Total War—Total Control? German Military Intelligence on the Home Front, 1914–1918

References

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• Nachrichtenbüro The press department of the Admiralty was responsible for the censorship of all reports on naval affairs. The task of the press department of the Ministry of the Navy was advisory only. It was not until 1916 that both departments were merged; see RM 5/3736, 38, 231, BA-MA. The censorship departments of the Prussian Ministry of War and General Staff (IIIb/Deputy IIIb) existed until the end of the war
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• This organization was an attempt by the civil authorities to build up a propaganda institution independent from the army. With his transfer to the Foreign Office Deutelmoser had left the army
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• 1337 St. GK I. Bay. AK, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Abteilung Kriegsarchiv, Munich (BayHStA). An appendix to this list includes additional numbers for the periods 1 August 1914 to 31 July 1917 and 1 August 1917 to 31 December 1917. RM 3/4549, BA-MA. On spy-scares see Altenhöner, “Spionitis”
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• Ibid., 7–8
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• Nicolai . Geheime Mächte , 143 147 The armed forces' postal service alone delivered 28.7 million parcels, postcards and letters per day (Ulrich, Augenzeugen, 40)
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• The authors were not necessarily spies, as some soldiers wrote to their next of kin in secret writing
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• By the end of the war, Deputy IIIb organized regular meetings of all postal censorship authorities
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• Nicolai . Nachrichtendienst 30 39. The Zentralpolizeistellen run by the army are not to be confused with Zentralpolizeistellen run by the police and already in operation before 1914. See also Pr. Ber. Rep. C, no. 15803, 93, Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv, Potsdam
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• Abwehr X According to Nicolai, the secret service tried to transfer to a civil authority. See Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, 48–49. According to Roeder, “Einfluß der Sabotageakte”, 171, the section only gathered intelligence
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• The British intelligence service, for example, also had taken over an abundance of tasks: M.1.5 (counter-espionage and federal police), M.I.7(a) (censorship), M.I.7(b) (foreign and domestic propaganda), M.I.9 (postal censorship)
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• Militärische Stelle des Auswärtigen Amtes The (Military Agency of the Foreign Office) under Lieutenant-Colonel Hans von Haeften for instance was an organization somewhere in between foreign and domestic propaganda and in between civil and military authorities. In 1916, it originated from the Nachrichtenabteilung of the Foreign Office. Although it remained a part of the Foreign Office, it was controlled by IIIb. See Creutz, Pressepolitik, 147, 137–164; also Cron, Organisation, 20. Since its establishment, it had gained more and more influence and by doing so entered into competition with IIIb. See Markus Pöhlmann, Kriegsgeschichte und Geschichtspolitik: Der Erste Weltkrieg: Die amtliche deutsche Militärgeschichtsschreibung 1914–1956 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2002), 59. Within the OHL, Haeften was considered an expert in propaganda and gained more and more influence. See ibid., 84–92, and Kestler, “Unterricht,” 73–78. Haeften finally was regarded as Nicolai's closest rival in propaganda affairs
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