attila, “A magyar állambiztonsági szolgálatok 1962–1980,” Múltunk 28 (2003): 3–75
- 2000 . Budapest : Történeti Hivatal . György Gyarmati ed., A Történeti Hivatal Évkönyve 2000
- 1989 . Életfogytiglan Budapest : Bibliotéka . Kopácsi Sándo. 57–94
- “ eds. ” . In Restauráció vagy kiigazítás. Huszár and Szabó
- Életfogytiglan Kopács., 97
- Kajári and Erzsébet, eds., Rendõrségi napi jelentések. 1956 október 23.-december 12, vol.1, (Budapest: Belügyminisztérum, 1996), xviii
- Ibid., xix-xxiii
- Belügyminiszterium, “Ideiglenes segédlet a belügyminiszterium ORFK rendori karhatalom karhatalmi kikepzésenek végrehajtásához” (1957)
- Ibid., 3
- Ibid., 4
- eds. . Rendõrségi napi jelentések , 1 35 Kajári and Erzsébet
- 1986 . Archipel Gulasch Bremen : Donat-Temmen . György Dalo. 15
- Following the death of Lukács in 1971, some of his students were nonetheless forced to retreat from public life or to go into emigration
- Kádár János politikai életrajza Vol. 1 , Tibor Huszá., vol.-2, (Budapest: Kossuth, 2001/03)
- Archipel Gulasch Dalo., 19
- 2001 . Diskurzus és diktatúra Budapest : Századvég . Ervin Csizmadi. 71
- 1996 . Kis állambiztonsági olvasókönyv Vol. 2 , Budapest : Magvetõ . János Kened., vol., 8–159
- 1989 . Die Rolle oppositioneller Gruppen am Vorabend der Demokratisierung in Polen und Ungarn (1987–1989) Köln : INDEX . Pierre Kende and Aleksandr Smola. 71
- Kis állambiztonsági olvasókönyv Vol. 1 , Kened., vol.-2
- A rendõrség alaki-karhatalmi szabályzata. Belügyminisztériu. 10–1824/1970
- Ibid., 203
- Ibid., 185
- “ eds. ” . In Rendörségi napi jelentések Kajári and Erzsébet, xxii
- 1970 . Belügyminisztérium, A rendõrség alakikarhatalmiszabályzata. 10–1824/; 148
- Ibid.,183
- Ibid.,184
- Ibid.,185
- A tömegoszlatås elvei és gyakorlati kérdései. Belügyminisztériu. 13–18/46/73
- Ibid., 3
- Ibid., 5
- Ibid
- Ibid
- Ibid., 8
- Ibid
- Ibid., 15
- Ibid
- Ibid., 14
- 1995 . A magyar demokratikus ellenzék Vol. 1 , Budapest : T-Twins . Ervin Csizmadi., vol.-3
- 1997 . Aczél és korunk Budapest : Sík . Sándor Révés
- Archipel Gulasch Dalo., 38; Kende and Smolar, Die Rolle oppositioneller Gruppen, 65
- 1979 . “Opposition and Para-Opposition. Critical Currents in Hungary, 1968–1978,” in ” . In Opposition in Eastern Europe London : Macmillan . George Schöpflin, ed. R. Tökés 142–87
- Archipel Gulasch Dalo., 40
- Ibid., 79
- 1949 . Son of the prominent Communist politician László Rajk, member of the Politiburo, 1946–48, Minister of the Interior as well as Foreign Minister, sentenced to death in a show trial at the behest of Stalin and Rákosi and executed on 15 October 1949
- 1992 . “ eds. ” . In Beszélõ összkiadás Vol. 1 , Budapest : AB-Beszélõ . Eörsi János et.al., vol.-3
- 1982 . Archipel Gulasch After multiple raids of Rajk's flat, the samizdat bookstore was closed in December In September 1983, “traffic police” beat up Gábor Demszky. See Dalo., 79)
- Ibid., 36
- Die Rolle oppositioneller Gruppen Kende and Smola., 68
- 2004 . Szamizdat történetek Budapest : Noran . Hodosán Róz. 150
- Segédlet a csapaterövel megoldandó feladatok végrehajtá- sára” Belügyminisztérium, 10–37/4/1982.BM.1983
- 1975 . The special tasks force (formed 1957) and the frontier guard of the Ministry of the Interior was integrated upon special order under this name into the police in
- ”Segédlet a csapaterövel megoldandó feladatok végrehajtá- sára” Belügyminisztériu., 10–37/4/1982.BM.1983., 21–23
- 1990 . “The Beginning of Civil Society: The Independent Peace Movement and the Danube Movement in Hungary,” in ” . In In Search of Civil Society New York : Routledge . Miklós Haraszti, ed. Vladimir Tismaneanu 71–88
- Die Rolle oppositioneller Gruppen Kende and Smola., 69
- Ibid., 70
- 1990 . Slovakia nonetheless unilaterally continued its part in the dam project after
- Both colleges still exist today
- 1999 . Tény-Soros Budapest : Balassi . Nóvé Bél.
- 1956 . Die Rolle oppositioneller Gruppen “Until 1987, the opposition in Hungary… did not conduct public demonstrations. From this standpoint, too, the year 1988 opened a new chapter. This began on 15 March 1988, with improvised gatherings that took place…in Budapest at symbolladen memorials and were particularly dominated by the remembrance of the revolution of At each of these gatherings, representatives of the radical opposition participated as speakers. They spoke… with reference to the current political situation and… were able to determine that on this occasion they found a level of receptivity among their listeners at an entirely new level. The number of demonstrators on this day was estimated at more than ten thousand.” Kende and Smola., 88
- 1956 . In early 1989, the reburial and full rehabilitation of Nagy was pushed through and organized to a large degree by a coordinating committee founded by representatives of all the currents of the opposition, including victims of the repressions. Approximately 200,000 people participated in the ceremony on 16 June in Budapest
- 1992 . “Így tüntetett a FIDESZ,” in ” . In A FIDESZ a magyarpolitkában 1988–1991 Budapest : FIDESZ . Zoltán Rockenbauer, ed. András Bozóki 545
- 1996 . Hungary's Negotiated Revolution. 1957–1990 Cambridge , MA : Cambridge UP . Rudolf Tõké
- 1991 . A “kísértet” fogságában Budapest : Zingen . József Horvát
- 1996 . Új Rendészeti Tanulmányok Interview, István Szikinger with Mihály Vörösmart., 12 (: 140–41
- 27 September 1995 . Interview, Butsy Krizstina, 1–2
- Interview, Butsy Krizstina, 1–7
- 1989 . “Tüntetések 1988-ban,” in ” . In Magyarország PolitikaiÉvkönyve 1988 Debrecen : R-Forma . László Szekeres, eds. Kurtán Sándor, Sándor Péter and Vass Lázsló 351–60
- Tomegoszlatás Belügyminisztériu., (BM Továbbképzõ és Módszertani Intézet 226102/40/1989) 1–2