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Original Articles

The Iranian Crisis and the Dynamics of Advice and Intelligence in the Carter Administration

Pages 75-87 | Published online: 05 Oct 2012

References

  • Carter , Jimmy . 9 August 2005 . “ quoted in ” . In Our First Line of Defense: Presidential Reflections on US Intelligence Center for the Study of Intelligence, http://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/firstln/carter/html []
  • Crabb , Cecil V. and Pat Holt , M. 1989 . Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign Policy, , 3rd ed. 164 Washington : Congressional Quarterly .
  • 2000 . The Evolution of the U.S. Intelligence Community—An Historical Overview Washington : USGPO . U.S. GPO Access, 11, http://www.access.gpo.gov/intelligence/int/int022.html [9 August 2005]
  • Farber , David . 2005 . Taken Hostage: The Iran Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam 38 – 39 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Sullivan , William . 1981 . Mission to Iran 97 New York & London : W W Norton & Company .
  • Ibid., 157. As matters degenerated in Iran in September 1978, when the Shah needed US assistance more than ever, he demanded that the Ambassador assure him that the US and the Soviet Union were not planning to “divide up Iran” amongst themselves. The Shah's belief that the CIA had turned against him added to the complications of seeking intelligence from opposition elements in the country
  • Wheeler , Michael O. 1999 . “Moral Advice on National Security Matters,” . In Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics (Virginia, Jan. 5. http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/jscope/JSCOPE00/Wheeler00.html [18 April 2005]
  • 1979 . Iran: Evaluation of U.S. Intelligence Performance Prior to November 1978 Washington : USGPO, January . U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 1
  • Sullivan . 2004 . Mission to Iran New York & Boston : Little Brown & Co. . 137; David Harris, The Crisis: The President, The Prophet and The Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam 83
  • Sick , Gary . 1985 . All Fall Down: America's Fateful Encounter with Iran London : I.B. Tauris & Co. . 35; Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 139, 152–153
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 7
  • Ibid., 6
  • 1983 . Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser 1977–1981 New York : Farrer Strauss Giroux . Zbigniew Brzezinski, 367
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 5
  • Ibid., 7
  • Saunders . 1979 . “ quoted in Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives ” . In U.S. Policy Toward Iran, January 1979 Washington : USGPO, January . 96th Congress, 62
  • Findley . quoted in Ibid., 62
  • Saunders . “ quoted in Ibid., 61. Ambassador Sullivan acknowledges the importance of mosques in the context of Iran's troubled economic development, which had left many young Iranians in destitute and depressing circumstances in the industrial fringe of large cities. The mosques were the only places where these people “really felt at home”. Sullivan ” . In Mission to Iran 140
  • Saunders . “ in Committee on Foreign Affairs ” . In U.S. Policy Toward Iran 60
  • Ribicoff , Abraham A. 1985 . “Lessons & Conclusions”, in ” . In American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis Edited by: Christopher , Warren . 392 New Haven & London : Yale University Press .
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 8
  • Sick . All Fall Down 21
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 2
  • Sick . 1991 . All Fall Down 32; Alexander Moens, “President Carter's Advisers and the Fall of the Shah,” Political Science Quarterly 106 (Summer: 217; Harris, Crisis, 87–88
  • Vance , Cyrus . 1983 . Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy 368 New York : Simon & Schuster . estimates 1400
  • Brzezinski . 1980 . Power and Principle Oxford : Oxford University Press . 369; Barry Rubin, Paved With Good Intentions: The American Experience in Iran 235
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 3
  • U.S. Policy Toward Iran Committee on Foreign Affairs, 32
  • Iran Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 2
  • Sullivan . Mission to Iran 63
  • Kolko , Gabriel . 1988 . Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 269 New York : Pantheon .
  • Carter , Jimmy . 1982 . Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President 444 – 445 . London : Collins . James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1988), 255
  • Carter . Keeping Faith 449
  • Brzezinski . Power and Principle 362 35
  • Sullivan . Mission to Iran 191
  • Ibid., 193
  • Ibid., 62
  • Hiro , Dilip . 1985 . Iran Under the Ayatollahs 312 London : Routledge . The “Lubrani Report” probably never came to the attention of the White House, but Israelis claim it was communicated to Ambassador Sullivan. Sick, All Fall Down, 37
  • Sullivan . Mission to Iran 142
  • Sick . All Fall Down 37
  • Harris . 1982 . The Crisis Baton Rouge & London : Louisiana State University Press . 51; Cecil V. Crabb, The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy 334
  • Farber . Taken Hostage 29 – 30 . Harris, The Crisis, 73; Crabb, Doctrines, 333
  • U.S. Policy Toward Iran Committee on Foreign Affairs, 40
  • Carter . Keeping Faith 450
  • Harris . The Crisis 63 – 64 . Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 355
  • Moens . “President Carter's Advisers,” 222
  • 2001 . A People and a Nation: A History of the United States Boston & New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. . Mary Norton et. al. 907; Bill, The Eagle and the Lion, 257
  • Ball . 1986 . “ quoted in Gaddis Smith ” . In Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years 191 New York : Hill & Wang .
  • Brzezinski had received a report from the CIA on 30 November which suggested the moderate political forces were too weak to rule, which added impetus to his drive for a military government, lessening the credibility of Ball's report. Moens, “President Carter's Advisers,” 225
  • Ibid., 226
  • Ledeen , Michael A. and William Lewis , H. 1980 . “Carter and the Fall of the Shah: The Inside Story,” . Washington Quarterly , 3 (Spring 26
  • Carter . Keeping Faith 450; Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy Toward Iran, 35; Ledeen & Lewis, “Carter and the Fall of the Shah,” 27
  • Moens . “President Carter's Advisers,” 212
  • Ibid., 222
  • Sick . All Fall Down 42

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